Deck 28: Pregnancy and Human Development

Question 1

Match the following:

A) Trophoblast
B) Decidua basalis
C) Decidua capsularis
D) Inner cell mass
E) Morula
Becomes the embryonic disc.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) B
Site of early blood cell production,and forms part of the gut (digestive tube).

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) B
The part of the endometrium destined to be a part of the placenta.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Match the following:

A) Implantation
B) Capacitation
C) Fertilization
D) Gastrulation
E) Cleavage
Embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall.

Question 5

Match the following:

A) Implantation
B) Capacitation
C) Fertilization
D) Gastrulation
E) Cleavage
Leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual.

Question 6

Match the following:

A) Trophoblast
B) Decidua basalis
C) Decidua capsularis
D) Inner cell mass
E) Morula
Surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

Question 7

Match the following:

A) Implantation
B) Capacitation
C) Fertilization
D) Gastrulation
E) Cleavage
Leads to the establishment of the three primary germ layers.

Question 8

Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) B
Extraembryonic membrane that develops from the trophoblast and some extraembryonic mesoderm,and forms part of the placenta.

Question 9

Match the following:

A) Implantation
B) Capacitation
C) Fertilization
D) Gastrulation
E) Cleavage
Leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst.

Question 10

Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) C
Pancreas.

Question 11

Match the following:

A) Implantation
B) Capacitation
C) Fertilization
D) Gastrulation
E) Cleavage
Leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes.

Question 12

Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) C
Stomach.

Question 13

Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) C
Trachea.

Question 14

Match the following:

A) Trophoblast
B) Decidua basalis
C) Decidua capsularis
D) Inner cell mass
E) Morula
Forms the chorion.

Question 15

Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) B
Protective water-filled sac surrounding the embryo.

Question 16

Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) C
Esophagus.

Question 17

Figure 28.1
Using Figure 28.1, match the following:

A) A
B) B
C) D
D) E
E) C
Liver.

Question 18

Match the following:

A) Trophoblast
B) Decidua basalis
C) Decidua capsularis
D) Inner cell mass
E) Morula
Forms the mother's part of the placenta.

Question 19

Match the following:

A) Trophoblast
B) Decidua basalis
C) Decidua capsularis
D) Inner cell mass
E) Morula
A solid sphere of undifferentiated cells.

Question 20

Figure 28.2
Using Figure 28.2, match the following:

A) C
B) E
C) A
D) D
E) B
The part of the endometrium that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo.

Question 21

The period from fertilization through week eight is called the embryonic period.

Question 22

A pregnant woman urinates more often than usual because the uterus compresses the bladder,her metabolic rate and blood volume are increased,and she must also dispose of fetal metabolic wastes.

Question 23

By 72 hours after fertilization,the egg has divided into more than 160 cells and is called the morula.

Question 24

The placenta and its attached fetal membranes are collectively called the afterbirth.

Question 25

The embryo is directly enclosed in and protected by the amnion.

Question 26

In fetal circulation,one way in which blood bypasses the nonfunctional lungs is by way of the foramen ovale.

Question 27

A blastocyst is a hollow ball of cells,while the morula is a solid ball of cells.

Question 28

A zygote is usually formed within the uterus.

Question 29

Surfactant production in premature infants is rarely a factor in providing normal respiratory activity.

Question 30

Of the three germ layers,the mesoderm forms the most body parts.

Question 31

The embryonic period lasts until the end of the eighth week.

Question 32

Fertilization occurs while the egg is still in the ovarian follicle.

Question 33

A pregnancy test involves antibodies that detect growth hormone (GH)levels in a woman's blood or urine.

Question 34

By the end of the embryonic period,at 8 weeks,all the adult organ systems are recognizable.

Question 35

Implantation begins six to seven days after ovulation.

Question 36

Conceptus is a term used to describe the developing human offspring.

Question 37

An episiotomy is an incision made to widen the vaginal orifice,aiding fetal expulsion.

Question 38

The "fluid-filled,hollow ball of cells" stage of development is the blastocyst.

Question 39

Human placental lactogen initiates labor.

