Deck 16: Foundations, War, and Peace

Question 1

The Soviet Union formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955 in order to do which of the following?

A)To gain the influence of nonaligned countries
B)To create new ties with the West German government
C)To foster democratic development in Eastern Europe
D)To build a military alliance to balance NATO

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The stabilizing role of British power in the Pax Britannica was supported by which of the following?

A)Common commitment by states to mercantilism
B)Shared fears among European Rulers of revolution by the middle and working classes
C)Cooperative governance of sea lanes
D)High levels of democracy among European governments

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In what way did the Bretton Woods System differ from the globalization of the Pax Britannica?

A)It did not feature multilateral institutions,but instead relied only on bilateral deals.
B)It was combined with domestic welfare programs that cushioned the impact of global competition.
C)It dealt exclusively with trade rules and did not address the treatment of investment flows.
D)It was designed to incorporate the interests of developing countries.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which of the following would represent a threat to continuing economic engagement and cooperation?

A)The increasing international prominence of Chinese culture
B)Developing countries gaining more control of international financial institutions
C)The Brexit vote
D)Rapid economic growth in the developing world

Question 5

When scholars discuss national interests,they are imposing a theoretical construct because:

A)states do not act in consistent ways across time.
B)competing subnational groups rarely share any goals.
C)the identities of the leaders of states change over time.
D)firms typically undermine state quests for security.

Question 6

Nuclear weapons were pivotal in defining the Cold War period.What is true of the way in which they helped shape the interests of the major powers during this time period?

A)The Soviet Union and the United States had enough nuclear weapons to destroy each other and their allies many times over.
B)The stockpiles of nuclear weapons were incapable of deterring limited nuclear attacks by either power.
C)The Soviet Union did not have the capacity to reach the West Coast of the United States with its missiles.
D)Both sides agreed not to give their allies access to nuclear technology.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of the use of outside options in bargaining?

A)A defense attorney negotiates a plea deal for her client with a prosecutor.
B)A shopper asks a manager for a discount if he pays in cash.
C)A wholesaler gives a discount to a retail outlet owner who does repeated business there.
D)A college graduate shows a potential employer his salary offer from another firm.

Question 8

The nineteenth century was a period of unprecedented economic growth.What systematic change encouraged this expansion?

A)Expansion of railroads
B)Increased use of container shipping
C)Increased communication costs due to the telephone
D)Adoption of a common currency in Europe

Question 9

Which of the following could be said to have possessed hegemony?

A)The British in the eighteenth century
B)The Spanish in the seventeenth century
C)The Dutch in the sixteenth century
D)The French in the fifteenth century

Question 10

Which of the following best describes a state?

A)Conducts regular elections
B)Monopolizes legitimate coercion
C)Comprised by groups of similar ethnic backgrounds
D)Shares jurisdiction with other institutions

Question 11

Developing countries sought a third alternative to capitalism and communism via the Non-Aligned Movement.Which of the following was a goal of that movement?

A)To remove barriers to investment in developing economies
B)To change the state of economic ties between the developing world and the rest of the world
C)To change the balance of power between the East and West
D)To create a freer market for commodities like copper and coffee

Question 12

The Western victors of World War II created new international institutions to:

A)encourage the spread of nuclear weapons to any friendly,democratic nation.
B)counteract existing institutions established by the Germans.
C)create a stable economic system and prevent the problems encountered during the interwar period.
D)establish new colonial projects in Latin America and Africa.

Question 13

Why is the Great Depression linked to the outbreak of World War II?

A)Economic declines always lead to war between countries.
B)The Great Depression made the United States abandon its support for the League of Nations.
C)It created the conditions for nationalistic and militaristic parties to come to power in many countries in the world.
D)The Great Depression prevented would-be allied states from having the capability to stop Axis powers from becoming militarily powerful.

Question 14

To participate in the gold standard,countries did which of the following?

A)Traded gold for national currency at a fixed price
B)Prohibited the use of silver coinage
C)Replaced all paper currencies with gold specie
D)Adopted the pound sterling as their official currency

Question 15

What was a factor encouraging decolonization?

A)Depletion of natural resources in colonies
B)Upsurges in nationalist sentiment
C)International pressure from countries like France
D)Colonies beginning to acquire nuclear weapons

Question 16

Which of the following is an example of a coordination problem between two states?

