Deck 14: Section 2: Therapies

Question 1

According to Freud, when early experiences result in unresolved conflicts and frustrated urges, these emotionally charged memories are _____ but can continue to influence a person's thoughts and behavior.

A)suppressed
B)transferred
C)resisted
D)repressed

Answer 1

repressed

Question 2

The different forms of biomedical therapy are based on the assumption that _____ play a significant role in causing the symptoms of psychological disorders.

A)dysfunctional family relationships
B)biological factors
C)repressed sexual urges and wishes
D)psychological factors

Answer 2

biological factors

Question 3

Psychoanalysis is a form of psychotherapy that was originally developed by _____ in the _____.

A)Carl Rogers; 1950s
B)Albert Ellis; 1960s
C)Sigmund Freud; early 1900s
D)Aaron Beck; 1960s

Answer 3

Sigmund Freud; early 1900s

Question 4

Which of the following mental health professionals holds a master's degree in social work and has had an internship at a social service agency or mental health center?

A)psychiatric nurse
B)psychoanalyst
C)psychiatric social worker
D)certified EMDR paraprofessional

Question 5

_____ can be described as the use of psychological techniques to increase understanding and treat emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems.

A)Psychotherapy
B)ECT
C)Biomedical therapy
D)TCS

Question 6

Ryan has an academic doctorate, is licensed to practice, and has had extensive training in assessing and treating mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders. Unlike his clinical psychologist colleague Dr. Beinert, Dr. Ryan treats clients with less severe disorders in less restrictive environments. It is most probable that Dr. Ryan is a:

A)psychiatrist.
B)counseling psychologist.
C)psychiatric social worker.
D)marriage and family therapist.

Question 7

Not all psychologists favor the idea of extending prescription privileges to qualified psychologists. These critics:

A)are concerned that the safety and well-being of patients could be at risk if psychologists receive inadequate training to prescribe psychotropic medications.
B)think that clinical psychologists should only use cognitive therapy because all other types of therapy are ineffectual.
C)think that clinical psychologists should not be allowed to treat mental disorders at all.
D)think that clinical psychologists should only conduct research.

Question 8

A _____ is a licensed mental health specialist with an academic doctorate who assesses and treats mental, emotional, and behavioral problems and disorders but usually disorders that are of lesser severity.

A)psychiatrist
B)counseling psychologist
C)psychiatric social worker
D)marriage and family therapist

Question 9

Typically, a psychiatrist holds a(n):

A)master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy.
B)master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center.
C)medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders.
D)academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing, psychotherapy, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.

Question 10

All forms of psychotherapy share the assumption that _____ play(s) a significant role in problematic emotions, behaviors, and thoughts.

A)genetic vulnerability to mental disorders
B)abnormal brain chemistry
C)psychological factors
D)repressed sexual urges and wishes

Question 11

Not all psychologists favor the idea of extending prescription privileges to qualified psychologists. Some argue that clinical psychologists should:

A)focus on what they do best: providing psychological interventions and treatments that help people acquire more effective patterns of thinking and behaving.
B)only use cognitive therapy because all other types of therapy are ineffectual.
C)not be allowed to treat mental disorders at all.
D)only conduct research.

Question 12

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is FALSE?

A)Traditional psychoanalysis is a slow therapeutic process that may last for years.
B)It is a myth that Sigmund Freud's patients lay on a couch during psychoanalytical sessions.
C)The traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years is still used today.
D)As part of the therapeutic process in traditional psychoanalysis, the therapist purposely remains as neutral as possible to produce "optimal frustration" in the patient so that the patient transfers and projects unresolved conflicts onto the psychoanalyst.

Question 13

Currently in the United States, who may legally prescribe psychotropic medications to treat psychological disorders?

A)only physicians who have received advanced training in psychiatry
B)only licensed physicians and clinical psychologists
C)licensed physicians and specially trained licensed psychologists in the U.S. military, New Mexico, and Louisiana
D)psychiatrists, psychiatric nurses, and licensed psychiatric social workers

Question 14

A _____ is usually a clinical psychologist or psychiatrist who has received additional training in using the specific techniques of the form of psychotherapy originated by Sigmund Freud.