Question 40

Freshly deposited sperm are not immediately capable of penetrating an oocyte.

Question 41

The corpus luteum prevents loss of the implanted embryo through menstruation by secreting ________.

A) follicle-stimulating hormone
B) luteinizing hormone
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) estrogens and progesterone

Question 42

Which of the following is NOT a correct matching of a fetal structure with what it becomes at birth?

A) foramen ovale fossa ovalis
B) ductus venosus ligamentum venosum
C) ductus arteriosus ligamentum teres
D) umbilical arteries medial umbilical ligaments

Question 43

Select the correct statement about fertilization.

A) If estrogen is present, the pathway through the cervical opening is blocked from sperm entry.
B) Both spermatozoa and the ovulated secondary oocyte remain viable for about 72 hours in the female reproductive tract.
C) Once inside the uterus, most sperm cells are protected and remain viable.
D) Millions of sperm cells are destroyed by the vagina's acidic environment.

Question 44

How long is the secondary oocyte viable and capable of being fertilized after it is ovulated?

A) 36-72 hours
B) a full week
C) 12-24 hours
D) 24-36 hours

Question 45

Which of the following is NOT a primary germ layer?

A) epiderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) ectoderm

Question 46

Which hormone maintains the viability of the corpus luteum?

A) estrogen
B) human chorionic gonadotropin
C) progesterone
D) human placental lactogen

Question 47

Milk ejection (the letdown reflex)is stimulated by which of the following hormones associated with pregnancy?

A) prolactin
B) oxytocin
C) inhibin
D) gonadotropin

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT assessed as part of the Apgar score?

A) temperature
B) muscle tone
C) respiration
D) heart rate

Question 49

Prior to the let-down reflex,the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called ________ that has less lactose than milk and almost no fat.

A) bilirubin
B) colostrum
C) meconium
D) prolactin

Question 50

Thalidomide was once used to treat intense nausea and morning sickness in pregnant women.Unfortunately,if administered at certain points during gestation it resulted in limb malformation.This drug is an example of a(n)________.

A) endocrine disruptor
B) carcinogen
C) teratogen
D) neurotoxin

Question 51

Proteases and acrosin are enzymes.How do they function in reproduction?

A) They act to break down the protective barriers around the egg, allowing the sperm to penetrate.
B) They direct the sperm to the egg through chemical messengers.
C) They neutralize the mucous secretions of the uterine mucosa.
D) Their function is unknown.

Question 52

What destroys the zona pellucida sperm-binding receptors?

A) the acrosomal reaction
B) human placental lactogen
C) the process of capacitation
D) zonal inhibiting proteins

Question 53

The correct sequence of preembryonic structures is ________.

A) blastocyst, morula, zygote
B) zygote, blastocyst, morula
C) zygote, morula, blastocyst
D) morula, zygote, blastocyst

Question 54

Relaxin is a hormone produced by the placenta and ovaries.The function of this hormone is to ________.

A) ensure the implantation of the blastula
B) block the pain of childbirth
C) prevent morning sickness
D) relax the pubic symphysis

Question 55

The placenta,a vitally important metabolic organ,is made up of a contribution from mother and fetus.Which portion is from the fetus?

A) yolk sac
B) umbilicus
C) chorion
D) amnion

Question 56

Shortly after implantation ________.

A) the trophoblast forms two distinct layers
B) the embryo gastrulates (within 3 days)
C) myometrial cells cover and seal off the blastocyst
D) maternal blood sinuses bathe the inner cell mass

Question 57

Gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the ________ appears on the dorsal surface of the embryonic disc.

A) notochord
B) placenta
C) primitive streak
D) spinal cord

Question 58

It is impossible for sperm to be functional (able to fertilize the egg)until after ________.

A) the tail disappears
B) they have been stored in the uterus for several days
C) they become spermatids
D) they undergo capacitation

Question 59

Which body system of a pregnant woman undergoes the most dramatic physiological changes during pregnancy?

A) respiratory system
B) urinary system
C) digestive system
D) cardiovascular system

Question 60

Muscle tissue is formed by the ________.

