Deck 13: Heart Disease, hypertension, stroke, and Type Ii Diabetes

Question 1

Emotion-focused efforts would be most effective in coping with the worry and stress due to

A) having two final exams scheduled for the same day.
B) waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.
C) receiving a notice that your taxes will be audited by the IRS next week.
D) learning your child is failing first grade.

Answer 1

waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.

Question 2

The belief that one can determine one's own internal states and behavior,influence one's environment,and/or bring about desired outcomes is

A) optimism.
B) psychological control.
C) self-efficacy.
D) hardiness.

Answer 2

psychological control.

Question 3

found that cheerful people died sooner than those who are not cheerful.They suggest this may be because

A) people who are not cheerful are more focused on making money and high SES results in better health.
B) cheerful people grow up being more careless about their health and, thus, may encounter health risks.
C) cheerful people engage in more risky physical activities and, thus are more likely to die in accidents.
D) They provided no suggestions as to why this occurred.

Answer 3

cheerful people grow up being more careless about their health and, thus, may encounter health risks.

Question 4

The personality style characterized by optimism,a sense of control,conscientiousness,self-esteem,and resilience is the ____________________ personality.

A) disease-prone
B) selective coping
C) health-prone
D) stress-preventive

Question 5

James is a lawyer who worked in the World Trade Center on 9/11.He survived the building collapse.Afterwards he had symptoms of PTSD.Over the next several months he spent a lot of time gathering information about the attacks,talking to other survivors and organizing resources for them.James is using a(n)______________ coping style.

A) avoidant
B) minimizing
C) approach
D) over-involved

Question 6

The "disease-prone" personality

A) is characterized by a pessimistic explanatory style.
B) is highly correlated with the presence of chronic diseases.
C) may predispose people to certain chronic diseases.
D) may be the result of long-term suffering from chronic diseases.

Question 7

Individuals high in negative affectivity

A) may be described as having a "disease-prone" personality.
B) are more likely to seek out medical care for minor complaints.
C) repress their stress-related symptoms but complain more about their general health.
D) are characterized as being depressed, anxious, and psychotic.

Question 8

Control has been related to

A) emotional well-being.
B) successful coping.
C) improved cognitive performance.
D) All of these.

Question 9

Research investigating the effectiveness of avoidant and vigilant coping strategies suggests that

A) avoidant strategies are effective in dealing with long-term stressors.
B) vigilant copers may exhibit short-term anxiety but cope well with long-term stressors.
C) the use of vigilant or confrontational coping styles may represent a risk factor for negative responses to stressors.
D) both avoidant and vigilant strategies are equally effective in coping with stress.

Question 10

Problem-focused efforts would be most effective in coping with the worry and stress due to

A) having two final exams scheduled for the same day.
B) waiting to hear if your application to graduate school has been accepted.
C) learning your father has two months to live.
D) learning you failed a class.

Question 11

Individuals who are high in negative affectivity

A) are less likely to use health services.
B) are particularly likely to report physical symptoms.
C) suppress symptoms of psychological distress and physical illness.
D) All of these.

Question 12

The consideration of coping as a dynamic process implies that coping

A) involves a wide range of actions and reactions to stress.
B) efforts are moderated by personal resources.
C) involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person continues to act on the environment.
D) involves an ongoing set of responses by which the person and the environment are involved in a reciprocal interaction.

Question 13

Sarah is scheduled for a hysterectomy.In the hospital a health psychologist visits her.He finds Sarah worried about the pain involved in the surgery.The psychologist provides Sarah with some pamphlets on the procedure and answers her questions.He teaches her a relaxation technique that Sarah can use to control her anxiety before the surgery and her pain afterwards.Finally,he explains the drug-delivery method,making sure Sarah understands that she will control when and how much of the pain-relief drug she receives.He even shows her how it works.The health psychologist has performed a(n)_________________ intervention.

A) control-enhancing
B) relaxation-mediation
C) pain-reduction
D) anxiety-reducing

Question 14

_____________________ is a general propensity to deal with stressful events in a particular way.

A) Primary response style
B) Individual difference
C) Personality style
D) Coping style

Question 15

The process of _______________ involves an individual's efforts to manage internal or external demands that tax his or her resources.

