Deck 8: Section 3: Motivation and Emotion

Question 1

Yoshi was determined to get into medical school. To achieve this goal, Yoshi would study for several hours every night. Yoshi is demonstrating the persistence characteristic of motivation.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

In his book Principles of Psychology, William James contended that humans, unlike lower animals, possess few, if any, instincts.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

Drive theories cannot adequately explain behaviors directed toward increasing tension and physiological arousal.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

"To get someone to come to do a great job and take pride in their work, a monetary bonus is obviously the best motivator." This statement illustrates incentive theories of motivation.

Question 5

Learning theories and principles were an important influence in the development of incentive theories of motivation.

Question 6

The chapter prologue describes Sandy's decision to go to Nepal as a non-medical volunteer to work at a health clinic in a remote Himalayan village. Sandy's decision to pursue volunteer work illustrates the activation characteristic of motivation.

Question 7

When you feel cold you engage in behavior to reduce this unpleasant feeling, such as putting on your coat. This desire to reduce internal tension is a crucial aspect of incentive theories of motivation.

Question 8

Although drive theories of motivation are of historical interest, their concepts are no longer used by contemporary psychologists in explaining motivated behavior.

Question 9

The chapter prologue describes Sandy's decision to go to Nepal as a non-medical volunteer to work at a health clinic in a remote Himalayan village. Even though Sandy encountered weather-related setbacks, Sandy continued her work. This determination to participate in her volunteer activity demonstrates a characteristic of motivation called activation.

Question 10

Motivated behavior is usually characterized by activation, persistence, and intensity.

Question 11

Homeostasis refers to the notion that the body monitors and maintains internal states, such as body temperature and energy supplies, at relatively constant levels.

Question 12

Instinct theorists of motivation were influenced by Charles Darwin who inspired early psychologists, such as William James, to devise lists of instincts to account for human behavior.

Question 13

Motivation and emotion are two completely separate and independent psychological processes.

Question 14

The general idea of instinct theories is that some human behaviors are innate and genetically influenced.

Question 15

Instinct theories state that humans are born motivated to engage in certain behaviors because of evolutionary programming.

Question 16

Drive theories propose that behavior is motivated by the desire to reduce internal tension caused by unmet biological needs, such as hunger or thirst.

Question 17

The activation characteristic of motivation is demonstrated by the initiation and production of behavior.

Question 18

One criticism of the early instinct theories was that it described and labeled behaviors but did not explain them.

Question 19

Intense emotional states, such as fear or rage, are the motivating incentives in incentive theories of motivation.

Question 20

"People have a sociability motive because interacting with others affords more opportunities to find a potential mate." This statement best illustrates instinct theories of motivation.

Question 21

According to arousal theory, people are motivated to maintain an optimal level of arousal that is neither too high nor too low.

Question 22

After she had been at the party for about 15 minutes, Amara found all the noise, people, and commotion overwhelming. According to arousal theory, Amara will be motivated to reduce her uncomfortable level of arousal.

Question 23

In the 1950s, psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow promoted humanistic theories of motivation.

Question 24

The main source of energy for all mammals, including humans, is glucose.

Question 25

If you are someone who likes to try different activities, foods, or experiences, you would probably score high on the dimension of sensation-seeking.

Question 26

Humanistic theories of motivation completely discounted the influence of environmental factors in motivation.

Question 27

Your typical or average body weight is called your baseline body weight.

Question 28

Humanistic theories suggest that we are innately motivated to strive for a positive self-concept and the realization of our personal potential.

Question 29

Adipose tissue is the technical name for body fat.

Question 30

Culture shapes our food preferences.

Question 31

According to humanistic theories of motivation, homeostasis is the driving force behind the tendency of humans to strive for their highest potential.

Question 32

Nate wonders how his friend Jim can wake up at 5:00 A.M. every morning to swim laps before school. When he asks Jim about it, he replies that he simply wants to realize his highest personal potential in swimming. Jim's explanation is most consistent with humanistic theories of motivation.

Question 33

Arousal theory contends that the optimal level of arousal is consistent across situations and over time and does not vary from person to person in any significant way.

Question 34

Although the motivation of many human behaviors is influenced by psychological and social factors, eating behavior is a strictly biological motive.

Question 35

A series of classic studies by psychologist Harry Harlow in the 1950s showed the importance of arousal as a motivator. In one of those studies, monkeys kept in a boring cage worked for the opportunity to watch an electric train run.

Question 36

One reason you eat is to maintain a reserve of stored energy, and muscle tissue is the main source of stored calories in the body.

Question 37

The main source of energy in your body is cholecystokinin (CCK).

Question 38

According to the arousal theory of motivation, introverts find the heightened arousal of novel experiences very pleasurable.