A) epiderm
B) mesoderm
C) ectoderm
D) endoderm

Question 61

The cardiovascular system of a newborn must be adjusted after the infant takes its first breath.Which of the following is also true?

A) The ductus arteriosus constricts and is converted to the ligamentum arteriosum.
B) The urinary system is activated at birth.
C) The foramen ovale between the atria of the fetal heart closes at the moment of birth.
D) The ductus venosus is disconnected at the severing of the umbilical cord and all visceral blood goes into the vena cava.

Question 62

Derivatives of the mesoderm include ________.

A) glandular derivatives of the digestive tract
B) vertebrae and ribs
C) all nervous tissue
D) epithelium of the digestive tract

Question 63

Derivatives of the endoderm include ________.

A) epithelial lining of the respiratory tract
B) brain and spinal cord
C) heart and blood vessels
D) kidneys and gonads

Question 64

At what point is meiosis II completed for the female gamete?

A) ovulation
B) fertilization
C) implantation
D) puberty

Question 65

The first major event in organogenesis is ________.

A) myelination
B) gastrulation
C) ossification
D) neurulation

Question 66

Cleavage as part of embryonic development is distinctive because it involves ________.

A) splitting the cell into two separate cells
B) forming the primary germ layers
C) meiotic cell divisions
D) cell division by mitosis with little or no growth between successive divisions

Question 67

During which stage of labor is the fetus delivered?

A) expulsion stage
B) gastrula stage
C) placental stage
D) dilation stage

Question 68

A urine test reveals a positive result for human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).This indicates ________ was successful.

A) gastrulation
B) fertilization
C) ovulation
D) implantation

Question 69

Which hormone is NOT produced by the placenta?

A) oxytocin
B) human placental lactogen
C) human chorionic gonadotropin
D) relaxin

Question 70

Select the correct statement about the special fetal blood vessels.

A) The distal parts of the umbilical arteries form the superior vesical arteries.
B) The umbilical vein becomes the ligamentum teres.
C) The hepatic portal vein forms from the umbilical artery.
D) The fossa ovalis becomes the foramen ovale.

Question 71

As the infant's head is forced against the cervix with each contraction,the cervix effaces,which means that it ________.

A) crowns
B) dilates
C) softens
D) thins

Question 72

Neural tissue is formed by the ________.

A) ectoderm
B) endoderm
C) mesoderm
D) epiderm

Question 73

Which of the following is true in reference to what may pass through the placental barriers?

A) hormones, blood cells, and nutrients
B) nutrients and respiratory gases only
C) respiratory gases, hormones, nutrients, and blood cells
D) nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and alcohol

Question 74

The decidua basalis is ________.

A) the tissue that surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo
B) destined to remain in the uterus after the birth of the infant
C) the part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embryo
D) not a maternal contribution to the placenta

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT usually considered a teratogen?

A) German measles
B) nicotine
C) aspirin
D) wine

Question 76

At which stage of labor is the "afterbirth" expelled?

A) placental
B) expulsion
C) dystocia
D) full dilation

Question 77

The trophoblast is mostly responsible for forming the ________.

A) placental tissue
B) allantois
C) lining of the endometrium
D) archenteron

Question 78

Which of the choices below occurs if implantation is successful?

A) The ovarian cycle begins.
B) The corpus luteum is maintained until the placenta takes over its hormone-producing functions.
C) The corpus luteum degenerates and becomes the corpus albicans.
D) Increased levels of FSH will be produced.

Question 79

As pregnancy continues,the increasing bulkiness of the anterior abdomen changes the woman's center of gravity,possibly causing an accentuated lumbar curvature called ________.

A) scoliosis
B) hunchback
C) lordosis
D) kyphosis

Question 80

Sperm move to the uterine tube through uterine contractions and the energy of their own flagella.What other factor is involved in sperm movement?

A) reverse peristalsis of the uterus and uterine tubes
B) the cilia on the apex of the cells lining the endometrium
C) hormonal attraction to the ova
D) the increased temperature in the vagina, which stimulates sperm motility