Deck 9: Patients, providers, and Treatments

Question 1

According to the text,changing health behaviors may be beneficial because it may

A) reduce the number of deaths due to diseases related to lifestyle.
B) increase individual longevity and life expectancy.
C) delay the onset of chronic disease and enhance quality of life.
D) All of these.

Answer 1

All of these.

Question 2

The author of your text concludes that attitudinal approaches to health behavior change

A) are useful in explaining spontaneous behavior change.
B) effectively explain the maintenance of good health behavior habits over long periods of time.
C) discriminate between individuals who successfully modify their health behaviors and those who do not.
D) None of these.

Answer 2

None of these.

Question 3

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism is an example of

A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Answer 3

classical conditioning.

Question 4

One aspect of health habits that makes them difficult to modify is that

A) the exact point for intervention is seldom clear.
B) they are interdependent-a change in one habit is often reflected in changes in others.
C) factors controlling health behavior are generally consistent across the life span.
D) All of these.

Question 5

A health message that urges smokers to cut down or stop smoking would be most persuasive if it included a

A) statistical summary of the number of smokers who die each year from lung cancer.
B) frightening photo of cancerous lung tissue.
C) brief but vivid case history of a smoker who had successfully kicked the habit.
D) sufficient amount of fear-arousing information.

Question 6

The health belief model states that the practice of a particular health behavior is a function of

A) an individual's beliefs that he or she, rather than powerful others or chance, is in control of his or her own health.
B) an individual's attitudes about a health behavior, subjective normative beliefs, and self-efficacy.
C) an individual's beliefs in a specific health threat, and beliefs that a specific health behavior can reduce that threat.
D) perceived self-efficacy and perceived invulnerability.

Question 7

Which of the following is the best definition of health promotion?

A) a general philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement
B) the practice of good health behavior
C) the avoidance of health-compromising behaviors
D) medical interventions designed to enhance and maximize good health

Question 8

Considering the relationship of chronological age to health behaviors,good health behaviors would be LEAST likely to be observed during

A) early childhood.
B) adolescence and early adulthood.
C) early and middle adulthood.
D) middle and late adulthood.

Question 9

Health habits

A) are highly resistant to change, because they are continually reinforced by specific positive outcomes.
B) are unrelated to health behaviors.
C) require access to the health care delivery system.
D) are often performed without conscious awareness.

Question 10

_______________ is the belief that one is able to control one's practice of a particular behavior.

A) Health locus-of-control
B) Self-esteem
C) Self-control
D) Self-efficacy

Question 11

You are designing a health-promotion program for a retirement community.According to the text,which of the following behaviors would be the most important to target in your intervention?

A) eliminating smoking
B) developing a regular exercise program
C) maintaining a healthy diet
D) All of these are equally important.

Question 12

Julia is designing a public service message designed to encourage adults to engage in moderate exercise.To be most effective,her message should address

A) weight gain experienced by sedentary adults as they age.
B) decreased flexibility associated with lack of exercise.
C) positive mood and enhanced well-being associated with aerobic exercise.
D) All of these.

Question 13

According to the demographic factors discussed in the text,which of the following individuals is most likely to practice good health behaviors?

A) Joe, a 45-year-old high school dropout who works two jobs in order to support his family
B) Dan, a 30-year-old high school graduate who works as a file clerk in a small insurance agency who expects to be married next month
C) Bill, a divorced 50-year-old corporate attorney
D) Sam, a 30-year-old assistant professor who has just celebrated his fifth wedding anniversary

Question 14

_______________ focuses on the target behavior and on the beliefs that people hold about their health habits.

A) Attitudinal therapy
B) Operant conditioning
C) Cognitive behavior therapy
D) Modeling

Question 15

Research suggests that most people's perceptions of their own health risks are

A) unrealistically optimistic.
B) unrealistically pessimistic.
C) insensitive to feedback.
D) generally accurate.

Question 16

According to the theory of planned behavior,behavioral intentions are a function of

A) attitude to a specific action, subjective norms, and perceptions of control.
B) general health attitudes, normative beliefs, and perceptions of control.
C) specific health attitudes and normative beliefs.
D) perceptions of vulnerability, magnitude of health threat, and self-efficacy.

Question 17

Some health-related habits,such as food choices,snacking,and dieting,begin to be established during the time children are attending

A) preschool.
B) elementary school.
C) middle school.
D) high school.

