Deck 14: Psychological Disorders

Question 1

The conception of psychological disorders as biologically based sicknesses is known as

A) epigenetics.
B) the social-cultural approach.
C) the medical model.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.

Answer 1

the medical model.

Question 2

A biopsychosocial approach to substance abuse would be most likely to emphasize

A) the distinction between consciously and unconsciously motivated substance abuse.
B) the similarities between substance abuse disorders and personality disorders.
C) the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse.
D) that substance abuse is simply a lifestyle choice and not a psychological disorder.

Answer 2

the interactive influences of nature and nurture on substance abuse.

Question 3

Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)was the first to promote _______ for psychological disorders,instead of the brutal treatments used during his time.

A) moral treatment
B) a biopsychosocial approach
C) transfusions of animal blood
D) trephination

Answer 3

moral treatment

Question 4

Today's psychologists assume that disordered behavior is influenced by

A) social circumstances.
B) inner psychological dynamics.
C) genetic predispositions and physiological states.
D) all of these factors.

Question 5

To facilitate diagnostic reliability,the DSM-5 typically bases diagnoses on

A) chemical analyses of blood and urine samples.
B) biopsychosocial factors.
C) detailed diagnostic criteria.
D) all of these factors.

Question 6

Mental health workers are most likely to consider socially unusual behavior as disordered if it is

A) consciously motivated.
B) difficult to change.
C) biologically influenced.
D) personally distressful.

Question 7

To call psychological disorders "sicknesses" is especially likely to encourage research supporting the

A) biopsychosocial approach.
B) maladaptive approach.
C) social-cognitive approach.
D) medical model.

Question 8

A psychotherapist is most likely to use the DSM-5 in order to ________ various psychological disorders.

A) cure
B) prevent
C) explain
D) identify

Question 9

Mental health workers would be likely to identify alcohol misuse as a psychological disorder because it is

A) personally dysfunctional.
B) socially unacceptable.
C) ethically unjustifiable.
D) unconsciously motivated.

Question 10

Many clinicians diagnose disorders by using the detailed diagnostic criteria in the

A) OCD.
B) DSM-5.
C) PTSD.
D) ADHD.

Question 11

Maria has had the symptoms of anorexia since her teens.In which country is Maria LEAST likely to live?

A) United States
B) Canada
C) England
D) Japan

Question 12

An intense fear of heights is not considered to be a psychological disorder unless it

A) can be reduced with prescription drugs.
B) is a classically conditioned response.
C) interferes with effective functioning.
D) results from a genetic predisposition.

Question 13

Successive editions of the ________ have provided guidelines for diagnosing psychological disorders.

A) OCD
B) DSM
C) ADHD
D) PTSD

Question 14

Ongoing patterns of behavior that interfere with normal day-to-day life are best characterized as

A) deviant.
B) antisocial.
C) dysfunctional.
D) epigenetic.

Question 15

Dr.Garcia emphasizes that psychological disorders result from the interactive influences of individual genes,mood-related perceptions,and cultural definitions of normality and disorder.The doctor's emphasis best illustrates

A) moral treatment.
B) a biopsychosocial approach.
C) the medical model.
D) the DSM-5.

Question 16

Research on _____ shows that our environment can affect whether a gene is expressed,thus impacting the development of psychological disorders.

A) cultural influences
B) the medical model
C) epigenetics
D) the stress of childbirth

Question 17

Mira claims that alcohol use disorder is a disease that,like pneumonia,can be cured or prevented with proper treatment.Her belief is most clearly consistent with

A) the biopsychosocial approach.
B) epigenetics.
C) the medical model.
D) the maladaptive approach.

Question 18

Personally distressing thoughts,feelings,and behaviors are considered to be symptoms of a psychological disorder if they are

A) unusual.
B) dysfunctional.
C) biologically influenced.
D) unusually motivated.

Question 19

In discovering that certain psychological disorders occur only in particular cultures,we are providing evidence for

A) epigenetics.
B) the medical model.
C) a biopsychosocial approach.
D) the DSM-5.