A)Negotiating what size rail gauge to adopt for their lines
B)Discussing the division of a contested territory
C)Enforcing a prior agreement on trade policy
D)Monitoring pollution in a common bay

Question 17

Which of the following treaties marked the official end of World War I?

A)Treaty of Ghent
B)Treaty of Tordesillas
C)Treaty of Rome
D)Treaty of Versailles

Question 18

Which of the following principles did the Peace of Westphalia enshrine?

A)Equality among all religions
B)Freedom of the seas
C)Nonintervention in countries' internal affairs
D)Open covenants openly arrived at

Question 19

What is one of the ways in which the United States attempted to contain the Soviet Union?

A)Expanding the North Atlantic Treaty Organization to Balkan countries
B)Distributing Marshall Plan aid in Poland
C)Participating in proxy wars against the Soviet Union in Africa
D)Tightly controlling economic growth in West Germany

Question 20

Mercantilism was a system:

A)in which imperial governments used military power to enrich themselves.
B)that eliminated all private enterprises.
C)that encouraged free markets in colonies.
D)that used private ships to transport goods to other countries.

Question 21

Why do states usually try to solve their disagreements through bargaining?

A)War is a costly option that states would rather avoid if possible.
B)International institutions force states to negotiate.
C)Bargaining usually results in the best result for all of the actors who are involved in a dispute.
D)Negotiating with other states is the only way to achieve a state's goals.

Question 22

Which of the following makes cooperation more difficult?

A)Small numbers of actors
B)Incentives for states to act unilaterally
C)Linkages between issues over which there is bargaining
D)Clear information about compliance

Question 23

Which of the following statements about war is true?

A)War occurs frequently between developing countries.
B)Recently,civil wars have been less frequent than interstate wars.
C)War tends to occur when states rely too much on diplomacy.
D)War occurs infrequently between any states.

Question 24

War is more likely when:

A)states can easily spy on other states and evaluate their military capabilities.
B)leaders effectively communicate their resolve to their opponents.
C)there are rapid changes in the military balance between two countries.
D)military technology makes defensive fortifications extremely effective against attack.

Question 25

What is true of states?

A)Their sovereignty is shared with external actors.
B)They rely on higher authorities to enforce agreements.
C)They have the ability to make and enforce laws.
D)Their boundaries are congruent with national groups.

Question 26

Which of the following is a way that institutions can encourage cooperation?

A)Using coercive force to ensure cooperative action
B)Changing states' preferences over outcomes
C)Monitoring the behavior of states and reporting on their activities
D)Punishing states for decreasing free riding

Question 27

Why can it be hard to achieve credibility in international bargaining?

A)There are no objective measures of power.
B)Leaders are irrational when they are bargaining.
C)States have an incentive to misrepresent their position to achieve a better bargain.
D)Diplomats engaged in bargaining rarely know the full extent of their own state's power.

Question 28

In the game of Stag Hunt,which of the following is true?

A)There are no stable outcomes.
B)The only stable outcome is mutual cooperation.
C)The only stable outcome is mutual defection.
D)There are two stable outcomes: mutual cooperation and mutual defection.

Question 29

The set of deals that both parties prefer to war is referred to as:

A)the reversion point.
B)coercive diplomacy.
C)the bargaining range.
D)the risk-return tradeoff.

Question 30

How can agenda setting improve bargaining outcomes for an actor?

A)Changing the size of the pie to be divided
B)Increasing the coercive power of the agenda setter
C)Altering the contents of a deal after it has been negotiated
D)Increasing the costs of not making a deal for the other party

Question 31

International anarchy is an important concept for international relations,as it implies:

A)that relationships between states are naturally chaotic and indeterminate.
B)a system where states are unlikely to be long-lived.
C)that the international system is typically dominated by one state imposing rules upon others.
D)that the lack of a global authority shapes the types of interactions states can have with each other.

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of compellence?

A)Your parents will be disappointed if you do not raise your GPA.
B)Your friends will not invite you to the next party if you do not give them a ride home.
C)Your boss will fine you if you show up late to work.
D)Your teacher will fail you if you turn in a plagiarized assignment.

Question 33

Why do countries comply with international institutions?

A)International institutions force countries to fulfill their agreements.
B)International institutions are neutral and unbiased mediators.
C)International institutions never have their own agendas to pursue.
D)International institutions can reduce the cost of coming to an agreement.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of bargaining?

