Question 1

Which principle allows the unequal allocation of resources provided that it benefits the least advantaged members of society?&#10;A) The macroallocation principle&#10;B) The principle of double effect&#10;C) The difference principle&#10;D) The equity principle

Accepted Answer

The principle that allows the unequal allocation of resources provided that it benefits the least advantaged members of society is the difference principle, which is a key component of John Rawls' theory of distributive justice. This principle emphasizes the importance of reducing inequalities in society, but it also recognizes that some level of inequality may be necessary if it benefits those who are the most disadvantaged. Therefore, the difference principle is often used in discussions of social policies and economic systems that seek to promote fairness and justice.

Question 2

The view that each person should have the opportunity to live through each stage of life is termed a&#10;A) Pandemic Principle&#10;B) Save Most Lives Principle&#10;C) Fairness Principle&#10;D) Life Cycle Principle

Accepted Answer

The view that each person should have the opportunity to live through each stage of life is best described by the Life Cycle Principle. This principle prioritizes equal opportunity to experience each stage of life, from childhood to old age. It aims to ensure that individuals are able to fully develop and flourish throughout their lifetimes. The other options, Pandemic Principle, Save Most Lives Principle, and Fairness Principle, do not specifically address the concept of equal opportunity across the life cycle.

Question 3

The Life Cycle Principle is inherently&#10;A) egalitarian.&#10;B) utilitarian.&#10;C) Kantian.&#10;D) unjust.

Accepted Answer

The Life Cycle Principle is based on the idea that everyone has an equal right to a full life cycle, which includes childhood, education, work, and retirement. This principle is inherently egalitarian in nature, as it seeks to ensure that all individuals have the opportunity to live a full and fulfilling life, regardless of their socioeconomic status or other personal characteristics.

Question 4

Decisions that control the supply itself-for example, what proportion of the federal budget will be spent on medical care-are generally referred to by what term?&#10;A) macroallocation&#10;B) microallocation&#10;C) Medicaid&#10;D) Dialysis

Accepted Answer

Macroallocation refers to decisions that control the overall supply of resources, such as determining the allocation of funds from the federal budget. Microallocation, on the other hand, refers to decisions that control the distribution of resources within a specific area or population. Medicaid and Dialysis are not relevant to the question.

Question 5

The present system of organ procurement by voluntary donation in the United States is often referred to by which of the following terms?&#10;A) presumed consent&#10;B) altruistic donation&#10;C) living donors&#10;D) informed consent

Accepted Answer

Altruistic donation is the term used to describe the system of organ procurement by voluntary donation in the United States, where individuals voluntarily donate their organs for transplantation after their death. This system relies on informed consent, as individuals must explicitly state their wishes to donate their organs. Living donors are a separate category of donation, where individuals donate an organ while still alive, and presumed consent is a different system where organ donation is assumed unless the individual has explicitly stated their objection.

Question 6

Which of the following moral theories holds that when allocating limited supplies of goods, such as donor organs, considerations such as talent, intelligence, age, and social worth are morally irrelevant?

A) Utilitarian
B) Kantian
C) Paternalism
D) Rawlsian

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following moral theories holds...

Question 7

What reason or reasons lead to Ken Duke's heart transplant sparking a controversy?&#10;A) Ken Duke was a prisoner at the time of the transplant.&#10;B) The state of California ended up paying the estimated $1 million cost of the transplant.&#10;C) If the transplant had not been done, Ken Duke's estate could have sued the state.&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

All of the choices are reasons why Ken Duke's heart transplant sparked controversy. As a prisoner, many people questioned whether he deserved such a costly procedure that was paid for by the state of California. Additionally, the fact that the state paid for the transplant led to criticism from taxpayers who felt their money was being used inappropriately. Finally, some argued that if the transplant had not been performed, Ken Duke's estate could have sued the state for denying him medical care.

