Deck 4: Stress, Biopsychosocial Factors, and Illness

Question 1

The Structured Interview for assessing Type A behaviour is widely used
because of its ease of administration and low cost.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Match the disorder with the characteristics in questions .
May result in a "heart attack" due to the narrowing of the coronary arteries by
fatty plaques.

A)atherosclerosis
B)cardiac arrhythmia
C)migraine
D)essential hypertension
E)leukemia

Answer 2

atherosclerosis

Question 3

Informational support includes direct assistance such as when people
lend money.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

Match the concept with the characteristics listed in questions .
A behaviour pattern marked by a sense of time urgency, hostility and self-
critical competitiveness.

A)Type A behaviour
B)hardiness
C)resilience
D)stamina
E)internal locus of control

Question 5

Match the concept with the characteristics listed in questions .
The belief that one can influence events in their lives and have
a sense of purpose or involvement in the events of their lives.

A)Type A behaviour
B)hardiness
C)resilience
D)stamina
E)internal locus of control

Question 6

Cognitive control strategies involve taking concrete actions to reduce the
impact of a stressor.

Question 7

Release of hormones such as the catecholamines and corticosteroids
appear related to atherosclerosis as well as diminished immune system functioning.

Question 8

If individuals believe that they are capable of coping with an illness, their
recovery is not statistically affected by the addition of social support.

Question 9

Obesity, alcohol use, low levels of physical activity and a positive family
history of hypertension are all related to the development of hypertension.

Question 10

Match the disorder with the characteristics in questions .
Medically defined as blood pressure exceeding 140/90.

A)atherosclerosis
B)cardiac arrhythmia
C)migraine
D)essential hypertension
E)leukemia

Question 11

Pessimists are likely to adopt a set of internal-stable-global attributions to explain negative life events.

Question 12

At the present time, all the research evidence indicates that hardiness is
linked to good health.

Question 13

Essential or primary hypertension is the result of a disorder in a body
system such as the kidneys.

Question 14

Match the concept with the characteristics listed in questions .
Marked by believing one is responsible for successes and failures.

A)Type A behaviour
B)hardiness
C)resilience
D)stamina
E)internal locus of control

Question 15

Match the disorder with the characteristics in questions .
Results from the constriction and dilation of blood vessels, and may be
preceded by an aura.

A)atherosclerosis
B)cardiac arrhythmia
C)migraine
D)essential hypertension
E)leukemia

Question 16

Current research suggests there is little connection between moderate stress and later development of cancer.

Question 17

Match the concept with the characteristics listed in questions .
In old age, has been characterized as "a triumphant positive outlook during
periods of adversity".

A)Type A behaviour
B)hardiness
C)resilience
D)stamina
E)internal locus of control

Question 18

Match the disorder with the characteristics in questions .
Heart flutters or fibrillation.

A)atherosclerosis
B)cardiac arrhythmia
C)migraine
D)essential hypertension
E)leukemia

Question 19

Match the concept with the characteristics listed in questions .
Children with these characteristics are able to resist the adversities of life
and grow up well-adjusted even in extreme conditions.

A)Type A behaviour
B)hardiness
C)resilience
D)stamina
E)internal locus of control

Question 20

Tension headaches are muscular in origin and involve a slow progression.

Question 21

Which of the following are factors that influence providing support?

A) having appropriate resources or skills to help
B) having too much stress of one's own to deal with
C) insensitivity to the needs of others
D) all of the above

Question 22

Throughout her pregnancy, Karla has taken natural childbirth classes where she has learned breathing techniques to use during labor. She has engaged in _____ control.

A) cognitive
B) behavioural
C) informational
D) decisional

Question 23

The perceived comfort and caring a person receives from other people or groups is referred to as

A) eustress.
B) social support.
C) social network.
D) self?esteem.

Question 24

According to the buffering hypothesis, the protective effect of social support occurs

A) in low stress situations.
B) in high stress situations.
C) in moderate stress situations.
D) without regard for level of stress.

Question 25

For social support to reduce stress most effectively, which of the following conditions needs to be met?

A) We need to notice that it is being given.
B) We need to perceive that it is supportive.
C) It needs to match the demands of the situation.
D) All of the above.

Question 26

Al-omari deals with the stress of his daily painful skin medical treatments, by imagining himself walking across campus again with his friends,
Laughing and joking with them.Al-omari is using which type of control?

