Deck 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy

Question 1

The ability of the brain to reorganize brain structures in response to experience is called

A) myelinization.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) reticularization.
D) neuroplasticity.

Answer 1

neuroplasticity.

Question 2

The process by which an infant's and child's bones harden is

A) ossification.
B) fontanel formation.
C) fusion.
D) myelinization.

Answer 2

ossification.

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a true statement about colic?

A) The colic condition typically begins at about two weeks of age and then disappears spontaneously at three or four months of age.
B) Colic is a pattern of intense, daily periods of crying for three or more hours per day, typically in the late afternoon or early evening.
C) Almost all infants develop colic.
D) The cause of colic is not known.

Answer 3

Almost all infants develop colic.

Question 4

The process by which unused or unnecessary neural pathways and connections are eliminated is called

A) adaptive pruning.
B) synaptogenesis.
C) synaptic pruning.
D) myelinization.

Question 5

What is the process in neuronal development in which a sheath covers individual axons and electrically insulates them from one another to improve the conductivity of the nerve?

A) reticularization
B) myelinization
C) synaptic reconstruction
D) neuroplasticity

Question 6

An infant's sleep/wake cycle lasts approximately

A) 2 hours.
B) 8 hours.
C) 4 to 6 hours.
D) 30 to 45 minutes.

Question 7

At age 2,Susie is 90 cm tall.We can predict that when she is an adult,Susie will be ________ tall.

A) 180 cm
B) 165 cm
C) 150 cm
D) 200 cm

Question 8

Which of the following abilities does a neonate have?

A) the ability to select a preferred toy from other toys by touch
B) the ability to focus on an object within an 8- to 10-foot range
C) the ability to visually track a fast-moving object
D) the ability to recognize his or her mother's face and smell

Question 9

The process of synaptogenesis followed by pruning in response to experience in infancy means all of the following EXCEPT that

A) the first two years are critical times for children to have both stimulation and order in their environments.
B) nutrition is vitally important during infancy.
C) the infant brain is more "plastic," or can be reorganized more effectively, in infancy than in any other time in life.
D) myelinization is not occurring.

Question 10

Which of the following activities becomes possible as a result of the myelinization of the reticular formation?

A) dexterity in manipulation of small objects, such as a needle and thread
B) judgment in decision-making, such as evaluating various options
C) concentration in thinking, such as focusing attention on a task
D) speed and agility in motor skills, such as running to catch a ball

Question 11

According to a recent University of Western research study about the causes of colic in young infants,which of the following statements is true?

A) Infants who were exclusively breast-fed were most at risk.
B) Infants who were exclusively bottle fed non-human milk, were most at risk.
C) Feeding methods or the use of human/non-human milk were not significant causal factors.
D) Infants who were fed with a combination of breast milk and non-human milk were most at risk.

Question 12

At birth,the newborn infant can regulate vital functions such as respiration,sleep,and elimination because the ________ is/are sufficiently developed.

A) cortex
B) reflexes controlling these functions
C) midbrain and medulla
D) reticular formation

Question 13

Gina wants to return to work after her infant develops a regular pattern of sleep and wakefulness.You can predict that Gina can plan to return to work when the baby is approximately ________ old.

A) six months
B) six weeks
C) one month
D) one year

Question 14

Karran was playing with his daughter.As he was counting her toes,he stroked the bottom of her foot causing her to splay out her toes and then curl them in.This reaction is called the

A) Babinski reflex.
B) Moro, or startle, Reflex.
C) adaptive reflex.
D) primitive reflex.

Question 15

George Beaton,professor emeritus at the University of Toronto and a world-renowned pioneer in the study of human nutrition requirements,advised that

A) mortality rates can be reduced by 23% by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A.
B) brain functioning can be improved by 23% by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A.
C) the risk of learning problems can be reduced by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A.
D) physical growth can be enhanced by supplying young children living in at-risk countries with vitamin A.

Question 16

Sucking,swallowing,pupil dilation,and grasping are all examples of

A) Babinski reflexes.
B) Moro, or startle, reflexes.
C) adaptive reflexes.
D) primitive reflexes.

Question 17

Sucking,withdrawing from pain,or closing the pupil of the eye in response to bright light are examples of

A) the Babinski and Moro reflexes.
B) primitive responses that disappear by six months of age.
C) adaptive reflexes that enable a neonate to survive reconstruction.
D) mature responses necessary for socialization as a human.