Question 8

Which allocation principle would give priority to 6 month olds over 1 year olds when allocating vaccines during an epidemic?&#10;A) Life Cycle Principle&#10;B) Pandemic Principle&#10;C) Save Most Lives Principle&#10;D) Fairness Principle

Accepted Answer

The Life Cycle Principle considers the stages of life and the different needs at each stage. In this case, 6 month olds are at a more vulnerable stage than 1 year olds and prioritizing them would likely save more lives in the long run. The Pandemic Principle prioritizes those at the greatest risk of spreading the disease, while the Save Most Lives Principle prioritizes those at the greatest risk of dying. The Fairness Principle seeks to distribute resources equally and may not prioritize one age group over another.

Question 9

According to Emanuel and Wertheimer, when a vaccine cannot be provided for everyone, which group should be given the vaccine first?&#10;A) producers, distributors and administrator of the vaccine&#10;B) mothers and young children&#10;C) the President, his family and members of Congress&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

Emanuel and Wertheimer suggest prioritizing those involved in the production, distribution, and administration of the vaccine to ensure the vaccine supply chain remains intact and operational.

Question 10

Annas argued that a charity approach to organ procurement was demeaning based on what rationale?&#10;A) A charity approach to organ procurement is much worse than the market approach and thus, unlike the latter, is intolerable.&#10;B) A charity approach to organ procurement puts a very low value on both individual rights and equality and fairness.&#10;C) Requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding amounts to rationing by financial ability and thus to believing that a price can be placed on human life.&#10;D) Requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding makes such persons beholden to those who fund their medical procedures.

Accepted Answer

Annas argued that a charity approach to organ procurement is demeaning because requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding amounts to rationing by financial ability and thus to believing that a price can be placed on human life. This puts a very low value on both individual rights and equality and fairness, making it unacceptable. Additionally, requiring the less financially fortunate to make public appeals for funding makes such persons beholden to those who fund their medical procedures. However, there is no comparison or mention of market approach in Annas' argument, making option A incorrect. Option B is partially correct but does not fully capture the rationale mentioned in the argument.

Question 11

Appel argued that death row inmates should be allowed to be candidates for kidney transplants because of which of the following?&#10;A) If a death row inmate were wrongly convicted, denying him a transplant would result in the irreversible suffering of an innocent person.&#10;B) It would be wrong for a medical decision to lower a death row inmate's quality of life while he is waiting for execution.&#10;C) A death row inmate's life expectancy should not be considered relevant to a transplant decision.&#10;D) all of these choices

Accepted Answer

The answer of Appel argued that death row inmates should...

Question 12

According to Emanuel and Wertheimer rationing is&#10;A) unjust&#10;B) egalitarian&#10;C) inescapable&#10;D) never justified.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Emanuel and Wertheimer rationing is&#10;A)...

Question 13

A microallocation decision&#10;A) directly impacts classes of persons.&#10;B) directly impacts individuals.&#10;C) indirectly affects populations in different ways.&#10;D) is concerned with low-value goods.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A microallocation decision&#10;A) directly impacts classes of...

Question 14

Phadke and Anandh argue for the view that the medical profession should reject commercial organ procurement on what grounds?&#10;A) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor.&#10;B) Commercial organ procurement commercializes the body.&#10;C) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor, commercializes the body, and undercuts human dignity.&#10;D) Commercial organ procurement exploits the poor and undercuts human dignity.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Phadke and Anandh argue for the view...

Question 15

Which policy or organ procurement is based on the view that the donor has tacitly consented to donate an organ?&#10;A) presumed consent&#10;B) altruistic donation&#10;C) organ markets&#10;D) mandated choice

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which policy or organ procurement is based...

Question 16

Taking such factors as education, age, and record of accomplishment when allocating society's limited goods is generally referred to as what type of argument?&#10;A) Best Person&#10;B) Categorical Imperative&#10;C) Social Calculus&#10;D) Social Worth

Accepted Answer

The answer of Taking such factors as education, age, and...

Deck 8: Organ Transplants and Scarce Medical Resources-PART A