A)Decisional
B)Cognitive
C)Behavioural
D)informational

Question 27

Nidhi believes that, while having a good social support network helps her a great deal in times of stress, it really doesn't affect her well-being during
Other less stressful times of her life.She seems to be endorsing the _____
Hypothesis regarding social support and health.

A) buffering
B) direct effects
C) stress reduction
D) tangible

Question 28

According to recent research, which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between marriage and health?

A) Being married definitely carries health benefits.
B) Being divorced or single increases the likelihood of heart disease due to loneliness.
C) Being married, in and of itself, does not produce a health benefit.
D) Being married actually produces higher levels of stress and therefore is less beneficial to one's health.

Question 29

When Jackson's teacher unexpectedly required him to take on an extra project for a class that requires him to do additional work in the library at nights, his family
Agreed to provide child care for his 6-year-old.In doing so, they were offering

A)tangible or instrumental support.
B)attitudinal support.
C)esteem support.
D)informational support.

Question 30

Which of the following statements about receiving support is true?

A) Women receive more support from their spouses than men do.
B) Black Americans have the largest social networks of any sociocultural groups.
C) The composition of social networks does not vary much across sociocultural groups.
D) In minority groups, men's networks are larger than are women's.

Question 31

Deanna is convinced that she can cope on her own with the emotional demands of her illness.What is true about the value for social support for
Deanna?

A) She would benefit most from the support of her spouse.
B) She is unlikely to benefit from social support.
C) She would benefit most from the support of hospital staff.
D) She would benefit most from the support of female friends.

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT one of the four basic types of social support?

A) emotional
B) informational
C) attitudinal
D) tangible

Question 33

When are social ties detrimental to our health?

A) When other people interfere with our efforts to engage in healthful activities.
B) When others encourage our own healthy behaviours.
C) When others engage in healthy behaviours themselves.
D) When our social network overprotects us.

Question 34

The best way of expressing the relationship between social support and mortality rate is that

A) they have no relationship.
B) social support increases mortality rate
C) high social support is correlated with a lower mortality rate.
D) social support definitely causes lower mortality.

Question 35

Which of the following is NOT a frequently suggested factor in whether people
receive social support?

A) their own assertiveness
B) a need for independence
C) discomfort in confiding in others
D) educational background

Question 36

Jill was recently diagnosed as having leukemia.Research indicates that she might be in particular need of

A) emotional and esteem support.
B) cognitive expressive support.
C) esteem support.
D) esteem and informational support.

Question 37

Which group of Canadians reports smaller social networks and appears to use their social networks less frequently??

A) native-born Canadians
B) first-generation Asian Canadians
C) immigrants to Canada's major metropolitan areas
D) immigrants to Canada's rural areas

Question 38

Cutrona's study of college students indicated that the LEAST frequently offered type of support was

A) emotional.
B) informational.
C) esteem.
D) tangible.

Question 39

Match the disorder with the characteristics in questions .
A type of cancer in which white blood cells proliferate rapidly.

A)atherosclerosis
B)cardiac arrhythmia
C)migraine
D)essential hypertension
E)leukemia

Question 40

The notion that social support is beneficial to health regardless of the level stress experienced is called the _____ hypothesis.

A) buffering
B) social network
C) direct effects
D) social support

Question 41

Which of the following statements best reflects the findings from studies of reactivity during stress?

A) The Type A reactivity pattern does not appear until the adult years.
B) There is no correlation between reactivity and income or education level.
C) There are no reactivity differences between Type A and Type B people.
D) Reactivity differences between Type A and Type B participants depend on gender.

Question 42

The type of personal control which leads to the most consistently beneficial effect on reducing stress is _____ control.

A) social support
B) behavioural
C) cognitive
D) emotional

Question 43

Suppose for a moment that "George" was one of the older adults in the Langer & Rodin (1976) study on nursing homes and was assigned to the
Experimental group (i.e., he had a plant he cared for).On the basis of the research
Findings, a year and a half later, he was more likely to be _____ than control
Condition participants.

A) deceased.
B) a member of the gardening team.
C) alive and healthier than control condition participants.
D) alive but no healthier than control condition participants.

Question 44

According to Seligman, learned helplessness is a principal characteristic of

A) depression.
B) anxiety.
C) schizophrenia.
D) internal locus of control.