A) primary appraisal
B) secondary appraisal
C) coping
D) All of these.

Question 16

High self-esteem has been related to

A) increased longevity.
B) active coping strategies.
C) reducing the harmful effects of high levels of stress.
D) reducing the harmful effects of low levels of stress.

Question 17

According to survey research what percentage of the U.S.population uses prayer to deal with health problems?

A) 40 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 70 percent

Question 18

James is a lawyer who worked in the World Trade Towers on 9/11.He survived the building collapse.Afterwards he had symptoms of PTSD.Over the next several months he spent a lot of time gathering information about the attacks,talking to other survivors and organizing resources for them.James can be expected to fare

A) poorly in the short-term, but better in the long-term.
B) poorly in both the short-term and the long-term.
C) well in the short-term, but poorly in the long-term.
D) well in both the short-term and the long-term.

Question 19

Moderators of the stress experience may have an impact on

A) stress itself.
B) the relationship between stress and illness.
C) the relationship between stress and psychological responses.
D) All of these.

Question 20

found that optimists may cope more effectively because they are more likely to use _______________ as a coping strategy.

A) denial
B) distancing
C) problem-focused coping
D) accepting personal responsibility

Question 21

Evaluations of the effectiveness of social support have shown that having a large number of close friends and family members

A) has a cumulative effect on physical health.
B) may contribute to stress in some cases.
C) is superior to having one close friend, especially for men.
D) None of these.

Question 22

Coping is considered successful if it

A) reduces physiological arousal.
B) allows the person to return to prestress activities (when appropriate).
C) reduces psychological arousal.
D) All of these.

Question 23

On the whole,persons who provide social support to others _______________ than those who do not provide social support.

A) live longer
B) have better mental health
C) have better physical health
D) All of these.

Question 24

Which of the following is LEAST likely to experience distress following a divorce?

A) Thomas, age 43, a high-school graduate who works as a checker at Wal-Mart.
B) Dr. Shafer, age 40, a university professor with an extensive circle of friends.
C) Allen, age 59, a lawyer who had a heart attack five years ago.
D) Ryan, age 40, a lawyer who has lung cancer.

Question 25

Invisible social support

A) is support provided to you without you being aware of it.
B) is the perception that when you need social support it will be available.
C) often produces a sense of guilt.
D) uses others' time and resources.

Question 26

Some research has found that negative social interactions

A) damage well-being more than positive interactions improve it.
B) act as stress inoculation.
C) are not common in health situations.
D) occur but do not impact health or well-being.

Question 27

The idea that the effectiveness of social support is determined by the ability of an individual's social network to provide the particular types of assistance needed in times of stress is the

A) direct effects hypothesis.
B) buffering hypothesis.
C) matching hypothesis.
D) None of these.

Question 28

_______________ involves the provision of services,financial assistance,or goods.

A) Visible support
B) Tangible assistance
C) Invisible support
D) Monetary assistance

Question 29

A patient with AIDS decides to enter therapy.He explains that the therapist helps him in ways his friends and family cannot.Specifically,his therapist helps him find ways to cope with the disorder and understand it.This is an example of

A) personal control.
B) informational support.
C) tangible assistance.
D) emotional support.

Question 30

Research evidence suggests that social support may reduce

A) the likelihood of becoming ill, but it has no effect on recovery rates or mortality.
B) the likelihood of becoming ill only indirectly by affecting health habits.
C) the likelihood of becoming ill, shorten recovery rates, and reduce mortality.
D) perceived psychological distress, but it has no effect on physical health or illness.

Question 31

,the most effective social support for men may be

A) a large support network.
B) financial resources.
C) personal and social resources.
D) a confidante.

Question 32

Social support has beneficial effects on the

A) cardiovascular system.
B) endocrine system.
C) immune system.
D) All of these.

Question 33

The assurance that one is a valuable individual who is cared for is

A) emotional support
B) tangible assistance.
C) visible support.
D) instrumental support.

Question 34

Taking a vacation is known to be beneficial to

A) everyone.
B) middle-aged men and women.
C) middle-aged men at risk for heart disease.
D) parents of young children with chronic diseases.