Question 18

Behavior change produced by self-monitoring typically is

A) short-lived.
B) long-lasting.
C) the only change necessary.
D) a product of modeling.

Question 19

Which of the following is considered a "teachable moment"?

A) a child's first dental visit
B) pregnancy
C) an adult with newly diagnosed coronary artery disease
D) All of these.

Question 20

who conducted a longitudinal study of the health habits practiced by the residents of Alameda County found that

A) the more good health habits people practiced, the better they felt, and mortality rates were lower for both men and women at the 9-12 year follow-up.
B) although people who practiced a greater number of good health habits felt better, there was no difference in mortality rates at the 9-12 year follow-up.
C) although people who practiced a greater number of good health habits felt better, mortality rates were lower for women, but not men, at the 9-12 year follow-up.
D) None of these.

Question 21

Brenda has been trying to lose weight and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth.To meet her goal,she has removed all cookies,candy,and ice cream from the kitchen cabinets and refrigerator.She also has begun keeping a bowl of fresh fruit on the kitchen counter from which she may nibble freely.Brenda is practicing

A) vicarious self-control.
B) self-punishment.
C) stimulus control.
D) self-reinforcement.

Question 22

Relapse

A) is more likely to be observed in instances of declining motivation and lack of goals.
B) appears to be unrelated to situational factors; it is almost exclusively an individual problem.
C) has been found to have similar rates and patterns for alcohol and drug addiction, but relapse rates for smokers increase with the passage of time.
D) is unrelated to levels of perceived stress and social support.

Question 23

A discriminative stimulus

A) is a central component of therapies based on classical conditioning.
B) becomes reinforcing through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus.
C) serves as a cue that positive reinforcement will occur.
D) All of these.

Question 24

The use of persons who have lost weight as leaders in weight-loss programs is an example of

A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 25

Self-punishment

A) is as effective in changing behavior as self-reward.
B) is most effective in changing behavior when it is also coupled with self-reward.
C) is effective in behavior change even when individuals stop performing the target behavior.
D) becomes increasingly effective as the punishment becomes increasingly aversive.

Question 26

Which of the following is a goal of skills training?

A) reducing anxiety associated with social situations
B) introducing new skills for dealing with anxiety-arousing situations
C) providing alternatives for maladaptive behaviors
D) All of these.

Question 27

Relapse prevention techniques often adopt cue exposure techniques,which may

A) extinguish the craving typically evoked by a cue, such as an alcoholic beverage.
B) increase feelings of self-efficacy.
C) reduce positive expectations associated with the addictive behavior.
D) All of these.

Question 28

A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is subject to a _______________ schedule of reinforcement.

A) continuous
B) variable
C) random
D) maintenance

Question 29

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend,Nancy,in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program.According to their agreement,Nancy pays Rhonda $1 every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes after work.If she fails to do so,Rhonda must pay Nancy $1.This is an example of

A) shaping.
B) a token economy.
C) a contingency contract.
D) vicarious reinforcement.

Question 30

The use of positive reinforcers,e.g.,money or new clothing,for weight loss in the treatment of obesity is an example of

A) shaping.
B) modeling.
C) operant conditioning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 31

Imagined that there are a group of children afraid of receiving inoculations and each were shown different films to watch.Which group do you think would develop the best coping skills?

A) children who viewed a film that depicted models who briefly displayed moderate levels of pain and emotion experienced more distress than children who viewed a film that depicted fearless models.
B) children who viewed a film that depicted models who briefly displayed moderate levels of pain and emotion experienced less distress than children who viewed a film that depicted fearless models.
C) children who viewed a film that depicted same-sex models experienced less distress than children who viewed a film that depicted opposite-sex models.
D) the nature of the film did not have an effect; each film was equally effective in distracting the children.

Question 32

Relaxation training is an important component of systematic desensitization because it

A) distracts the client from the anxiety-provoking situation.
B) allows the therapist to "flood" the client with emotional images.
C) makes using an anxiety hierarchy unnecessary.
D) is a response that copes with anxiety.

Question 33

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse.After several pairings,alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n)______________.

A) conditioned response
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned response
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 34

Classical conditioning modifies the _______________ of behavior; operant conditioning modifies the _______________ of behavior.

A) consequences; consequences
B) consequences; antecedents
C) antecedents; consequences
D) antecedents; antecedents

Question 35

Wanda's weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her ability to control her overeating.Specifically,when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet,she thinks "I have no willpower; I'll always be fat" and binges the rest of the day.Wanda's counselor now is encouraging her to think "Well,I slipped on my diet at lunch.Relax,one slip isn't that bad.I'll get back on my diet right away!" The therapist is utilizing a technique called

A) cognitive restructuring.
B) positive reinforcement.
C) self-monitoring.
D) self-punishment.

