Deck 11: Section 2: Battered Woman Syndrome, Rape Trauma Syndrome, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Question 1

Research has shown that children _____ sometimes have difficulty distinguishing between imagined and real events.

A) under 3
B) under 5
C) over 5
D) over 7

Answer 1

under 5

Question 2

It is important to avoid bias when interviewing a possible victim or witness. This is particularly true with children. One technique that may be used to avoid bias when interviewing children is the National Institute of Child Health and Development (NICHD) Investigative Interview Protocol. The NICHD Protocol aims to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT:

A) guide interviewers away from biased questions.
B) guide interviewers toward questioning that may elicit more truthful responses from children.
C) use open-ended questions.
D) use closed-ended questions.

Answer 2

use closed-ended questions.

Question 3

Hearsay testimony is sometimes admissible in trials where a child is an alleged victim because:

A) children may have a hard time dealing with the individual who may have abused them.
B) children may have difficulty telling the truth in court.
C) prosecutors need to see the victim.
D) defendants want to see the accuser.

Answer 3

children may have a hard time dealing with the individual who may have abused them.

Question 4

When reviewing sexual abuse testimony given by children at trial, it appears that jurors are _____ to believe young children compared to adolescents.

A) less likely
B) equally as likely
C) more likely
D) seldom apt

Question 5

Suggestive questions can best be described as _____ leading questions _____.

A) excluding; not volunteered by the child.
B) including; not volunteered by the child.
C) excluding; that were unsolicited.
D) including; that were solicited.

Question 6

There are good reasons why most states allow hearsay testimony when a child is the alleged victim. Which of the following is NOT one of these reasons?

A) To shield jurors from the biasing impact of young children's cuteness.
B) To protect the victim from being questioned in unusual and formal settings.
C) To spare young children the intimidating atmosphere of the courtroom.
D) To avoid the traumatic experience for the victim of facing the alleged abuser.

Question 7

One reason why adult hearsay witness testimony may be perceived differently from that of a child, is that:

A) adults are more confident in their testimony.
B) children are less nervous.
C) adults are more likely to lie without being caught.
D) children are more likely to make eye contact.

Question 8

According to the text, children who supposedly suffer from child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are likely to show behavioral symptoms that could also be evident in children misled into admitting such abuse. These symptoms include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) delayed disclosure of the abuse.
B) only mentioning abuse to peers.
C) denial that sexual abuse ever occurred.
D) recantation of allegations of abuse later on.

Question 9

According to the text, children who recant previous allegations of sexual abuse are likely to have been abused by a:

A) stranger.
B) parental figure.
C) peer.
D) priest.

Question 10

Testifying about what someone else said outside of court is called:

A) unsubstantiated rumor.
B) hearsay testimony.
C) always non-admissible evidence.
D) admissible evidence.

Question 11

What is the best description of the NICHD Investigative Interview protocol?

A) This is a technique designed to reduce biased questioning and elicit true responses from children.
B) This is a technique using closed-ended questions to interview alleged victims who are children.
C) This is a protocol for using Bobo Dolls to release children's desire for letting their anger out.
D) This is coercive approach to interviewing intended to overcome the resistance of concealing the abuse.

Question 12

It is especially important to record the _____ with the child because _____.

A) last interview; it precedes the trial most recently
B) first encounter; it shows the child in the natural settings
C) first interview; it may have the clearest indicators of the child's truthfulness
D) longest interview; this is when the child is likely to stop pretending and start telling the truth

Question 13

_____ states do not allow an exception to the hearsay rule when a child is the alleged victim.

A) Only 9
B) All but 10
C) About half of the
D) Most

Question 14

Research has demonstrated that some techniques used in interviewing children in abuse cases have proven to be helpful. These techniques include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) simplified instructions.
B) taking an oath to tell the truth.
C) explicit statement stipulating that the interviewer does not know what happened.
D) asking the same question more than once.

Question 15

According to research noted in the text, jurors that heard both adult hearsay witnesses and child testimony deemed the hearsay testimony:

A) less credible.
B) equally as credible.
C) more credible.
D) less accurate.

