Deck 6: Stress

Question 1

Long-term provision of care to friends or family members with long-term illness has been linked with a range of health-related problems.This can be attributed to caregivers'

A) poor health habits.
B) disrupted sleep patterns.
C) experience of severe and long-term stressors.
D) All of these.

Answer 1

experience of severe and long-term stressors.

Question 2

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),the numbers of AIDS cases are growing fastest among

A) ethnic minorities.
B) gay men.
C) minority women.
D) IV drug users.

Answer 2

minority women.

Question 3

Studies of personality and coping styles have found that the stress-immune functioning relationship is moderated by

A) optimism.
B) self-efficacy.
C) perceived control.
D) All of these.

Answer 3

All of these.

Question 4

The tendency to seek social support and the perception that one had good emotional support were associated with _______________ suggesting buffering of stress responses.

A) low NK cell activity
B) high NK cell activity
C) increases in lymphocyte responses
D) All of these.

Question 5

The quality of one's interpersonal relationships has been implicated in immunocompromise.Which of the following has NOT been found to be associated with physical and emotional illness?

A) being single
B) bereavement
C) short-term marital conflict
D) divorce and separation

Question 6

The time between progression from HIV+ status to a diagnosis of AIDS is most strongly influenced by

A) individual differences.
B) socioeconomic factors.
C) sexual orientation.
D) ethnicity.

Question 7

The most promising development in the treatment of AIDS is

A) an HIV vaccine.
B) AZT.
C) HAART.
D) DDI.

Question 8

_______________ may mute the adverse effects of stress on the immune system.

A) Relaxation training
B) Social contact
C) Repressing one's thoughts about the stressful event
D) Stress management skills

Question 9

Sarah has rheumatoid arthritis.This is a(n)

A) disease of lifestyle.
B) disease that typically attacks men.
C) disorder that can be cured by diet.
D) autoimmune disorder.

Question 10

Finding ______________ in stressful events may improve immune functioning.

A) benefits
B) noise.
C) stress.
D) All of these.

Question 11

The most common mode of transmission of AIDS worldwide is via

A) heterosexual sexual activity.
B) homosexual sexual activity.
C) blood transfusions.
D) intravenous drug use.

Question 12

review of the literature found support for the notion that immune functioning is impaired by

A) hardiness.
B) anxiety.
C) depression.
D) hostility.

Question 13

T lymphocytes

A) play an important role in humoral immunity.
B) confer immunity by the production and secretion of antibodies.
C) secrete toxic substances that kill infected cells.
D) release antibodies into the blood.

Question 14

HIV affects primarily

A) helper T cells and macrophages.
B) leukocytes.
C) natural killer cells.
D) B cells.

Question 15

Helper T (T_H)cells

A) respond to specific antigens.
B) enhance the function of T_C cells, B cells, and macrophages by producing lymphokines.
C) produce lymphokines that suppress immune activity.
D) produce immunoglobulins, which are the basis of antigen-specific reactions.

Question 16

Intense,short-term stressors

A) recruit cells that may help defend against wounds and infection.
B) upregulate immune functioning in ways likely to ward off threats posed by pathogens.
C) affect most measures of immune functioning adversely.
D) All of these.

Question 17

Academic stress has been associated with

A) decreases in total T, T_H, and T_S lymphocytes.
B) increases in natural killer cells.
C) higher rates of infectious disease in adults but not children.
D) increased distress but few changes in immune functioning.

Question 18

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be mediated by

A) hostility.
B) disturbed hypothalamic functioning.
C) poor maturation of the immune system.
D) sleep disturbances.

Question 19

The interactions among behavioral,neuroendocrine,and immunological processes of adaptation are referred to as

A) health psychology.
B) psychoneuroimmunology.
C) behavioral medicine.
D) psychosomatic medicine.

Question 20

Natural killer cells

A) recognize, ingest, and destroy antigens.
B) contribute to inflammatory and allergic reactions.
C) assist in the activation of T cells through the secretion of cytokine.
D) attack and destroy cells infected by viruses.

Question 21

Studies have found that _______________ beliefs about the self and the future are associated with the onset of AIDS in individuals with HIV.

A) positive
B) negative
C) neutral
D) None of these.

Question 22

The consequence of receiving chemotherapy in the same place by the same person under the same circumstances is

A) conditioned nausea.
B) conditioned immune suppression.
C) impaired long-term compliance.
D) All of these.

Question 23

For cancer patients,social support

A) improves immunologic responses.
B) improves psychological adjustment.
C) can be problematic.
D) All of these.

Question 24

An important time (or teachable moment)to provide AIDS education is

A) in elementary school before sexual activity begins.
B) following the death of a partner, particularly for men.
C) when a man has been dating his partner for six weeks.
D) None of these.

Question 25

Condom use among adolescents

A) appears to be decreasing.
B) is independent of other behavioral problems such as drug and alcohol use.
C) is related to social norms and favorable attitudes to condom use.
D) does not respond to psychosocial interventions.

Question 26

Perceptions of self-efficacy have been related to

A) frequency of condom use.
B) number of sexual partners.
C) number of anonymous sexual partners.
D) All of these.

Question 27

All cancers result from

A) immunocompromise.
B) a dysfunction in RNA.
C) a dysfunction in DNA.
D) a reduction in DNA.

Question 28

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC),each year cancer causes approximately _______________ deaths in the United States.

A) 200,000
B) 350,000
C) 426,000
D) 560,000

Question 29

Research suggests that those who use the Internet in conjunction with managing their seropositive status _______________ than those not using the Internet.