A)A group of citizens agreeing to pay taxes to install new sidewalks
B)The United States and Great Britain contributing to a joint effort to oust Saddam Hussein
C)Two states in a dispute over a piece of territory
D)Two firms privately discussing raising their prices

Question 35

Given the effect of group size on collective action problems,what scenario is likely to be the most successful?

A)Twenty Mediterranean countries agree to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea.
B)Germany,Austria,Slovakia,Hungary,Croatia,Serbia,Romania,and Ukraine sign an agreement to reduce pollution in the Danube River.
C)Uganda,Kenya,and Tanzania sign an agreement to reduce pollution in Lake Victoria.
D)The United States and Mexico sign an agreement to reduce pollution along their shared border.

Question 36

Game theory is:

A)an approach to understanding human behavior derived from studies of gambling.
B)an approach to studying international relations that assumes actors do not take negotiations seriously.
C)the use of role-playing to understand the actions of world leaders.
D)a tool for analyzing strategic interactions.

Question 37

A major difference between the Stag Hunt and the Prisoner's Dilemma is that:

A)in the Prisoner's Dilemma the best strategy is to stand tough,while in the Stag Hunt the best strategy is to back down.
B)in the Prisoner's Dilemma the best strategy is to do the opposite of what your opponent does,while in the Stag Hunt the best strategy is to do the same thing the others do.
C)mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Prisoner's Dilemma,but in the Stag Hunt it is only one of two expected outcomes.
D)mutual defection is the equilibrium result in the Stag Hunt,but in the Prisoner's Dilemma the expected outcome is mutual cooperation.

Question 38

Why is cooperation through international institutions generally more difficult than cooperation within domestic political institutions?

A)Domestic institutions rarely face bargaining between competing interests.
B)Domestic institutions are rarely biased in favor of prior winners of political contests.
C)International institutions are unable to create standards of behavior.
D)International institutions are far less capable of enforcing compliance.

Question 39

Which of the following examples would be an interstate war?

A)The South Vietnamese insurgency fighting the government of Vietnam
B)Iraq attacking Kuwait
C)The United Nations sending peacekeepers to Sierra Leone
D)Sunni and Shiite militias fighting each other in Iraq

Question 40

Which of the following is an example of a "tying hands" strategy in bargaining?

A)A union negotiator threatens to call for a strike.
B)A candidate makes a campaign promise to renegotiate trade deals.
C)A car salesperson will not lower the price,but includes dealer service for the automobile.
D)A buyer at an auction raises the bid above what she believes her competitor can afford.

Question 41

Why might a state engage in a diversionary conflict?

A)To gain more support domestically
B)To prevent further scrutiny from an international organization
C)To prevent a trading partner from realizing that it is losing out on the terms of trade
D)To hide the real war that a leader wants to start

Question 42

What is a reason why a state may balance against other powerful states or alliances?

A)Democracies are altruistic and do not care about power.
B)International institutions are able to effectively constrain and punish belligerent states.
C)Because of the high temptation to engage in bandwagoning.
D)Joining other states ensures its own survival.

Question 43

The proliferation of democratic institutions may reduce the likelihood of war because democracies:

A)do not have conflicts of interest.
B)always fulfill commitments.
C)are more transparent than non-democracies.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 44

Why is it difficult to discern whether national or particularistic interests drive decisions to use force in the United States?

A)Corporate interests in conflicts are relatively difficult to identify.
B)Military leaders have relatively more influence here than in other states.
C)Corporate interests often overlap with national interests.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 45

How can domestic interest groups influence the bargaining model of war?

A)Hawkish interest groups can increase the range of possible bargains for the state.
B)Dovish interest groups can increase the range of possible bargains for the state.
C)Bureaucracies can nullify the impact of the bargaining model.
D)Domestic interests do not calculate into the bargaining model of war.

Question 46

The democratic peace theory of international conflict argues that:

A)democratic countries are less likely to go to war than their autocratic peers.
B)countries with democratic governments are less likely to go to war with other democracies.
C)autocratic countries are more likely to go to war with other autocratic countries.
D)democratic countries that respect the rights of their citizens tend to be less willing to send their citizens to war.

Question 47

One reason that wars have become less frequent since 1945 is:

A)growing trade and investment ties make war more costly.
B)there are fewer independent states than prior to World War II.
C)the United Nations can enforce commitments between the largest powers.
D)fewer resources are now devoted to military development.