A)psychiatric nurse
B)psychoanalyst
C)psychiatric social worker
D)marriage and family therapist

Question 15

Typically, a clinical psychologist holds a(n):

A)medical degree and may prescribe medications, electroconvulsive therapy, and other medical procedures in treating mental and emotional disorders.
B)master's degree and has had extensive supervised experience in couple or family therapy.
C)master's degree in social work and has had an internship in a social service agency or mental health center.
D)academic doctorate and has had extensive training in psychological testing and evaluation, psychotherapy, and the prevention of mental and emotional disorders.

Question 16

Freud's theory of personality stressed the idea that:

A)early childhood experiences provide the foundation for later personality development.
B)maladaptive forms of behavior are learned and reinforced.
C)people are motivated to achieve their creative potential.
D)mental disorders are caused by abnormal brain chemistry.

Question 17

The use of psychological techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____ as the use of medical techniques to treat psychological problems is to _____.

A)psychotherapy; psychoanalysis
B)psychotherapy; biomedical therapy
C)psychoanalysis; behavior therapy
D)biomedical therapy; psychotherapy

Question 18

According to the psychoanalytic approach, patients develop more adaptive emotions and patterns of behavior when they:

A)learn to actively dispute their own irrational thoughts and beliefs.
B)experience a strong sense of unconditional positive regard from the therapist.
C)achieve insight and resolve the unconscious conflicts that were maintaining maladaptive emotions and behavior.
D)successfully complete a program of systematic desensitization.

Question 19

Jenkins is a licensed clinical psychologist in Chicago who has an office next door to Dr. Zimmerman, who is a psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. Which of the following statements correctly describes the current rules under which Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman practice?

A)Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Jenkins cannot.
B)Dr. Jenkins can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs and administer electroconvulsive therapy, but Dr. Zimmerman cannot.
C)Both Dr. Jenkins and Dr. Zimmerman can write prescriptions for psychoactive drugs, but only Dr. Jenkins, who is a licensed psychologist, can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment for psychological disorders.
D)Neither Dr. Zimmerman nor Dr. Jenkins can prescribe psychoactive medications, but because Dr. Jenkins is a licensed psychologist he can admit patients to the hospital for electroconvulsive treatment for psychological disorders.

Question 20

The primary goal of psychoanalysis is to:

A)learn and reinforce more productive behaviors in place of maladaptive behaviors.
B)bring unconscious conflicts to conscious awareness to help the person gain insight into conflicts and resolve them.
C)provide unconditional positive regard to the person seeking help.
D)actively confront irrational thought patterns.

Question 21

Who is most likely to have claimed that "The patient sees in his analyst the return-the reincarnation-of some important figure out of his childhood or past, and consequently transfers on to him the feelings and reactions that undoubtedly applied to this model?"

A)Aaron Beck
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Mary Cover Jones
D)Joseph Wolpe

Question 22

For the last several weeks, Cheryl has been responding to her therapist with hostility during her sessions of psychoanalysis. Cheryl often responds similarly to her parents, especially her mother. Cheryl is probably unconsciously experiencing:

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)overgeneralization.
D)personalization.

Question 23

Carolyn's therapist told her to relax and spontaneously say whatever thoughts or images came to her mind. Carolyn's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique of:

A)transference.
B)free association.
C)dream interpretation.
D)interpretation.

Question 24

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Traditional psychoanalysis is no longer used today as psychotherapy for helping people with psychological disorders.
B)Today, some psychotherapists continue to practice the traditional form of psychoanalysis that lasts for years.
C)Research has shown that psychoanalysis is the most effective form of psychotherapy.
D)Carl Rogers was one of Freud's earliest and most influential disciples.

Question 25

Who is most likely to have said: "The resistance accompanies the treatment step by step. Every single association, every act of the person under treatment must reckon with the resistance and represents a compromise between the forces that are striving towards recovery and opposing ones?"

A)Carl Rogers
B)Mary Cover Jones
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Albert Ellis

Question 26

In psychoanalysis, transference refers to the:

A)patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.
B)patient's inability to distinguish between real events and dream images.
C)patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts.
D)patient attempting to blame friends and acquaintances for his or her problems.

Question 27

Your textbook lists several psychological problems and disorders that have been successfully treated with interpersonal therapy. Which of the following was NOT listed as a psychological problem or disorder that can be successfully treated with interpersonal therapy?

A)substance use disorder
B)schizophrenia
C)marital conflict
D)eating disorders

Question 28

Alexis's therapist assessed her problems in the first two sessions of therapy. Then, the two of them agreed on several goals that they would try to achieve over the course of weekly therapy sessions for the next five months. Early on in the therapy, Alexis's therapist pointed out that Alexis seemed to keep getting involved with men who treated her in the same rejecting way as her father had when Alexis was a child. Alexis's therapist appears to be using the techniques of _____ to help Alexis.