Question 39

Sensation seekers are defined as people who are drawn to danger and dangerous activities and actively seek out life-threatening situations.

Question 40

Glucose and insulin are chemically identical.

Question 41

When people diet and lose weight, ghrelin levels and feelings of hunger decrease.

Question 42

Your prior learning experiences have shaped your expectations about the positive incentive value of certain foods, especially those having a sweet, salty, or fatty taste.

Question 43

The abbreviation CCK stands for cholecystokinin.

Question 44

When you are lying down and resting, the rate at which your body uses energy for vital body functions is referred to as your BMR or basal metabolic rate.

Question 45

Satiation refers to the feeling of fullness and diminished appetite that accompanies eating a full meal.

Question 46

After devouring his fourth chili-cheese hot dog, Devin's desire to eat another chili-cheese hot dog had diminished. This is an example of sensory-specific satiety.

Question 47

During a meal, blood glucose levels return to normal before the food is actually digested and absorbed.

Question 48

When a food with a high positive incentive value is readily available, we eat until we are satiated by that specific taste, which is termed sensory-specific satiety.

Question 49

Because ob/ob mice produce excessive amounts of leptin, they behave as if they are starving.

Question 50

Eating is triggered by a drastic drop in blood glucose levels, which are rapidly restored by food consumption.

Question 51

The small intestines secrete a hormone called cholecystokinin, which signals satiation.

Question 52

Research has shown that when people lose weight by dieting, it has no effect on blood levels of the hormone called ghrelin.

Question 53

The idea that we are often motivated to eat because of the anticipated pleasure associated with consuming a particular food is termed sensory-specific satiety.

Question 54

Because it strongly stimulates appetite, ghrelin is referred to as the hunger hormone.

Question 55

You can become classically conditioned so that a specific time of the day-for example, 11:30 AM-becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS) that triggers internal bodily changes (the conditioned response) that increase your feelings of hunger and desire to eat.

Question 56

For most people, baseline body weight is very stable over the course of weeks, months, and even years.

Question 57

Although researchers have demonstrated that ghrelin influences appetite in studies with nonhuman animals, ghrelin does not appear to play a role in human eating behavior.

Question 58

Many studies have shown that cholecystokinin (CCK) promotes hunger and increases eating behavior.

Question 59

About 30 minutes prior to eating, insulin triggers a slight decrease in blood levels of glucose, which heightens your desire to eat.

Question 60

Blood levels of glucose fluctuate wildly and unpredictably over the course of a typical day.

Question 61

Body mass index (BMI) is a numerical scale indicating adult height in relation to weight and is calculated as 703 × weight in pounds divided by height in inches.

Question 62

Neurons in the stomach and gut have leptin receptor sites.

Question 63

Blood levels of leptin are directly proportional to the amount of a person's adipose tissue.

Question 64

The hypothalamus is the key brain structure that detects changes in internal signals related to eating and regulates food intake.

Question 65

In general, people are considered to be overweight, but not obese, if they have a body mass index between 30 and 34.9.

Question 66

Set-point theory contends that once you establish and set CCK at a lower level, it is possible to eat much more food without gaining weight.

Question 67

Beyond the United States, rapidly increasing rates of obesity have become a global health problem with more than 1 billion people overweight and at least 500 million of these clinically obese.

Question 68

Leptin is a hormone that is secreted by the body's adipose tissue into the bloodstream.

Question 69

When ob/ob mice are given supplemental leptin, they lose the excess body fat and begin eating normally.

Question 70

Benjamin has a BMI of 33.6, which means that he is generally within the normal range for his height and weight.

Question 71

When brain levels of neuropeptide Y increase, eating behavior is triggered.

Question 72

Carly has gained weight, and her amount of body fat has increased. As a consequence, her blood levels of leptin have risen, causing her food intake to increase as well.

Question 73

According to set-point theory, each person has a natural or optimal weight that the body defends from becoming higher or lower by increasing or decreasing feelings of hunger and basal metabolic rate.

Question 74

In general, increased levels of the neurotransmitter neuropeptide Y and of the hormone ghrelin promote increased appetite.

Question 75

Even though ob/ob mice have five times as much body fat as normal-weight mice, they behave like starving animals.

Question 76

If overweight ob/ob mice are given supplemental leptin, they gain excess fat and begin eating voraciously.

Question 77

Although overweight, ob/ob mice continue eating because they lack the ability to produce the neurotransmitter called neuropeptide Y (NPY).

Question 78

Anna has a BMI of 22.1, which means she is generally within the normal range for her height and weight.

Question 79

In the brain, the receptor sites for leptin and insulin are located in the same areas of the hypothalamus.

Question 80

Beyond the United States, most countries report very low rates of obesity.