Question 18

Research conducted by University psychologist Philip Zelazo helps us to understand

A) how primitive reflexes develop.
B) how stimulating primitive reflexes helps later motor development.
C) why primitive infant reflexes disappear.
D) how many different primitive reflexes infants have.

Question 19

A vase falls and smashes on the floor.A baby sleeping in the same room reacts by throwing her hands in the air and arching her back.This is referred to as the

A) Babinski Reflex.
B) Moro, or startle, reflex.
C) adaptive reflex.
D) primitive reflex.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the physical development of premature or low-birth-weight infants?

A) If a correction is made for a premature infant's "gestational age," there are few differences in physical development when the premature infant is compared to full-term infants.
B) Premature and low-birth-weight babies typically achieve developmental milestones, such as rolling over or crawling, more slowly than full-term babies.
C) Premature or low-birth-weight babies often have an insufficiently developed sucking reflex.
D) Breast milk is a nutritionally complete food for premature or low-birth-weight infants.

Question 21

Which of the following is the best example of a child's manipulative skills?

A) Chio navigates around the table by holding onto each chair as she moves.
B) Nigel uses his thumb and forefinger to carefully pick up and eat a small piece of cereal.
C) While her mother shops at the grocery store, two-year-old Allison sits contentedly in the child carrier seat of the grocery cart.
D) Rosita and her father sit on the floor and roll the ball back and forth to each other.

Question 22

Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?

A) micronutrient malnutrition
B) weight of 60% less than the weight expected for age
C) chronic diarrhea
D) parasitic infections

Question 23

If baby Vincent is an average infant,by his first birthday he will have had

A) weekly episodes of colic.
B) a respiratory illness.
C) several instances of sleep apnea.
D) no illnesses whatsoever.

Question 24

Which statement about breast-feeding is correct?

A) It is not nutritionally superior to bottle-feeding.
B) It promotes rapid weight and size gain.
C) It cannot transmit viruses.
D) It contributes to diarrhea, gastroenteritis, bronchitis, ear infections, and colic.

Question 25

The disease kwashiorkor is associated with

A) excess dietary vitamin B₁₂.
B) insufficient dietary protein.
C) impaired immune system functioning.
D) insufficient opportunity to practice motor skills.

Question 26

Severely restricting a baby's movement slows down the acquisition of _______________.

A) motor skills
B) cognitive abilities.
C) proximodistal patterns.
D) cepholocaudal patterns.

Question 27

It is recommended that an infant's first solid food be

A) either fruits or vegetables, whichever the baby prefers.
B) something sweet to stimulate the taste for solid food.
C) an iron-fortified single-grain cereal, such as rice.
D) a source of protein, such as ground chicken.

Question 28

Which of the following is the best example of gender differences in child development?

A) Separate bones of the wrist appear earlier in boys than in girls giving them better hand manipulation skills.
B) In humans and primates, male and female infants display similar preferences for rough-and-tumble play during the first two years of life.
C) Boys surpass girls in physical development up until age two.
D) Boys across all cultures are more likely to suffer from developmental delays, are less healthy, and have higher mortality rates than girls.

Question 29

What action did Canada take almost 50 years ago that lowered rates of micronutrient malnutrition in babies and young children?

A) promoted breast feeding education as a national health strategy
B) fortified food and milk with essential minerals and vitamins
C) fortified baby formula with iron and vitamin D
D) promoted public awareness of the need for iron supplements and vitamins

Question 30

Improved lung efficiency and increased heart muscle strength mean that children have increased

A) reticular activation.
B) intersensory integration.
C) ossification.
D) stamina.

Question 31

Canada is a world leader in food fortification.This means

A) growth hormones have been added to our dairy products.
B) all our food products have been inspected.
C) all our food products are low fat.
D) essential vitamins and/or minerals have been added to some food products.

Question 32

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding an infant's ability to perceive colour?

A) A newborn's ability to sense colour is almost identical to that of adults.
B) Infants can likely see red and green from birth.
C) Infants can see and discriminate various colours almost from birth.
D) Infants are basically blind at birth, including colour blind.

Question 33

Male infants display a clear preference for _____________ play.

A) rough-and-tumble
B) imitative
C) imaginary
D) manipulative

Question 34

The results of research investigating the impact of practice on the development of motor skills indicates that

A) severely restricting a baby's movement slows down the acquisition of motor skills.
B) practice does not have any effect on the development of motor skills.
C) motor skills and language skills develop at the same pace.
D) short periods of restriction of a baby's movements slows down the acquisition of motor skills.