A)short-term dynamic therapy
B)rational-emotive therapy
C)traditional psychoanalysis
D)behavioral therapy

Question 29

Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic ideas and techniques:

A)are no longer practiced except in European countries.
B)are still the most effective form of psychotherapy available.
C)have had an enormous impact on psychotherapy and continue to be studied today.
D)are the basis of today's behavioral therapies.

Question 30

According to Freud, dream images, memory lapses, inadvertent slips of the tongue, and accidents:

A)are inconsequential side effects experienced by a small percentage of patients undergoing psychoanalysis.
B)can be eliminated with counterconditioning.
C)provide glimpses of unconscious conflicts.
D)are only important during the early stages of psychoanalysis.

Question 31

The humanistic perspective in psychology emphasizes:

A)an individual's conscious, subjective perception of his or her self.
B)unconscious motives and conflicts.
C)the use of reinforcement and punishment in shaping behavior.
D)the use of aversive conditioning.

Question 32

According to traditional psychoanalysis, when the patient experiences blocks in the process of free association, abruptly changes the topic being discussed, or suddenly goes silent, it probably signals:

A)insight.
B)resistance.
C)interpretation.
D)transference.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of BOTH short-term dynamic therapy and traditional psychoanalysis?

A)The therapist maintains therapeutic neutrality.
B)The patient sees the therapist for a minimum of three sessions per week.
C)The therapist and patient agree on specific, concrete goals for the therapy.
D)The therapist uses interpretations to help the patient recognize hidden feelings and transference issues that may be affecting his or her current relationships.

Question 34

Compared to therapists who practice traditional psychoanalysis, therapists who practice one of the forms of short-term dynamic therapy tend to:

A)ignore all the techniques developed by Sigmund Freud.
B)be more directive and actively engage the patient in a dialogue.
C)ignore the role that unconscious conflicts may be playing in the patient's problems.
D)be much more neutral than traditional psychoanalysts in responding to the patient.

Question 35

_____ is a short-term dynamic therapy that focuses on current relationships and social interactions, and is based on the assumption that psychological symptoms are caused and maintained by interpersonal problems.

A)Psychoanalysis
B)Rational-emotive therapy (RET)
C)Interpersonal therapy (IPT)
D)Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Question 36

In psychoanalysis, the term resistance refers to the:

A)patient's reluctance to lie on the couch during psychoanalytic sessions.
B)interpretation of dream symbols.
C)patient's unconscious attempts to block the process of revealing repressed memories and conflicts.
D)patient unconsciously responding to the therapist as though the therapist were a significant person in the patient's life.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a category of interpersonal problems in interpersonal therapy?

A)unresolved grief
B)role transitions and role disputes
C)unrealistic beliefs
D)interpersonal deficits

Question 38

Interpersonal therapy was originally developed to treat:

A)major depressive disorder.
B)anxiety.
C)resistance.
D)phobias.

Question 39

Unresolved grief, role disputes, role transitions, and interpersonal deficits are:

A)best treated with behavioral therapy.
B)examples of unconscious conflicts in traditional psychoanalysis.
C)key categories of personal problems in interpersonal therapy (IPT).
D)most frequently treated with family or couples therapy.

Question 40

After months of psychoanalysis, Calvin's therapist felt it was time to offer several explanations of Calvin's dreams and free associations to help Calvin recognize unconscious conflicts and motivations. Calvin's therapist was using the psychoanalytic technique called:

A)resistance.
B)transference.
C)motivational interviewing.
D)interpretation.

Question 41

Usually lasting only a session or two, _____ is more directive than traditional client-centered therapy.

A)contingency management
B)self-help group therapy
C)motivational interviewing (MI)
D)interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Question 42

Who is most likely to have claimed that "As the client becomes more self-aware, more self-acceptant, less defensive and more open, she finds at last some of the freedom to grow and change in directions natural to the human organism.?"

A)Mary Cover Jones
B)Albert Ellis
C)Aaron Beck
D)Carl Rogers

Question 43

According to Carl Rogers, therapeutic change in client-centered therapy occurs:

A)as the client's views of himself and the world become less distorted.
B)as the client develops insight into unconscious conflicts.
C)as the therapist teaches the client to challenge irrational beliefs.
D)when new conditioned responses are learned that inhibit the unhealthy conditioned responses of anxiety, fear, and hopelessness.