Question 48

Which of the following is an example of the rally effect?

A)Demonstrators gather in Tahrir Square in Egypt during the Arab Spring.
B)Recruits volunteer for the Marines after the Pearl Harbor attacks.
C)Hamid Karzai forms a government in Afghanistan after the U.S.invasion.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 49

What is the commitment problem of an alliance?

A)It is questionable whether member states will uphold the terms of the alliance.
B)Member states may not actually sign an alliance treaty.
C)Once an alliance treaty is signed,it is questionable whether it will be ratified.
D)It is often unclear in an alliance who can declare war.

Question 50

The increasing number of democracies across the globe may not lead to more peace because democracies:

A)tend to be more war prone.
B)can break down and lead to more conflict than stable autocratic states.
C)tend to have more civil wars than autocratic states.
D)are less likely to trade with other countries.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of a war driven by a commitment problem?

A)Iraq invades Kuwait in order to obtain total control of its oil fields.
B)Germany invades France because it has changed its draft laws to increase its army's size.
C)The United States invades the Philippines because Spain's navy is weak.
D)The Soviets and Germans invade Poland and divide the territory.

Question 52

Why are wars driven by diversionary incentives only rarely observed?

A)Even though the rally effect narrows the bargaining range,preferable peace deals usually remain.
B)Domestic rally effects tend to increase the value of the reversion point for opponents.
C)Rally effects also substantially increase the costs for the diversionary state.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 53

How do institutions constrain leaders and inform opponents?

A)Leaders can easily hide their failed wars and avoid facing difficult elections due to them.
B)Democracies have established rules for secrecy that prevent controversial actions from leaking to the public.
C)Elections and public debates force leaders to commit to policies and risk punishment if they pursue bad policies.
D)Infrequent elections allow leaders to make the right choices instead of popular ones.

Question 54

Wars initiated to serve economic special interest groups are rare because:

A)munitions firms see little increase in sales during wartime.
B)many economic interest groups benefit from peace.
C)the general population who bears war costs organizes more readily.
D)military leaders play little role in decisions to use force.

Question 55

Democratic leaders have greater accountability than autocratic leaders because:

A)autocrats do not require any support from within the state.
B)autocratic states do not have elections.
C)autocratic states do not incur any costs during war.
D)autocratic states do not have the same mechanisms to diminish the influence of particularistic interests.

Question 56

Which of the following has made territorial conflict less common in the post-World War II era?

A)Relatively lower cost of acquiring resources through trade than conquest
B)Interests of powerful states in maintaining stable order
C)Acceptance of inherited borders by decolonized states
D)All of these are correct.

Question 57

Successful use of coercive diplomacy is complicated by:

A)the presence of divisible goods in bargaining.
B)unfavorable reversion points for the target state.
C)strong prohibitions by international institutions.
D)the costs associated with following through on threats.

Question 58

The introduction of hawkish interests in State A is rarely sufficient to cause war because:

A)the bargaining range can remain non-zero between the two states.
B)State B may still have incentives to avoid war.
C)information and commitment problems remain unchanged.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 59

What is true about the domestic consequences of war?

A)The benefits and costs are both distributed evenly.
B)The benefits are distributed evenly,but the costs are distributed unevenly.
C)The benefits are distributed unevenly,but the costs are distributed evenly.
D)The benefits and costs are both distributed unevenly.

Question 60

Why might democracy NOT be the cause of peace as the observed relationship suggests?

A)Democracies may emerge as a product of a peaceful international environment.
B)Both democracy and peace may share a common cause.
C)Democracies may share similar strategic interests by coincidence.
D)All of these are correct.

Question 61

When are attempts of collective security most effective?

A)When they are challenged frequently
B)When they have important issues to consider
C)When they include a small number of states
D)When they have to punish a member country

Question 62

In what way is the problem of civil war different from the problem of interstate war?

A)Resolve is not important in civil wars,but it is in interstate wars.
B)Commitment problems do not cause civil wars,but they do cause interstate wars.
C)Collective action problems are more important in civil wars than in interstate wars.
D)Incomplete information problems cause civil wars more frequently than interstate wars.

Question 63

What security concept made the Cold War particularly stable between major powers and their alliances?