A) had fewer active coping skills
B) had less social support
C) had less accurate HIV disease knowledge.
D) None of these; the Internet is an important resource in HIV/AIDS care.

Question 30

According to the research cited in your text,which of the following patients would be expected to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with AIDS?

A) Paul, who is confident that the medical personnel who staff his experimental treatment program are outstanding in the field and his best chance for survival
B) Mary, who contracted AIDS through a transfusion and feels that she has no personal control over the disease
C) Tom, who has turned to alternatives to traditional medicine and feels that his holistic practitioner can best arrest the progression of the disorder
D) John, who feels that he can control the disease and its symptoms and has taken personal responsibility for its treatment

Question 31

Which of the following has NOT been found to contribute to positive adjustment and long-term survival among people with AIDS?

A) ability to find meaning in being HIV+
B) concealing one's sexual orientation and HIV status
C) social support
D) optimism

Question 32

Cognitive-behavioral interventions program that work with other populations may not work as well with IV drug users because

A) their peer group has too much influence.
B) they may lack good impulse control.
C) methadone programs don't work with them.
D) needle exchange programs are ineffective.

Question 33

found that patients who coped with their cancer-related problems via _______________ showed more emotional distress.

A) social support
B) cognitive escape-avoidant strategies
C) distancing
D) None of these.

Question 34

Research investigating the relationship between psychosocial factors and cancer has found

A) a positive association between cancer and emotional repression.
B) a positive association between cancer and depression.
C) lack of social support sometimes is associated with cancer.
D) All of these.

Question 35

Susan is a middle-class white woman with advanced breast cancer.Her family and friends provide her with emotional and instrumental social support.Sarah,an Hispanic woman from a working-class family,also has advanced breast caner.Her parents are deceased,her siblings do not contact her,and her husband and children are too frightened to be of much support,either emotional or instrumental.From the material in the text,whom do you expect to survive the longest time?

A) Susan.
B) Sarah.
C) There is no way to predict mortality in these cases.

Question 36

_________ is the leading cancer killer for women according to the American Cancer Society (2009).

A) Lung.
B) Colon.
C) Ovary.
D) Breast.

Question 37

Who is most likely to disclose HIV status?

A) Someone with high self-efficacy.
B) People with a strong support network.
C) Those more likely to wear a condom during intercourse.
D) All of these.

Question 38

A review of 27 published studies that provided HIV counseling and testing information found this type of education was an effective means of

A) primary prevention for HIV+ individuals.
B) reduced behaviors that might infect others.
C) primary prevention for uninfected participants.
D) All of these.

Question 39

_________ is the leading cancer case for men according to the American Cancer Society (2009).

A) Lung.
B) Colon.
C) Prostate.
D) Kidney.

Question 40

Susan has breast cancer.She is anxious and depressed.She feels unable to manage her treatment regime.Her oncologist recommends therapy.According to your text,the format this therapy is most likely to take is

A) crisis-intervention.
B) intensive psychotherapy.
C) a program of exercise and diet.
D) psychoanalysis.

Question 41

Studies of diabetic control and adherence indicate that the best outcomes are found among adolescents who have

A) individual therapy.
B) family therapy.
C) parents who are actively involved in tasks such as monitoring glucose levels.
D) a dense social support network.

Question 42

One of the most common symptoms for women with AIDS is a gynecologic infection.

Question 43

What is the relationship among depression,loneliness,interpersonal conflict,and a poorly functioning immune system? Do individual differences in coping styles affect this relationship? If so,how?

Question 44

Japanese American women are more susceptible to breast cancer the longer they have lived in the United States and the more they have adopted the American culture.

Question 45

Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict,marital separation,and divorce.

Question 46

How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?

Question 47

Compare Type I diabetes with what you already learned about Type II diabetes in the previous chapter.How are they similar and how are they different?

Question 48

Past sexual practice is an important predictor of AIDS-related risk behaviors.

Question 49

Type I and Type II diabetes are exactly the same.

Question 50

Humoral immunity operates at the cellular level and is mediated by T lymphocytes.

Question 51

Osteoarthritis

A) affects the small joints of the wrists, hands, and feet.
B) involves the destruction of the bone and muscle tissue of the joint.
C) involves the deterioration of cartilage in weight-bearing joints.
D) None of these.

Question 52

,as _______________ increased,______________ decreased.

A) perceptions of self-efficacy; pain
B) self-efficacy; knowledge of arthritis self-management
C) pain; joint inflammation
D) psychosocial functioning; knowledge of arthritis self-management

Question 53

Studies with human subjects indicate that exposure to stressors is related to immunologic change.

Question 54

Explain how stress is related to immune functioning.Exactly how does the immune system respond to stress?

Question 55

Type I (insulin-dependent)diabetes

A) develops relatively late in life (after age 40).
B) accounts for 90 percent of all diabetics.
C) is characterized by an abrupt onset of symptoms.
D) usually is inherited.

Question 56

she would like to know what to expect in terms of her friend's medical condition.How long do people live with HIV? What factors influence prognoses?

Question 57

The most prevalent of the autoimmune diseases is cancer.

Question 58

A person may test HIV-seropositive (HIV+),but be free of a diagnosis of AIDS for years.

Question 59

Studies have found impaired immune functioning among bereaved individuals,even if these individuals do not show evidence of depression.

Question 60

Rheumatoid arthritis

A) is the least crippling form of arthritis.
B) strikes primarily middle-aged and elderly adults.
C) has been associated with a perfectionist and depressed personality type.
D) is relatively unaffected by stress and psychological variables.