Question 45

Evidence on the relationship of stress to Type A behaviour suggests that

A) Type A people interpret stressors as threats to personal control.
B) Type A people experience stress quickly and strongly.
C) Type A people show greater reactivity to stressors compared to Type B individuals.
D) All of the above.

Question 46

Children who thrive in spite of terrible conditions are said to have

A) depression.
B) resilience.
C) sociability.
D) tolerance for ambiguity.

Question 47

The decline researchers have found in Type A behaviours in old age is most likely due to

A) Type A people learning more Type B behaviours as they age.
B) social disapproval for this behaviour pattern and thus change due to social pressures to do so.
C) the earlier ages of death for Type A individuals.
D) all of the above

Question 48

Research has revealed that the concept of hardiness

A) has received consistent research support.
B) has received inconsistent support.
C) is assessed with tests that may actually measure negative affect.
D) both b and c

Question 49

A trained interviewer who intentionally annoys and interrupts her clients is probably looking for signs of

A) Type A behaviour.
B) coherence.
C) internal locus of control.
D) external locus of control.

Question 50

Which of the following statements about personal control is true?

A) Locus of control has relatively little impact on rehabilitative behaviours.
B) Boys and girls tend to have the same levels of external locus of control.
C) Minority and economic status are not related to locus of control.
D) Limited access to power and financial advancement is linked to an external locus of control.

Question 51

Kobasa and Maddi proposed that hardiness includes the three characteristics of

A) coherence, commitment, and resilience.
B) control, coherence, and commitment.
C) control, commitment, and challenge.
D) love, honor, and truth.

Question 52

The Jenkins Activity Survey is a self-report instrument used to measure

A) resilience in children.
B) locus of control.
C) Type A behaviour.
D) self-efficacy.

Question 53

The physiological portion of the response to stress is called

A)hypertension.
B)hardiness.
C)reactivity.
D)resilience.

Question 54

Across the life span, our sense of personal control

A) changes as we age.
B) is affected by the process of social learning.
C) becomes more external as we reach older age.
D) all of the above

Question 55

Chris is competitive, self?critical, easily angered, and very impatient. He could be described as having a(n)

A) external locus of control.
B) hardy personality.
C) internal locus of control.
D) Type A behaviour pattern.

Question 56

Which combination of attribution types is most likely to result in an individual becoming depressed, feeling helpless, and losing self?esteem?

A) external, unstable, specific
B) external stable, specific
C) internal, unstable, global
D) internal, stable, global

Question 57

Pennebaker's research on the impact of disclosure has found that having people talk or write about negative events

A) increases stress significantly.
B) is more effective than relaxation in reducing stress.
C) has a modest but positive effect on reducing stress.
D)has no effect on stress reduction.

Question 58

Which of the following attributions concerning one's failure on an exam is representative of internal locus of control?

A) "The teacher hates me."
B) ''I didn't study enough.''
C) " I guess it just wasn't my lucky day."
D) ''Those exam questions were just too difficult.''

Question 59

Which of the following is necessary to develop high levels of self-efficacy?

A) A high level of internal control.
B) A belief that a behaviour will be effective.
C) Believing that one has the skills and resources available to perform the behaviour well.
D) Both b and c are necessary.

Question 60

Pessimistic people who believe that they have little personal control

A) have more illnesses.
B) have better health habits
C) are more likely to seek a doctor's care for treatment of hypertension.
D) do a good job in controlling their own stress.

Question 61

In studies investigating the impact of optimism on immune function, findings indicate that:

A) the influence of optimism depends on whether the stressor is short-term or chronic.
B) optimism always increases immune function.
C) optimism is not related to immune function.
D) none of the above were found.

Question 62

Regarding the relationship between stress and illness, the _____ is to body physiology as _____ is to individual behaviour.

A) indirect route; direct route
B) direct route; indirect route
C) direct route; direct route
D) indirect route; indirect route

Question 63

Research findings that immune function can be conditioned suggests that:

A) immune function can be impaired via conditioning.
B) immune function can be boosted via conditioning.
C) conditioning affects immune functioning only for chronic stressors.
D) both a and b.

Question 64

The link between stress and cardiovascular disease may be the result of the greater _____ when people are under chronic, severe stress.