A)Power balancing
B)Power bandwagoning
C)Preemptive war
D)Diversionary war

Question 64

Collective security organizations influence bargaining between adversaries by:

A)disarming both parties.
B)eliminating uncertainty about resolve.
C)rendering goods divisible.
D)enforcing commitments by the parties to peace.

Question 65

Why is it harder for terrorists to credibly convey their capabilities as opposed to a state?

A)Terrorists do not really know how strong they are.
B)Their methods require surprise.
C)They are inherently untrustworthy as individuals.
D)Terrorists have strong incentives to stick to an agreement.

Question 66

Which of the following is a major risk of alliance commitments?

A)A state will no longer have to worry about security and can stop pursuing power.
B)A state may become more adventurous in its foreign policy in ways an ally does not like.
C)Major powers typically make meaningless alliances.
D)Alliances tend to be financially burdensome for minor powers.

Question 67

External intervention into an intrastate war by the United Nations is:

A)less common now than it was during the Cold War.
B)only justifiable in the case of genocide.
C)impossible without the consent of the affected country.
D)a violation of a state's sovereignty.

Question 68

The alliance system leading into World War I provides an example of:

A)abandonment.
B)détente.
C)entrapment.
D)transparency.

Question 69

How can international institutions most feasibly help to resolve the problem of civil war?

A)Compelling state actors to renounce their sovereignty
B)Intervening militarily to stop ongoing hostilities
C)Monitoring and enforcing ceasefire agreements
D)All of these are correct.

Question 70

What is a reasonable explanation for why bargaining may work between terrorist groups and the state?

A)Terrorists are rational.
B)Terrorists do not usually have concrete goals.
C)Terrorists are too weak to pose a threat.
D)States can readily determine who the actual head of a terrorist organization is.

Question 71

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization likely had what effect on the United States' bargaining range when dealing with communist countries?

A)It had no effect on the bargaining range.
B)It increased the potential costs to the communist states and made the range of preferable bargaining outcomes larger for the United States.
C)It increased the potential costs for the United States and made the range of preferable bargaining outcomes larger for the communist states.
D)It increased the potential benefits to the communist states and made the range of bad bargaining outcomes larger for the United States.

Question 72

What made it difficult for the United Nations to maintain collective security during the Cold War?

A)The Soviet Union boycotted the United Nations.
B)Issues arose too infrequently for successful strategies to be made.
C)The states that had security issues during the Cold War were not yet members of the organization.
D)Either the United States or the Soviet Union would veto most motions.

Question 73

What can alliance members do to increase the credibility of their commitments?

A)Engage in joint military exercises
B)Publicize the concluding of terms
C)Create joint decision-making facilities
D)All of these are correct.

Question 74

In comparing civil and interstate wars in the last 50 years:

A)there have been more ongoing civil wars annually than interstate wars.
B)there have been about the same number of either type of war ongoing at any one time.
C)interstate wars have become increasingly more deadly than civil wars.
D)interstate wars are,on average,longer than civil wars.

Question 75

Which of the following factors makes civil war more likely?

A)Low population levels
B)High levels of wealth
C)Low government capacity
D)Absence of clear ethnic or tribal lines

Question 76

Why is the study of civil war a topic of consideration for scholars of international relations?

A)No other subfield of political science is interested in civil war.
B)Civil wars always involve at least two states in the fighting.
C)Civil wars often contain similar interactions to those of interstate wars.
D)Rebels in civil wars often target their attacks on neighboring states.

Question 77

Terrorist groups typically:

A)abstain from criminal activity.
B)are weaker than states.
C)have abundant resources.
D)are well armed.

Question 78

Which military alliance has persisted from the Cold War into the present?

A)The European Union
B)The Warsaw Pact
C)The North Atlantic Treaty Organization
D)The Triple Alliance

Question 79

Why did the United Nations fail to stop genocides in Srebrenica,Rwanda,and Darfur?

A)Its members did not care whether people died in these places.
B)Its members lacked sufficient military resources to intervene.
C)Its members did not create a peacekeeping force.
D)Its members were unwilling to pay the costs associated with intervention.

Question 80

Insurgencies are difficult to defeat because:

A)rebel groups are typically better equipped than state actors.
B)counterinsurgency strikes risk increasing popular support for rebels.
C)rebels build heavily fortified strongholds.
D)All of these are correct.