Question 44

According to Carl Rogers, as therapy progresses and clients become more self-aware, more self-accepting, and less defensive, they will naturally move toward:

A)rejecting the people who have caused their psychological pain.
B)being self-centered, self-focused, and concerned with their own needs rather than with the needs of others.
C)rejecting their therapist.
D)t self-actualization.

Question 45

In the technique called _____, the client expresses self-motivating statements, and the therapist responds with empathic understanding and reflective listening, helping the client explore his or her own values and motivations for change. When the client expresses reluctance, the therapist acknowledges the mixed feelings and redirects the emphasis toward change.

A)contingency management
B)self-help group therapy
C)motivational interviewing (MI)
D)interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Question 46

Free association, dream interpretation, and transference are to _____ as unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathic understanding are to _____.

A)psychoanalysis; client-centered therapy
B)short-term dynamic therapy; interpersonal therapy
C)client-centered therapy; psychoanalysis
D)cognitive therapy; behavioral therapy

Question 47

Client-centered therapy was developed by:

A)Mary Cover Jones.
B)Aaron Beck.
C)Carl Rogers.
D)Albert Ellis.

Question 48

Carl Rogers believed that several qualities of the therapist are critical in producing beneficial changes in client-centered therapy. Which of the following is NOT one of those qualities?

A)The therapist should display genuineness by openly and honestly sharing his or her thoughts with the client.
B)The therapist should strive to create an atmosphere of conditional acceptance so that the client is motivated to change his or her behavior to gain the therapist's approval.
C)The therapist should communicate empathic understanding by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what the client is saying.
D)The therapist should be nondirective to allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.

Question 49

During many of Judith's therapy sessions, Judith's client-centered therapist openly and honestly shares her own feelings about what Judith is saying. Judith's therapist is:

A)modeling genuineness in a way that encourages Judith to also express herself in an open and nondefensive way.
B)fostering countertransference so that Judith will understand the difficulties of being a therapist.
C)using systematic desensitization so that Judith understands that all people have problems.
D)trying to counteract Judith's negative cognitive bias.

Question 50

According to Carl Rogers, psychological problems develop when:

A)unconscious conflicts are not recognized.
B)a person consistently experiences conditional acceptance from other significant people in his or her life.
C)a person is exposed to excessive unconditional positive regard.
D)a person's parents unconsciously reinforce unhealthy behaviors rather than healthy behaviors.

Question 51

In client-centered therapy, the therapist:

A)is usually quite confrontational, forceful, and blunt in challenging the client's irrational beliefs.
B)strives to be nondirective, genuine, and accepting.
C)strives to remains neutral, but offers interpretations and suggestions in a nonjudgmental manner.
D)first identifies specific problem behaviors, then determines their baseline rate, and finally applies behavior modification techniques to change their frequency.

Question 52

One important goal of the therapist in client-centered therapy is to:

A)create conditions that allow the client to direct the focus of therapy.
B)actively guide and make decisions for the client.
C)uncover the client's unconscious conflicts.
D)challenge the client's irrational beliefs and values.

Question 53

Steve's therapist Dr. Royce is a client-centered therapist. During therapy sessions, he actively listens to Steve's words and often responds by reflecting back both the content and personal meaning of what Steve seems to be saying. Steve's therapist is:

A)communicating empathic understanding.
B)fostering transference.
C)using systematic desensitization.
D)trying to counteract Steve's negative cognitive bias.

Question 54

Mahasti's therapist encourages her to engage in "change talk." Whenever Mahasti expresses reluctance, her therapist acknowledges Mahasti's mixed feelings and redirects her emphasis toward change. Mahasti's therapist is using a technique called:

A)contingency management.
B)self-help group therapy.
C)motivational interviewing (MI).
D)interpersonal therapy (IPT).

Question 55

The main goal of _____ is to encourage and strengthen the client's self-motivating statements or "change talk," which are expressions of the client's need, desire, and reasons for change.

A)contingency management
B)self-help group therapy
C)motivational interviewing (MI)
D)interpersonal therapy (IPT)

Question 56

Both psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy stress:

A)the importance of insight and increased self-understanding.
B)learning new conditioned responses that are incompatible with previously learned responses.
C)the importance of determining an accurate baseline measurement for the incidence of problem behaviors.
D)the importance of focusing on current relationships and social interactions rather than on past experiences.