Question 20

Juan immigrated to the United States from a small village in Colombia,and the change has caused Juan to become extremely anxious and restless.Juan believes these symptoms are a result of someone from his old village using black magic against him.Juan is likely to say that he is suffering from

A) taijin-kyofusho.
B) susto.
C) anorexia nervosa.
D) amok.

Question 21

The diagnostic labels provided by the DSM-5 help mental health professionals to do all of the following EXCEPT

A) communicate the characteristics of their patients' symptoms.
B) predict who is susceptible to a psychological disorder.
C) communicate with other mental health care professionals using a standard label that other professionals understand.
D) help decide on appropriate treatment.

Question 22

ADHD is most clearly characterized by

A) delusions.
B) distractibility.
C) hallucinations.
D) violent behavior.

Question 23

Which of the following statements about people with psychological disorders is true?

A) Studies have found that those with severe psychological disorders are more likely to be violent toward others.
B) Studies have found that those with psychological disorders are more likely than those without a psychological disorder to be a victim of crime.
C) Focusing gun restrictions only on mentally ill people will likely reduce gun violence.
D) Those with psychological disorders are much more prone to random violent crime than others.

Question 24

There is controversy over whether energetic children who have difficulty sitting quietly for long hours in school too frequently receive a diagnosis of

A) DSM.
B) OCD.
C) PTSD.
D) ADHD.

Question 25

Marshall has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder.Because this disorder is included as a diagnosis in the DSM-5

A) Marshall's mother will know the real cause of his difficult behavior.
B) the therapist will be able to suggest appropriate treatment.
C) Marshall will be overmedicated.
D) Marshall's mother will be able to join support groups.

Question 26

After Anika learned that her history professor had suffered an anxiety disorder,she concluded that the professor's tendency to talk loudly was simply a way of disguising feelings of personal insecurity.This best illustrates the

A) value of epigenetics.
B) shortcomings of the medical model.
C) unreliability of the DSM-5.
D) biasing power of diagnostic labels.

Question 27

In the DSM-5,a condition formerly known as mental retardation is now labeled

A) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) intellectual disability.
D) schizophrenia.

Question 28

Which of the following is FALSE about ADHD?

A) Minority youth are somewhat less likely than Caucasian youth to receive the diagnosis.
B) ADHD is heritable.
C) More adults are given the diagnosis of ADHD than children.
D) Male children are the most likely to be labeled with the diagnosis.

Question 29

If individuals expect someone labeled as mentally ill to be hostile,they may act in unfriendly ways that provoke that person to respond with hostility.This illustrates that labels can

A) benefit from the medical model.
B) be created through epigenetics.
C) be self-fulfilling.
D) be maladaptive.

Question 30

The ability of mental health professionals to quickly communicate the characteristics of their patients' complex symptoms is most clearly facilitated by the use of

A) field studies.
B) diagnostic labels.
C) the medical model.
D) the biopsychosocial approach.

Question 31

Researchers have attributed the development of ADHD to

A) genetic influences.
B) a high-sugar diet.
C) low-quality schools.
D) antisocial personality disorder.

Question 32

Matt is restless and often jumps out of his seat or interferes with ongoing class activities in response to the sound of outside traffic.Matt most clearly exhibits symptoms of

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) antisocial personality disorder.
C) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
D) hoarding disorder.

Question 33

In a study by David Rosenhan,researchers were admitted as patients into various mental hospitals after they falsely claimed to be "hearing voices." This study best illustrated the negative effects of

A) the medical model.
B) field studies.
C) the biopsychosocial approach.
D) diagnostic labels.

Question 34

The U.S.National Institute of Mental Health has estimated that just over 1 in ________ adult Americans "suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year."

A) 10
B) 125
C) 4
D) 1000

Question 35

Field trials assessing clinician agreement when using the new DSM-5 categories indicate that diagnoses of adult posttraumatic stress disorder fared ________ and diagnoses of antisocial personality disorder fared ________.

