Question 1

Identify the independent variable in the following hypothesis: &#34;Adults in an overweight group will have lower health responsibility scores compared to those in a normal weight group.&#34;&#10;A) health responsibility&#10;B) adults&#10;C) overweight group versus normal weight group&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The independent variable in this hypothesis is the comparison between the overweight group and normal weight group. The dependent variable is the health responsibility score.

Question 2

Hypotheses that do not specify a particular direction in relation to variables under study are called:&#10;A) nondirectional hypotheses.&#10;B) directional hypotheses.&#10;C) extraneous hypotheses.&#10;D) null hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

Nondirectional hypotheses do not make a specific prediction about the relationship between variables under study, but simply state that a relationship exists. This is in contrast to directional hypotheses which make a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship (e.g. "increased levels of exercise will lead to decreased levels of obesity"). Extraneous hypotheses are not directly related to the research question, while null hypotheses state that there is no relationship between variables.

Question 3

Hypotheses in qualitative studies usually:&#10;A) are very specific and stated prior to beginning the study.&#10;B) are often generalized as data are collected, interpreted, and analyzed.&#10;C) are never used.&#10;D) are always stated after the research has been completed.

Accepted Answer

are never used.

Question 4

Which of the following statement is in the form of a null hypothesis?&#10;A) The child has a learning disability.&#10;B) There is a correlation between smoking and lung function.&#10;C) There is no difference between males and females on the variable quality of life.&#10;D) There is a positive relationship between grades and time spent studying.

Accepted Answer

The null hypothesis is typically stated in terms of there being no significant relationship or difference between variables, which is reflected in option C stating that there is no difference between males and females on the variable quality of life. Options A, B, and D are all stating a positive relationship or significant difference between variables and are not in the form of a null hypothesis.

Question 5

Research hypotheses are sometimes referred to as:&#10;A) null hypotheses.&#10;B) extraneous hypotheses.&#10;C) alternative hypotheses.&#10;D) directional hypotheses.

Accepted Answer

Research hypotheses are referred to as alternative hypotheses. These hypotheses propose an alternative explanation to the null hypothesis and are tested against the null hypothesis in statistical analysis. Extraneous hypotheses refer to irrelevant or unrelated hypotheses while directional hypotheses make a specific prediction about the direction of the relationship between variables.

Question 6

Identify the dependent variable in the following hypothesis: &#34;Exercisers exhibit higher self-efficacy scores compared to nonexercises.&#34;&#10;A) exercisers&#10;B) nonexercisers&#10;C) self-efficacy&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the variable being measured, in this case self-efficacy scores. It is the variable that is expected to change in response to the independent variable (exercising). Therefore, the correct answer is C - self-efficacy.

Question 7

When p < 0.05 is reported in a journal article, it means the author has rejected the null hypothesis (assuming the author is using a significance level of 0.05).
Formulating Hypotheses and Research Questions

Accepted Answer

When the p-value is less than 0.05, it means that the author has found statistically significant results and has rejected the null hypothesis. This assumes that the author has set a significance level of 0.05 in their analysis. Formulating hypotheses and research questions is a separate step in the research process that occurs before data analysis.

Question 8

A research hypothesis always:&#10;A) is based on research data.&#10;B) predicts a relationship.&#10;C) asks a question.&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

A research hypothesis predicts a relationship between variables. It may or may not be based on research data, and it is not a question.

Question 9

As a general rule, researchers tend to use level of significance.&#10;A) 99%&#10;B) 95%&#10;C) 50%&#10;D) none of the above

Accepted Answer

The most commonly used level of significance in research is 0.05 or 95% confidence level. This means that there is a 5% chance that the observed result occurred due to random chance or error. It is considered a good balance between accepting a reasonable level of risk of error and ensuring that the results are statistically significant. The other options, 99% or 50%, are too extreme and may result in either too many false positives or too many false negatives, respectively.

Question 10

Hypotheses can be classified as:&#10;A) simple or complex.&#10;B) nondirectional versus directional.&#10;C) research versus statistical.&#10;D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

A) Hypotheses can be simple (proposing a relationship between two variables) or complex (proposing multiple relationships between variables).
B) Hypotheses can be nondirectional (predicting that a relationship between variables exists but not specifying the direction of the relationship) or directional (predicting the direction of the relationship).
C) Hypotheses can be research (specific to the research question and objectives) or statistical (related to the statistical analysis to be performed).

Therefore, all of the above are valid ways to categorize hypotheses.

Deck 6: Formulating Hypotheses and Research Questions