A) wear and tear on body systems
B) concentrations of activated platelets in the blood
C) progression of atherosclerosis.
D) all of the above

Question 65

The significance of the observation that dozens of disease forms share the basic characteristic of unrestrained cell growth which we refer to as cancer is
That

A) stress can't possibly be related to all these diseases.
B) the search for causes of these diseases is difficult.
C) the medical community has a hard time communicating due to a lack of common terminology.
D) all of the above

Question 66

Which statement best expresses the findings on the relationship between Type A behaviour and health?

A) No relationship has emerged in the best research.
B) There is a strong link between Type A behaviour and all kinds of illness.
C) Only a few studies have been done so its best to conclude that there is no evidence available.
D) There is a link between Type A behaviour, as it is measured by the Structured Interview, and coronary heart disease.

Question 67

When people receive a diagnosis of essential or primary hypertension it means that

A) the mechanisms that cause their hypertension are unknown.
B) their hypertension is caused by disorders in essential body systems.
C)there are identifiable biomedical causes for their disease.
D) they have heart disease.

Question 68

In Canada, approximately ______ of adults are classified as hypertensive.

A) 8%
B) 15%
C) 20%
D) 31%

Question 69

When investigators filtered house dust into asthmatic children's hospital rooms they discovered that

A)it triggered asthmatic attacks in almost all of the children.
B)none of the children had asthmatic attacks.
C)many children had asthmatic attacks but most didn't.
D)the children weren't allergic to house dust after all.

Question 70

Positive emotions have been found to ____ immune function whereas negative emotions have been found to ____ immune function.

A) improve; improve
B) reduce; reduce
C) improve; reduce
D) reduce; improve

Question 71

Sudden death usually involves

A) a history of malnutrition.
B) intense religious beliefs.
C) cardiac failure with an underlying cardiovascular disorder.
D) the presence of an extreme stressor regardless of the person's cardiac health.

Question 72

Studies comparing individuals from crowded versus uncrowded neighbourhoods found

A) no real differences in hypertension levels.
B) no similarity to findings from animal studies on crowding.
C)residents from crowded neighbourhoods had higher heart rate and blood pressure increases during stressful tasks than did residents from uncrowded neighbourhoods.
D) residents from uncrowded neighbourhoods had higher heart rate and blood pressure increases during stressful tasks than did residents from crowded neighbourhoods.

Question 73

In the study where subjects with high and low stress received nasal drops containing the common cold virus, results indicated

A) no consistent relationship between catching a cold and stress level.
B) both groups were likely to develop a cold.
C) subjects in the high stress group were much more likely to catch a cold than those in the low stress group.
D) placebos were able to produce cold symptoms.

Question 74

Which of the following findings support the idea that CHD is a "disease of modernized societies"?

A) People live longer in advanced societies and thus have a higher likelihood of developing CHD.
B) People in advanced societies probably have higher levels of the risk factors for CHD.
C) People in advanced societies probably have less social support networks than do people in less advanced societies.
D) all of the above

Question 75

Which statement best describes the relationship between stress and headaches?

A) All headaches have been found to be stress?related.
B) All headaches are caused by some organic problem.
C) Intense stress will always produce headaches.
D) Stress is only one factor in headaches.

Question 76

Which of the following has been described as the "deadly emotion" for Type A people?

A) competitiveness
B) hostility
C) jealousy
D) impatience

Question 77

Research on the relationship between stress and psychophysiological disorders has found

A) a definite and strong causal relationship for most disorders.
B) that the nature of the relationship is unclear.
C) that stress has no relationship with these disorders.
D) that these disorders are caused solely by organic dysfunction.

Question 78

Cases of high blood pressure that are caused by disorders of other body systems are called

A) hypertensive defects.
B) primary hypertension.
C) atherosclerosis.
D) secondary hypertension.

Question 79

Which of the following statements reflects how stress affects the immune system?

A) Stress has no influence on the immune system.
B) Increased cortisol and epinephrine actually improve T cell functioning.
C) Because of the presence of cortisol, T cells confuse mutant cancer cells with healthy cells and ignore them.
D) High levels of stress reduce the production of the enzymes that repair damaged DNA.

Question 80

Which of the following factors is related to the development of Type A behaviour pattern?

A) early temperament
B) noncompetitive situations
C) genetics
D) both a and c