Question 1

Time,expertise,and resources are all obstacles that&#10;A)diminish skepticism.&#10;B)diminish metaphysical claims.&#10;C)increase reliance on authorities.&#10;D)increase reliance on empiricism.

Accepted Answer

Time, expertise, and resources are often limited for individuals, leading them to rely more on authorities (such as experts or established sources) for information or decisions, rather than conducting extensive research or skepticism on their own.

Question 2

In the natural world,there often are many different factors associated with the occurrence of a particular outcome.Therefore it is important that we as critical thinkers _____ whenever possible.&#10;A)create unfalsifiable theories&#10;B)propose complex statements of causation&#10;C)remember that correlation equals causation&#10;D)rule out rival hypotheses

Accepted Answer

To ensure accurate conclusions, it is important to rule out other possible explanations for an outcome or correlation. This is why we need to eliminate other potential hypotheses through critical thinking. Creating unfalsifiable theories, proposing complex statements of causation, and assuming correlation equals causation can all lead to faulty reasoning and inaccurate conclusions.

Question 3

The fact that many people,when looking at the moon that orbits Earth,see a face (commonly called &#34;the man in the moon&#34;)can be explained by the phenomenon of _____.&#10;A)chaotics&#10;B)metaphysics&#10;C)patternicity&#10;D)apophenia

Accepted Answer

patternicity

Question 4

Which of the following psychologists would be most likely to argue that free will is something that does not truly exist,and that we are simply unaware of the environmental influences that affect our behaviors at any given moment?

A)B)F.Skinner
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Wilhelm Wundt
D)Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Accepted Answer

Skinner was a behaviorist who believed that behavior is shaped by environmental factors and reinforcement history, rather than free will or internal processes. He argued that our behavioral choices are not truly free, but rather are determined by environmental contingencies that we may not be fully aware of.

Question 5

Nico is meeting with his academic advisor.He wishes to pursue a career where he'll work to diagnose and treat mental disorders.Nico aspires to be a(n)&#10;A)clinical psychologist.&#10;B)experimental psychologist.&#10;C)forensic psychologist.&#10;D)school psychologist.

Accepted Answer

Clinical psychology involves the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders, which aligns with Nico's career aspirations. Experimental psychology focuses on research and testing hypotheses, forensic psychology involves working within the legal system, and school psychology focuses on issues related to students in educational settings.

Question 6

According to the authors,much of the knowledge from popular psychology sources&#10;A)is consistent with the results of psychological research.&#10;B)is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated.&#10;C)is not able to be studied empirically.&#10;D)is of no or very little interest to psychologists.

Accepted Answer

The authors state that much of the knowledge from popular psychology sources is contradicted by what psychological research has demonstrated.

Question 7

Because none of us wants to believe we are wrong,we are usually reluctant to give up cherished notions.This phenomenon is known as&#10;A)belief perseverance.&#10;B)the confirmation bias.&#10;C)the availability heuristic.&#10;D)the fundamental attribution.

Accepted Answer

The phenomenon described in the question is known as belief perseverance, which refers to the tendency to maintain beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence. The other choices are not directly related to this specific phenomenon. The confirmation bias refers to the tendency to interpret information in a way that confirms pre-existing beliefs. The availability heuristic is the tendency to rely on easily accessible or memorable information when making judgments. The fundamental attribution error refers to the tendency to overemphasize dispositional factors when explaining the behavior of others.

Question 8

A group of animal behaviorists has discovered several new species of insects in the Amazon jungle.They collect the new species for later study back at the camp.Due to advances in computer technology,they are able to transfer their findings immediately to other researchers studying insects.Their willingness to share these findings with other scientists shows their commitment to

A)critical thinking.
B)falsifiability.
C)peer review.
D)pseudoscience.

Accepted Answer

The behaviorists' willingness to share their findings with other scientists shows their commitment to peer review, which is the process of evaluation by other experts in the same field. This is an important aspect of scientific research as it helps ensure the accuracy and validity of the findings. Choice A (critical thinking) and B (falsifiability) are important aspects of the scientific method, but they do not directly relate to the behaviorists' willingness to share their findings. Choice D (pseudoscience) is the opposite of scientific research and has no relevance to the given scenario.

Question 9

If you were conducting a study designed to determine which type of psychotherapy is most effective in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder,what type of research would you employ?&#10;A)Basic&#10;B)Applied&#10;C)Academic&#10;D)Sociobiological

Accepted Answer

Applied research is designed to address practical problems and answer specific questions. In this case, the study is focused on determining the most effective type of therapy for treating generalized anxiety disorder, which is a practical problem that would benefit from applied research. Basic research is more focused on expanding knowledge and understanding without immediate practical application, academic research tends to focus on theory development and testing, and sociobiological research looks primarily at the biological and evolutionary underpinnings of behavior.

Question 10

With its concern on the adaptive functions provided by the various psychological characteristics,evolutionary psychology is most like what early psychological school of thought?&#10;A)Behaviorism&#10;B)Functionalism&#10;C)Psychoanalysis&#10;D)Structuralism

Accepted Answer

Evolutionary psychology, with its focus on the functions and adaptations of psychological characteristics, is most similar to the functionalist school of thought in psychology. Functionalism emphasized the adaptive functions of behavior and mental processes in relation to the environment.

Deck 1: Psychology and Scientific Thinking