Deck 12: Legitimacy and Community Relations

Question 1

Any level of force more than is necessary to fulfill a lawful objective is called

A)excessive force.
B)excessive use of force.
C)physical force.
D)police violence.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Public attitudes are affected by controversial incidents, particularly

A)questionable shootings or use of physical force.
B)theft or organized theft rings.
C)sex crimes or organized prostitution.
D)internal scandals or questions of integrity.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The most serious examples of racial profiling involve traffic stops.The pattern of these stops appears directly related to drug enforcement.This evidence lends support to the context approach to police-citizen interactions, which holds that interactions are different depending on

A)location, police unit, enforcement activity, and context.
B)race, color, and sex.
C)time, day, and activity.
D)nature of activity, number of persons, and age of the suspects.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The fact that police officers are more likely to remember unpleasant or traumatic incidents than routine uneventful ones is known as

A)selective perception.
B)selective contact.
C)selective contract.
D)working personality.

Question 5

Police-community relations in America represent an apparent contradiction.Which of the following best represents that contradiction?

A)There is an attempt to please minorities yet a desire to strictly enforce law.
B)There are disparities in arrest and incarceration based on race, yet minorities give the police very favorable ratings.
C)Police do not like minorities yet they display efforts to curb violence in their neighborhoods.
D)Police patrol minority neighborhoods in an attempt to improve community relations yet do not really care for the minority residents.

Question 6

According to the text, the greatest gap between the attitudes of whites, Hispanics, and African Americans relates to how the police

A)manipulate public opinion.
B)use force.
C)control the news media.
D)foster ommunity relations.

Question 7

Different outcomes in policing that are not necessarily caused by differential treatment, is called

A)disparity.
B)variation.
C)demographic.
D)discrimination.

Question 8

When you compare people to police and the larger society, people who are the victims of discrimination or who feel powerless or alienated from society

A)are more likely to be more coercive persons in society.
B)are more likely to have public attitudes about other social and political issues of the day.
C)are likely to have more negative attitudes toward the police.
D)may be in fact very satisfied with their treatment by the police.

Question 9

A factor that ranks second to race and ethnicity in public attitudes toward the police is

A)gender.
B)wealth.
C)sex.
D)age.

Question 10

When people are asked specifically about use of force or respectful treatment by the police, the gap between white and minority group attitudes

A)stays the same
B)narrows.
C)widens.
D)splits.

Question 11

Differential treatment based on some extralegal category such as race, ethnicity, or gender is known as

A)discrimination.
B)disparity.
C)disparate treatment.
D)inequality.

Question 12

The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communications of different racial or ethnic is called

A)language knowledge.
B)cultural awareness.
C)cultural competence.
D)cultural barrier removal.

Question 13

According to William A.Westley, the police subculture view of citizens is that

A)a face-to-face encounter with a citizen is always going to be confrontational.
B)for the most part, all encounters with citizens are negative.
C)generally, the citizenry needs police and are accepting of them.
D)the public was against the police or hated the police.

Question 14

Ethnicity differs from race in terms of

A)religious differences.
B)self reporting differences.
C)cultural differences.
D)immigration differences.

Question 15

The practice of police stopping drivers because of their race or ethnicity and not because a legitimate law violation is commonly referred to as

A)racial profiling.
B)street profiling.
C)ethnic profiling.
D)cultural profiling.

Question 16

A crime control strategy of both identifying and apprehending offenders is known as

A)field searches.
B)field stops.
C)field information.
D)field interrogations.

Question 17

The four dimensions of trust the authors describe are

A)care, pleasantness, empathy, sympathy.
B)priorities, competence, dependability, respect.
C)bearing, integrity, honesty, quality.
D)service, dedication, honesty, respect.

Question 18

The most important misperception of public attitudes experienced by police officers results from

A)police protection.
B)new media reports.
C)selective contact.
D)too little enforcement.

Question 19

Differential treatment based on some extralegal category such as race, ethnicity, or gender is known as

A)disparity.
B)variation.
C)demographic.
D)discrimination.

Question 20

The relations between police and racial-ethnic minority communities is referred to as

A)police-community relations.
B)multi cultural relations.
C)police race relations.
D)police culture affairs.