Question 57

According to Carl Rogers, the client-centered therapist ideally should demonstrate:

A)modeling, adaptive thinking patterns, and collaboration.
B)challenge, confrontation, and resolution.
C)therapeutic neutrality, interpretations, and transference capacity.
D)genuineness, unconditional positive regard, and empathic understanding.

Question 58

Believing that the term patient implied that people seeking therapy were sick and seeking treatment from an all-knowing authority figure who would heal them, Carl Rogers preferred the term _____ to describe people in therapy.

A)customer
B)subject
C)client
D)participant

Question 59

A therapeutic approach that uses client-centered techniques to help clients overcome mixed feelings about committing to change is:

A)contingency management.
B)self-help group therapy.
C)motivational interviewing (MI).
D)interpersonal therapy (IPT).

Question 60

Although they agreed to help him financially, Emmett's parents were nevertheless angry and disappointed with him when he chose to attend the state university instead of going to the same college that his father attended. According to Carl Rogers, Emmett's parents are demonstrating:

A)unconditional positive regard.
B)empathic understanding.
C)counterconditioning.
D)conditional acceptance.

Question 61

In her landmark study of a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones demonstrated that:

A)classical conditioning techniques could be used to remove fears.
B)cognitive therapy was the most effective approach in reducing Peter's irrational fear of rabbits.
C)aversive conditioning was highly effective in eliminating Peter's fear of rabbits.
D)operant conditioning principles could be used to eliminate phobias.

Question 62

Vivian's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Vivian overcome her phobia of driving over bridges. As one of the first steps in the process of systematic desensitization, Vivian's psychologist is most likely to:

A)have her create an anxiety hierarchy.
B)consult her family doctor to obtain a prescription for antianxiety medications.
C)clearly identify her specific behavioral problem and determine its baseline rate.
D)confront her irrational beliefs about bridges and push her towards the realization that her way of thinking is unhealthy and must be replaced with more constructive, rational thoughts.

Question 63

After losing his job in a corporate merger, Dean developed an intense fear of crowds and crowded places. His psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Dean overcome the fear. During the actual process of systematic desensitization, Dean:

A)becomes deeply relaxed, then imagines one of the scenes in his anxiety hierarchy.
B)must remain seated in a room while the room gradually becomes filled with people.
C)looks at photographs of crowded places, that are paired with mild electric shocks.
D)must face the members of his family, who actively confront him about the irrationality of his beliefs.

Question 64

Pamela's psychologist is using systematic desensitization to help Pamela overcome intense anxiety about thunderstorms and threatening weather. As part of the process, Pamela creates an anxiety hierarchy that includes a:

A)complete description of all the different fears that Pamela has had at any point in her life, including her current fear of thunderstorms.
B)detailed description of all the physical and mental symptoms of anxiety that Pamela experiences.
C)list of specific scenes related to her fear of thunderstorms, arranged from least anxiety-provoking to most anxiety-provoking.
D)list of all her friends and relatives arranged according to their degree of anxiety about thunderstorms.

Question 65

The basic assumption of behavior therapy is that:

A)faulty patterns of thinking are producing the current difficulties.
B)adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned.
C)every family has unspoken rules of interaction and communication that have contributed to the current difficulties.
D)the therapist must be nondirective and provide the client with unconditional positive regard and empathic understanding.

Question 66

One potential problem with insight-oriented therapies, such as psychoanalysis and client-centered therapy, is that:

A)gaining an understanding of the cause of maladaptive behaviors does not necessarily result in more adaptive and healthier behaviors.
B)patients must be in therapy for years before any changes occur.
C)most patients usually quit attending the therapy sessions before any progress has been made.
D)they rely too heavily on learning principles to produce changes in emotional and behavioral functioning.

Question 67

In contrast to insight-oriented therapies, behavior therapy focuses on:

A)trying to modify and overhaul the person's entire personality.
B)developing an understanding of the unconscious conflicts that are causing the emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal difficulties.
C)understanding how the dynamics of past relationships and feelings of inferiority have produced the current difficulties.
D)unlearning maladaptive behaviors and acquiring more adaptive behaviors in their place.

Question 68

Exposure therapy is:

A)another term for eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR) therapy.
B)a long-discredited therapy, which was once used to treat anxiety disorders.
C)a short-term dynamic therapy that has been shown to be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder, role transitions, and relationship problems.
D)a well-established therapy combining behavioral and cognitive techniques that effectively treats anxiety disorders, posttraumatic stress disorder, and phobias.