Question 35

Information from others that one is loved and cared for,esteemed and valued,and part of a network of communication and mutual obligation is called

A) coping.
B) internal resources.
C) social support.
D) external resources.

Question 36

People who are higher in socioeconomic status (SES)show

A) fewer medical disorders.
B) lower mortality from all causes of death.
C) fewer psychiatric disorders.
D) All of these.

Question 37

According to the buffering hypothesis,

A) the more resources an individual has, the better he or she is able to cope with stress.
B) individual resources augment one's ability to cope with high or low levels of stress.
C) individual resources improve a person's ability to cope with only moderate levels of stress.
D) individual resources have little effect on coping with low levels of stress but become important at high levels of stress.

Question 38

Social support from one's parents in early life _______________ in later life.

A) leads to more passive coping
B) is related to better health
C) is related to poorer health
D) is not related to health

Question 39

Researchers investigating disclosure have found that subjects who freely express their feelings about traumatic events

A) show increased levels of physiological arousal.
B) have difficulty maintaining adequate levels of social support.
C) are no longer upset about the events after expressing themselves.
D) are less likely to have subsequent health problems.

Question 40

An important variable in understanding the mechanism by which stress is moderated by social support appears to be the manner in which social support is assessed.When social support has been measured in terms of social integration,_______________ have been found.When subjective levels of social support have been assessed,however,_______________ have been found.

A) direct effects; few effects
B) buffering effects; few effects
C) buffering effects; direct effects
D) direct effects; buffering effects

Question 41

Coping styles are the same as personality traits in that they are thought to come into play primarily when events become stressful.

Question 42

Explain how coping styles and coping strategies moderate the experience of stress.Citing research from the text,evaluate the effectiveness of each in terms of the type of stressor with which a person might be faced.

Question 43

Explain how individual differences in personality are related to coping.

Question 44

People with health-prone personalities are those who have a sense of control,self-esteem,optimism,and resilience.

Question 45

Using the Hurricane Katrina example at the beginning of Chapter 7,discuss the four families in more detail with what you know about stress from the rest of the chapter.Discuss the stressors,coping skills,and offer suggestions for each to deal with its stress most effectively.

Question 46

There appears to be developmental differences in general coping strategies because problem-focused coping appears to emerge during childhood,and emotion-focused coping develops somewhat later.

Question 47

Explain what is meant by the term stress moderator.Identify three psychological variables and three social variables that have been found to moderate stress.Citing research from the text,explain the relationship between these variables and the experience of stress.

Question 48

Individuals that cause you special stress are

A) stress carriers.
B) not important to you.
C) easily ignored.
D) None of these.

Question 49

Overall,research investigating the effectiveness of social support fails to support the matching hypothesis.

Question 50

Sarah is taking a stress management class.Her instructor provides a variety of ways Sarah can combat her stress.Sarah is instructed to try several of these techniques in order to discover the skills that work best for her.The instructor is using _______________ training.

A) positive self-talk
B) relaxation
C) time management
D) stress inoculation

Question 51

What is social support? What are the benefits of having a sufficient amount of social support? What are the costs of being in a dense social network?

Question 52

Stress management programs

A) are best conducted on an individual basis by a licensed psychotherapist.
B) are effective in relieving psychological distress but are seldom used in the treatment of stress-related illnesses.
C) may be beneficial in controlling a broad array of stress-related disorders.
D) may be beneficial in controlling stress-related disorders and psychological distress, but have not yet been proven to be cost effective.

Question 53

Stress management programs typically involve _______________ phases.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 54

Negative affectivity has been related to alcoholism,depression,and suicidal behavior,but not poor health.

Question 55

Relaxation training is designed to

A) provide cognitive insights into the nature and control of stress.
B) reduce the physiological arousal associated with stress.
C) mitigate the effect of stress carriers.
D) All of these.

Question 56

Optimism is associated with the use of active coping strategies such as problem-focused coping.

Question 57

Anger and depression can be part of the coping process.

Question 58

Although social support is associated with physical and psychological well-being,research has failed to establish a relationship between social support and good health habits.

Question 59

Ancillary skills of stress management include time management,good health habits,and social skills.

Question 60

Research has found that talking about one's troubles results in a short-term improvement of mood but has little long-term effect on health and illness.