Question 21

The U.S.Supreme Court decision that accelerated the trend toward adoption of the defense of life standard, which greatly restricts the use of deadly force by police officers, was

A)Robins v.United States.
B)Edwards v.United States.
C)Tennessee v.Garner.
D)Terry v.Ohio.

Question 22

What is the largest minority group in America?

A)African Americans
B)Hispanics/Latinos
C)Asians
D)Haitians

Question 23

Stereotyping minorities as criminal suspects can be reinforced by

A)departmental policy.
B)community culture.
C)patrol subculture.
D)racial and ethnic slurs.

Question 24

When minority citizens argue that they do not have enough police protection, they are complaining about

A)too much crime.
B)under-protection by the police.
C)over-enforcement by the police.
D)over-representation by the police.

Question 25

Edward Garner was

A)beaten by police in New York City.
B)beaten by police in Los Angeles.
C)was shot and killed by police in Memphis, Tennessee.
D)was arrested by the police for killing a police officer.
E)was arrested by the police for beating up Rodney King.

Question 26

The greatest source of tensions between the police and racial minorities are

A)police taxation.
B)police field practices.
C)police court prosecutions.
D)slow response to calls for service.

Question 27

A police crime-control strategy designed to both apprehend offenders and send a message of deterrence to people on the street is

A)mass arrests.
B)drivers license check points.
C)field interrogations.
D)felony car stops.

Question 28

The purpose of having a diverse work force within a police organization is

A)to end unlawful employment discrimination.
B)to improve the quality of police services, as minority officers will better able to relate to minority citizens and will not engage in discriminatory behavior.
C)that adding minority officers will alter the police subculture and affect the attitudes and behavior of other officers.
D)All of these are reasons to have a diverse work force.

Question 29

The two most important specific programs that police departments have adopted for improving police-community relations have been

A)creating police-community relations units and providing related training to officers.
B)creating race relations task forces and mobile race relation patrols.
C)creating citizens advisory boards and chief's race relations committees.
D)all of these

Question 30

The ability to understand and respond appropriately to differences in the languages, traditions, lifestyles, and patterns of communication in different racial or ethnic groups is known as

A)multicultural acceptance.
B)cultural competence.
C)ethnic recognition.
D)cross-cultural diversity.

Question 31

This author found that 73 percent of the police officers thought that the public was "against the police, or hates the police."

A)William Westley
B)James Q.Wilson
C)Thomas McAninch
D)Jerome Skolnick
E)O.W.Wilson

Question 32

The most serious examples of racial profiling that have been documented involve traffic stops by state police officers on interstate highways in

A)California.
B)Maryland and New Jersey.
C)Florida.
D)West Virginia.
E)Illinois.

Question 33

A 1997 survey found that the majority of ___________had a favorable attitude toward the police with respect to the use of force.

A)whites
B)blacks
C)Hispanics
D)Asians
E)none of these

Question 34

Most complaints about police harassment come from

A)older white men.
B)women about sexual harassment.
C)young females under the age of 21.
D)Hispanics.
E)young males.

Question 35

The name of the commission created to investigate the Los Angeles Police Department after the 1991 Rodney King incident was

A)the L.A.Kissinger Commission.
B)the Wickersham Commission.
C)the Christopher Commission.
D)the King Investigatory Commission.

Question 36

Many police departments have abandoned their ride-along programs because

A)of lack of participation by the gang members who are trying to leave the gang life.
B)the program tends to attract only those persons who already have a favorable attitude toward the police and does not reach those who have complaints.
C)there are not enough storefront neighborhoods to accommodate the demand for rides with the officers.
D)the age of the persons the program generally attracted was creating a liability for the program.

Question 37

Officers are more likely to use force against criminal suspects.Officers are also more likely to use force against male suspects.In other words, police use of force is more likely to be associated with certain

A)sexual factors.
B)age factors.
C)incident factors.
D)situational factors.

Question 38

How does tolerating vice crimes harm low-income and racial minority communities?

A)It breeds disrespect for the law and police because of the corruption that usually accompanies it.
B)The form of corruption that emerged in the 1980s involved both corruption and physical brutality.
C)Under-enforcement of the law exposes law-abiding citizens in minority communities to criminal activities like prostitution and drug dealing.
D)All of these harm the communities.