Question 36

An abstinence violation effect is associated with

A) psychological reactance and an increased feeling of perceived control.
B) an increased feeling of perceived control and decreased likelihood of relapse.
C) a loss of perceived control and increased likelihood of relapse.
D) None of these.

Question 37

Behavioral assignments

A) place complete responsibility and control in the hands of the therapist who develops the assignments and thus decreases clients' perceptions of control.
B) show great promise but have not been extensively used in health management programs to date.
C) that rely on written agreements are most effective.
D) that rely on verbal agreements are most effective.

Question 38

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds.He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator.As his weight-loss program proceeds,he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound.In this instance,Fred is using

A) positive self-punishment.
B) negative self-punishment.
C) positive self-reward.
D) negative self-reward.

Question 39

Internal monologues

A) are always positive and adaptive.
B) can function as antecedents and as consequences of target behavior.
C) are resistant to change through standard techniques of reinforcement.
D) can function as antecedents but not as consequences of target behavior.

Question 40

Relapse is likely when the individual:

A) has high self-efficacy.
B) is under a lot of stress.
C) is well supported by friends and family.
D) definitive goals are established.

Question 41

The venue with the largest percentage of the adult population is the workplace.

Question 42

The family physician may be a particularly effective agent in promoting health-related attitudes and behavior because

A) individuals are more likely to follow a suggested treatment if they pay for professional advice.
B) few social engineering solutions to health problems have been successful.
C) a one-to-one approach is the least expensive and most efficient vehicle for changing health habits.
D) a physician is a highly credible communicator and agent of health-habit change.

Question 43

Evaluations of the efficacy of mass media health appeals suggest that

A) messages are often too concrete and specific, and thus it is difficult to glean useful information from mass media appeals.
B) including specific recommendations about health-related behaviors diminishes individual perceptions of self-efficacy.
C) mass media messages are unrelated to shifts in cultural climate.
D) media appeals are often important sources of information for alerting the public to unknown health risks.

Question 44

transtheoretical model of behavioral change indicate that

A) interventions matched to the stage that an individual is in are more successful than those more appropriate for other stages.
B) interventions that teach skills relevant to action and behavior maintenance have little effect on individual motivation.
C) the media has even less of an effect on an individual's health behaviors than previously thought.
D) its applications have shown mixed success.

Question 45

By the age of 11 or 12,most children have fairly stable health beliefs that resemble those of adults.

Question 46

Patterns of disease in the United States have remained relatively unchanged over the past 90 years.

Question 47

_______________ involves modifying the environment to affect one's ability to practice a particular behavior.

A) Social engineering
B) Reconstruction
C) Adaptive environmental change
D) Passive retraining

Question 48

Broad-spectrum cognitive behavior therapy allows a therapist to select several complementary methods for the modification of a problem behavior.

Question 49

Our knowledge of who relapses is limited.

Question 50

How effective are educational appeals designed to provide information about health,risk factors,and wellness? What aspects of educational appeals heighten their effectiveness? What aspects make them less effective in changing attitudes and behaviors?

Question 51

transtheoretical model of behavioral change,Julian is in the _______________ stage of health behavior change.

A) precontemplation
B) contemplation
C) preparation
D) action

Question 52

Charles is a college student who smokes cigarettes.Use the health belief model and the theory of planned behavior to explain why Charles continues to smoke even though he is aware of the Surgeon General's warning about the relationship between cigarettes and cancer and heart disease.

Question 53

Find an Internet health campaign and explain how it works or does not work using the appropriate theories in the text.

Question 54

Explain the advantages and disadvantages of health promotion efforts designed for at-risk populations.

Question 55

How have patterns of disease in the United States changed since the turn of the twentieth century? Considering these trends,explain the importance of efforts to modify health behaviors and lifestyle rebalancing.

Question 56

The concept of the window of vulnerability refers to the fact that certain times are better for teaching particular health practices than others.

Question 57

Health message communicators are more persuasive if they are likable and similar to the audience.

Question 58

Individuals often do not perceive their at-risk status accurately and appropriately.

Question 59

Research has established a small to moderate relationship between self-efficacy and health behavior change and maintenance.

Question 60

The Internet is a low-cost health messager for modifying health habits.