Question 35

Around the world,the leading cause of death of children under the age of five is

A) iron-deficiency anemia.
B) macronutrient malnutrition.
C) kwashiorkor.
D) marasmus.

Question 36

Why is it especially important to treat infants' respiratory infections promptly and to take measures to reduce the transmission of respiratory illnesses among infants?

A) Daycare facilities and other alternative care facilities will not provide care while a child is ill.
B) Infant immunizations cannot be given while a child is ill.
C) Ear infections may impair hearing and compromise the development of brain areas that are essential for language learning.
D) Respiratory illnesses are easily spread to other members of the family.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the advantages of breast-feeding?

A) Human breast milk appears to promote the growth of the nerves and intestinal tract.
B) Breast milk provides antibodies to protect infants against diseases such as gastrointestinal and upper respiratory tract infections.
C) Breast-feeding facilitates the development of superior social interactions between mother and child.
D) Breast feeding improves the immune system.

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about female/male differences in physical development in infancy?

A) Girls acquire language somewhat more rapidly than boys do.
B) Girls have a slight advantage in manipulative skills because their wrist bones separate earlier than boys' wrist bones.
C) Boys are more physically resilient and have a lower mortality rate than girls.
D) Boys demonstrate a greater preference for rough-and-tumble play and are more physically aggressive.

Question 39

Which of the following interventions helps facilitate more rapid growth and development in preterm infants by providing skin-to-skin contact between the parent and child?

A) kangaroo care
B) marsupial care
C) koala care
D) pouch care

Question 40

It is important to reduce the rate of post-term deliveries because

A) post-term babies are more likely to be physically unhealthy.
B) the mother becomes very uncomfortable.
C) post-term babies have higher rates of fetal and neonatal mortality.
D) post-term babies are more likely to have developmental delays.

Question 41

According to visual acuity theory,which child has the poorest eyesight?

A) John cannot tell that the blue item 10 feet in front of him is his favourite blue truck.
B) Roberta can see her red toy, which is 30 feet away from her.
C) Reema cannot see her pink blanket, which is 30 feet away from her.
D) Ben can see his orange boots 15 feet in front of him.

Question 42

Regarding sensory skills,which of the following statements is true?

A) The infant's sense of touch is the poorest of all senses.
B) There is no discernable difference between visual and auditory acuity.
C) A newborn's visual acuity is better than her auditory acuity.
D) A newborn's auditory acuity is better than his visual acuity.

Question 43

Within the first two weeks of a newborn's life he or she will have limited "tracking ability." Which of the following scenarios would provide the best opportunity for a baby to successfully track?

A) a bright object moving quickly from left to right
B) any bright object moving quickly
C) a familiar object moving quickly at any distance
D) any object moving very slowly toward the child

Question 44

Theorists who claim that perceptual abilities are inborn are called

A) nativists.
B) empiricists.
C) naturalists.
D) primaligists.

Question 45

One precaution that a parent can take to reduce the risk of SIDS is

A) to feed the infant a high-fat diet.
B) to ensure that the infant does not become ill with a respiratory infection.
C) to position the infant to sleep on her back or side.
D) to equip the infant with an electronic breathing monitor.

Question 46

Sarah is a 4-month-old infant.She will likely use ________________ to judge depth.

A) kinetic cues
B) monocular cues
C) linear perspective
D) binocular cues

Question 47

Which statement is TRUE regarding colour vision and the very first few weeks of a newborn child's life?

A) All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, so babies can only see in black and white.
B) The types of cells in the eyes necessary to see red, green, and blue are probably present at birth.
C) All the types of cells necessary to see are not present, therefore the babies can see black, white, and only muted shades of blue.
D) Not all the types of cells necessary to see are present at birth, so babies can only see white, black, and red.

Question 48

The infant's sense that may well be the best developed of all is

A) smell.
B) sight.
C) touch.
D) hearing.

Question 49

Hannah was a preterm infant;she was born two months early.She may be 12 months old but her doctor refers to her as being a 10-month-old.What term would her doctor use to describe this statement?

A) corrected age
B) gestational correction
C) kwashiorkor
D) neonate correction

Question 50

An infant of one month who is visually examining an object will look at

A) the internal or central features, such as the eyes and nose of the human face.
B) the edges of an object.
C) the texture or variations on the surface of the object.
D) the colour of an object.