Question 39

Police departments have generally adopted a scale indicating the levels of force used for particular situations.The scale is called the

A)use of force continuum.
B)scale of force.
C)force applied scale.
D)physical Force Use (PFU).

Question 40

Relative to their numbers in the population

A)whites are arrested more than African Americans.
B)African Americans are arrested more than whites.
C)women are arrested more than African American males.
D)Latinos are arrested less than white females.

Question 41

Who is most likely to be shot by a police officer?

A)a white male
B)a Hispanic male
C)an Asian male
D)a black male

Question 42

Who is more likely to be bitten by a police dog?

A)Asians
B)blacks
C)whites
D)Hispanics

Question 43

Community police has a positive impact on citizen's attitudes toward the police.

Question 44

Alpert found that police officers use more force than was indicated by citizen behavior in __________ of all cases.

A)10 percent
B)8 percent
C)15 percent
D)3 percent
E)19 percent

Question 45

The case of Tennessee v.Gardner created

A)the fleeing-felon rule.
B)the defense-of-life standard.
C)the right-to-life standard.
D)the Miranda warnings.
E)the "exception rule"

Question 46

The current standard for the use of deadly force is the

A)defense-of-life standard.
B)fleeing-felon rule.
C)shot-to-wound policy.
D)the "exception policy."
E)the deadly force permission standard.

Question 47

Hispanics are now the largest minority group in the country.

Question 48

In public opinion surveys, blacks are just as satisfied with the police as are whites.

Question 49

The data from one Bureau of Justice Statistics survey

A)demonstrate that racial profiling by white officers against black suspects is at an all time high.
B)demonstrates that both white and black officers engage in racial profiling.
C)demonstrates that people of different races who live in the same area similarly perceive the same activities and reputations of their police departments.
D)demonstrates that Hispanics are never profiled

Question 50

Young people rate the police less favorably than older people.

Question 51

Approximately what percent of all African American males are arrested before the age of 30?

A)23 percent
B)33 percent
C)44 percent
D)50 percent
E)65 percent

Question 52

The vast majority of Americans have a positive attitude toward the police.

Question 53

The Christopher Commission studied the computer-based communications among LAPD police officers and found

A)evidence of offensive racial stereotypes.
B)that the officers always used professional language when referring to the public.
C)that the police did not always use professional language, but there was no evidence of offensive racial stereotypes.
D)that white officers did not stereotype blacks but did stereotype Hispanics.

Question 54

A number of police officers concede that other officers sometimes use excessive force.

Question 55

More women than men believe that the police treat all races fairly.

Question 56

Albert Reiss found that white and black officers were about equally likely to use force and were most likely to use force against members of their own race.

Question 57

Which race is most likely to be antagonistic to the police?

A)whites
B)blacks
C)Asians
D)Hispanics

Question 58

The use of excessive force by police officers is also called

A)police corruption.
B)bullying.
C)police battery.
D)police brutality.
E)all of these

Question 59

Some police departments offer incentive pay to bilingual officers.

Question 60

The term "driving while black" refers to

A)race patrolling.
B)random patrolling.
C)directed patrol.
D)racial selection.
E)racial profiling.

Question 61

Gunnar Myrdal found four different systems of justice based on race.What are they?

Question 62

The Northeastern University Institute on Race and Justice advises that "racial or gender differences in both driving behavior and automobile type may affect rates of citations or warnings."

Question 63

Jerome Skolnick concluded that police officers do not stereotype; they objectively analyze the situation with respect to gender, age, race, and ethnicity before taking action.

Question 64

According to the case of Tennessee vs.Garner, what is the difference between the fleeing-felon rule and the defense-of-life standard?

Question 65

One study suggests that police are more likely to stop drivers who in their judgment are "out of place;" that is they will stop whites in African American neighborhoods in a similar fashion to stopping African Americans in white neighborhoods.

Question 66

What is the different between under-protection vs.over-enforcement?

Question 67

Whites are arrested more often than blacks relative to their numbers in the general population.

Question 68

The vast majority of crimes are interracial.

Question 69

Write a general explanation of the problem of language as a barrier to multicultural policing.

Question 70

Give a general explanation of the problems of racial profiling as described in the text.

Question 71

What are the four dimensions of trust in policing?