Question 16

Two components of the presumed child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (CSAAS) are the denial of abuse and recantation of abuse. Researchers who analyzed actual interviews with sexually abused children found that, in reality, denial and recantation of abuse:

A) are unusual.
B) are very common.
C) happen only with older children.
D) happen only in small, tightly knit communities.

Question 17

According to the text, the use of an anatomically detailed doll with children less than 6 years of age _____ the number of false allegations of sexual abuse.

A) had no bearing on
B) decreased
C) increased
D) significantly reduced

Question 18

When NICHD procedures are followed, interviews with children are _____ recorded on video.

A) almost never
B) rarely
C) often
D) almost always

Question 19

"Tell me everything that happened" is an example of an open-ended request, which is considered a(n) _____ prompt in the NICHD protocol.

A) invasive
B) non-coercive
C) overly forceful
D) impractical

Question 20

Another way that children are able to testify in a case is through the use of a closed-circuit television (CCTV). Its use allows the judge and jury to see the child without exposing the alleged victim to the emotional trauma that may present itself while in the presence of the defendant. In the case of Maryland v. Craig, the Court decided that the _____ the child _____ the defendant's right to confront his or her accuser.

A) need to gather the truth from; is as important as
B) need to protect; outweighs
C) rights of; are as important as
D) potential emotional trauma to; is not as salient as

Question 21

The concept of repression was developed by:

A) John Watson.
B) Albert Bandura.
C) Sigmund Freud.
D) Elizabeth Loftus.

Question 22

In the 2000s, claims of recovered memories ______, mostly in response to _____.

A) slowly decreased; research showing that false memories can be easily implanted
B) decreased drastically; successful lawsuits against therapists who had created false memories
C) have stabilized; realizations that false memories bring more pain than relief to the victims
D) had increased; new legislation awarding substantial sums of money to the victims

Question 23

We should be especially skeptical of allegedly recovered memories in the following conditions EXCEPT:

A) recalling began as vague feelings rather than clear memories.
B) abuse happened before the age of 3, according to the alleged memories.
C) memories of abuse came back as flashes of particular incidents.
D) the recollection involved extended abuse continuing into adolescence.

Question 24

Elizabeth Loftus is well known for her research on false memories. In one experiment, she created a memory in participants of being lost within a mall. Of the participants in the experiment, _____ "remembered" most or all of the implanted event.

A) 5%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%

Question 25

Much research has demonstrated that most victims of traumatic events _____ memories of the episode.

A) have vivid
B) have few
C) completely repress their
D) first repress, then recover their

Question 26

In some cases, so-called memories of past abuse have "surfaced" as a result of the _____ of the alleged victim while under hypnosis or guided imagery.

A) corroboration
B) suggestibility
C) anger
D) frustration

Question 27

Aisha has been going through an emotionally tough time after the separation from her long-term partner, and her psychotherapist suggested some hypnotic sessions. During these sessions, Aisha has started vaguely recalling being fondled by her father as a baby while he was giving her baths. Memories of this type are referred to as:

A) unconscious memories.
B) regressed memories.
C) recovered memories.
D) unknown memories.

Question 28

There are several conclusions that can be drawn from research on implanting false memories. Which of the following conclusions is NOT correct?

A) The majority of people in the studies did not succumb to successful "memory implantation."
B) If a person is 100% sure the memory is true, it is often a good indicator of a true memory.
C) Hypnosis and other therapeutic techniques facilitate the production of implanted memories.
D) People who strongly believe in the possibility of recovering a suppressed memory are more likely to recover false memories.

Question 29

In a subsequent series of experiments, Hyman and his colleagues set out to create "memories" of even more unusual false events than "being lost in the mall". The results of this study showed that _____ of the participants developing false recollections.

A) 9%
B) 13%
C) 27%
D) 54%

Question 30

The repression hypothesis posits that traumatic memories can be maintained in the _____ for years.

A) postconscious
B) preconscious
C) consciousness
D) unconscious