Question 69

The process of learning a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response is called _____ and is based on the principles of _____.

A)aversive conditioning; operant conditioning
B)extinction; classical conditioning
C)counterconditioning; classical conditioning
D)virtual reality conditioning; operant conditioning

Question 70

An anxiety hierarchy is a:

A)complete list of all of the different objects or situations that have ever produced anxiety in the person, arranged in order of intensity.
B)description of all the symptoms experienced by the person during an episode of intense anxiety.
C)list of specific anxiety-producing scenes, arranged from least to most anxiety-provoking, that are related to the person's fear or phobia.
D)computer program that generates random images of scenes that virtually everyone finds terrifying.

Question 71

As part of the treatment strategy that Mary Cover Jones used, she had 3-year-old Peter:

A)use a medication to help him overcome his irrational fear of rabbits.
B)wear special goggles with a motion-sensitive headset as he was progressively introduced to the feared object and situation.
C)observe other children reacting with fear and anxiety to the presence of rabbits.
D)observe other children holding and petting a tame rabbit.

Question 72

In treating a 3-year-old child named Peter, Mary Cover Jones:

A)used unconditional positive acceptance and emphatic understanding to help Peter overcome his fear of rabbits.
B)was the first behavior therapist to use virtual reality therapy to eliminate a phobia.
C)conditioned a response that was incompatible with a previously learned response of fear in the presence of a tame rabbit.
D)used operant conditioning techniques to eliminate the child's fear of rabbits.

Question 73

When Meredith was 12 years old, she had to endure a very painful dental procedure. Ever since, she has had an intense fear of going to the dentist. Which of the following techniques is most likely to help her overcome her fear of going to the dentist?

A)contingency management
B)eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
C)systematic desensitization
D)rational-emotive therapy

Question 74

In the 1920s, the famous case of Little Albert demonstrated that:

A)fears and phobias could be reduced or eliminated through systematic desensitization.
B)strong negative emotional reactions, such as fear of a lab rat, were the result of biological predispositions and not learning.
C)strong negative emotional reactions, such as fear of a lab rat, could be classically conditioned.
D)children, as well as dogs, could be classically conditioned to salivate at the sound of a bell.

Question 75

Which of the following is NOT part of the basic steps that are involved in systematic desensitization?

A)The patient learns progressive relaxation, which involves successively relaxing one muscle group after another until a deep state of relaxation is achieved.
B)The behavior therapist helps the patient construct an anxiety hierarchy, which is a list of anxiety- provoking images associated with the feared situation, arranged in a hierarchy from least to most anxiety-producing.
C)The patient develops an image of a relaxing control scene, such as walking on a secluded beach on a sunny day.
D)Tokens or points are awarded to the patient as positive reinforcers for desirable behaviors and withheld or taken away from the patient for undesirable behaviors.

Question 76

Which techniques did Mary Cover Jones use in her successful treatment of a 3-year-old boy named Peter who had a phobia of rabbits?

A)dream interpretation, free association, and transference
B)observational learning and counterconditioning
C)positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, and shaping
D)virtual reality (VR) therapy

Question 77

Developed by South African psychiatrist Joseph Wolpe in the 1950s, _____ involves learning a new conditioned response (relaxation) that is incompatible with or inhibits the old conditioned response (fear and anxiety).

A)contingency management
B)eye movement desensitization reprocessing (EMDR)
C)systematic desensitization
D)rational-emotive therapy

Question 78

When Gary found out that his new job required some air travel, he sought the help of a clinical psychologist to deal with his intense fear of flying. The clinical psychologist suggested using a procedure called systematic desensitization. As the first step in the process of systematic desensitization, the clinical psychologist:

A)explored Gary's past for possible clues as to why Gary was afraid of flying.
B)actively confronted the irrationality of Gary's fear of flying.
C)instructed Gary to visualize being on an airplane that developed engine trouble and had to make an emergency crash landing.
D)trained Gary in a technique called progressive relaxation.

Question 79

Systematic desensitization is based on the same premise as:

A)aversive conditioning.
B)the token economy.
C)contingency management.
D)counterconditioning.

Question 80

Mary Cover Jones is regarded by many psychologists as the:

A)first female psychoanalyst.
B)first person to use cognitive therapy to reduce people's irrational beliefs and fears.
C)person who pioneered the use of learning principles in the development of virtual reality therapy.
D)person who pioneered the use of behavioral techniques in therapy.