Question 51

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

A) tends to occur more often when a child sleeps on its back.
B) tends to occur more often if the mother smoked during pregnancy or the infant came into contact with smoke after birth.
C) tends to occur more in females.
D) risks increase with maternal age.

Question 52

In Canada,the highest rate of SIDS is found

A) in Ontario.
B) in cities.
C) in isolated rural communities.
D) in First Nations communities.

Question 53

A baby's tracking ability becomes skilful rather quickly,generally around

A) 6 to 10 weeks.
B) 16 to 20 weeks.
C) 33 to 40 months.
D) a year.

Question 54

Higher rates of infant mortality are associated with

A) living in urban centres.
B) family income level.
C) family health history.
D) family size.

Question 55

Researchers first present a baby with a particular sight,sound,or object over and over until he________-that is,until he stops looking at it or showing interest in it.

A) habituates
B) dishabituates
C) linearates
D) cries due to the sensory overload.

Question 56

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with reducing the risk of SIDS?

A) providing a smoke-free environment during pregnancy and in the home after the infant's birth
B) avoiding laying the baby on soft surfaces or loose bedding
C) bed sharing or napping with the baby on a sofa
D) placing the baby on her back when she sleeps

Question 57

Premature infants who experience more skin-to-skin contact with their parents (kangaroo method)have shown more rapid developmental progress and ______.

A) alleviation of sucking/swallowing problems.
B) decreased gastrointestinal problems.
C) decreased susceptibility to infection.
D) alleviation of the pain response.

Question 58

Three-year-old Hannah says to her mother "Look,Mom,the railroad lines are getting closer together as they get farther away." This can be explained by a monocular cue called

A) interposition.
B) motion parallax.
C) kinetic cue.
D) linear perspective.

Question 59

Theorists who argue that perceptual abilities are learned are called

A) nativists.
B) empiricists.
C) naturalists.
D) primaligists.

Question 60

Babies are born with much poorer visual acuity than their eventual adult ability.At which age do most children reach adult visual acuity standards?

A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 7 years
D) 5 years

Question 61

Early studies established that as early as ______________,babies an discriminate between speech sounds like pa and ba.

A) 1 month
B) 2 months
C) 3 months
D) 4 months

Question 62

Research findings demonstrate that,in infancy,intermodal perception is possible as early as _____________ and becomes common by ________________.

A) 1 month, 3 months.
B) 1 month, 6 months.
C) 2 months, 4 months.
D) 2 months, 6 months.

Question 63

New immigrant mothers bottle-feed more due to their perception that bottle-feeding is preferred in Canada.

Question 64

Recent research has shown that there is no significant difference in colic rates between babies who are breast-fed,bottle-fed,or fed using a combination of the two.

Question 65

North American parents tend to expect infants to acquire stable sleeping patterns naturally,without parental intervention,during the first two years of life.

Question 66

Because infants' brains have a high degree of plasticity,they are not as vulnerable to environmental influences.

Question 67

Health care experts recommend that mothers exclusively breast-feed their babies for six or more months in the first year of life.

Question 68

The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth.

Question 69

The Babinski reflex is a good example of an adaptive reflex.

Question 70

At the age of 1 month,Tommy is able to reach for and grasp objects.

Question 71

The brain processes of pruning and myelinization continue until adolescence.

Question 72

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding newborns and their ability to discriminate between individual voices?

A) Newborns can tell their father's voice from another man's voice.
B) Newborns can tell their mother's voice from another female voice.
C) Newborns cannot tell their father's voice from another male voice.
D) Premature infants are less likely to recognize their mother's voice than those babies born at term.

Question 73

Manufactured formula is superior nutritionally to breast milk.

Question 74

Synaptic pruning is a period in which unnecessary pathways and connections are eliminated.

Question 75

Infants tend to sleep 70 percent of the time until they are approximately 6-8 weeks old.

Question 76

By age 2 to 2 1/2 children are half as tall as they will be as adults.

Question 77

A newborn is able to focus on objects if they are positioned within 25-80 centimetres of the baby's eyes.

Question 78

For over 40 years,researchers have studied infant perception,especially the perception of faces.Based on the facts they have discovered,all of the following are true EXCEPT that

A) there is little indication that faces are uniquely interesting to infants.
B) babies prefer looking at attractive faces.
C) babies prefer their mother's face.
D) babies prefer their father's face.

Question 79

It is important to teach infants how to sleep through the night as soon as possible.

Question 80

The persistence of the Moro and Babinski reflexes past approximately six months of age may indicate the existence of some type of neurological problem.