A) well;well
B) poorly;poorly
C) well;poorly
D) poorly;well

Question 36

Some of the new diagnoses in the DSM-5 concern many physicians and mental health workers because

A) they disagree with the medical model.
B) the cost of revising the names of disorders is excessive.
C) they fear it will extend the pathologizing of everyday life.
D) people who have become accustomed to certain categories will be reluctant to learn new ones.

Question 37

The most likely people to be diagnosed with ADHD are

A) children.
B) adolescents.
C) young adults.
D) older adults.

Question 38

What is the most likely trigger for the few people with psychological disorders who do commit violent acts?

A) access to guns
B) the predisposition to violent behavior
C) substance abuse
D) all of these things

Question 39

After conducting 90-minute interviews of 60,463 people,the World Health Organization estimated the number of prior-year mental disorders in 20 countries.Which area had the lowest rate of diagnosed psychological disorders?

A) United States
B) Nigeria
C) Italy
D) China (Shanghai)

Question 40

Mental disorders ________ lead to violence and clinical prediction of violence is ________.

A) usually do;highly reliable
B) usually do;unreliable
C) usually do not;highly reliable
D) usually do not;unreliable

Question 41

After Charles Darwin began suffering panic disorder,he lived in relative seclusion and traveled only in his wife's company.His panic disorder was apparently accompanied by

A) depression.
B) agoraphobia.
C) free-floating anxiety.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 42

Sudden,intense,and short-lived anxiety is to ________ as ongoing,persistent,and global anxiety is to ________.

A) specific phobia;social anxiety disorder
B) generalized anxiety disorder;panic disorder
C) agoraphobia;specific phobia
D) panic disorder;generalized anxiety disorder

Question 43

Julie experiences an overwhelming fear of entering a crowded airplane or movie theater because she thinks she might become anxious and feel trapped.Julie most clearly suffers from

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 44

Compared with nonsmokers,smokers have at least a doubled risk of experiencing

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
C) panic attacks.
D) depression.

Question 45

Which of the following disorders is most often characterized by the avoidance of situations in which panic may strike?

A) posttraumatic stress disorder
B) free-floating anxiety
C) agoraphobia
D) specific phobia

Question 46

Generalized anxiety disorder is often accompanied by

A) obsessions.
B) depression.
C) panic attacks.
D) compulsions.

Question 47

Darlene is constantly nervous,tense,and apprehensive.She worries about her health,her job,her children,and her relatives.Her husband has tried to reassure her that everything is going well,but she can't seem to shake her pervasive anxiety.Darlene is probably experiencing

A) normal anxiety.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) panic disorder.

Question 48

Which of the following would be considered a symptom of an anxiety disorder?

A) Jonah worries that he may not be able to make his car payment this month.
B) Mariah is anxious about an upcoming graduate school interview.
C) Cindra unjustifiably worries uncontrollably,continually,and persistently about a variety of things.
D) Daniel has lost sleep over concerns about his mother,who recently suffered a stroke.

Question 49

A person who has agoraphobia is most likely to

A) avoid dust and dirt.
B) stay away from fire.
C) avoid household pets.
D) avoid being outside his or her home.

Question 50

The symptoms of ________ are likely to appear at an earlier age than the symptoms of ________.

A) antisocial personality;schizophrenia
B) major depressive disorder;bipolar disorder
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder;phobias
D) major depressive disorder;alcohol use disorder

Question 51

Panic attacks are most closely associated with

A) depression.
B) anxiety disorders.
C) traumatic brain injuries.
D) compulsions.

Question 52

In which of the following disorders is a person continually tense,apprehensive,and in a state of autonomic arousal?

A) generalized anxiety disorder
B) phobia
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder
D) survivor resiliency

Question 53

Episodes of intense dread that last for several minutes and are accompanied by shortness of breath,trembling,dizziness,or heart palpitations are most characteristic of

A) free-floating anxiety.
B) panic disorder.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 54

Which of the following psychological disorders was reported by the LEAST number of people in the United States in 2008?

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder
B) schizophrenia
C) posttraumatic stress disorder
D) generalized anxiety disorder

Question 55

Anxiety is considered disordered if it is

A) persistent and distressing.
B) not maladaptive.
C) genetically influenced.
D) a biopsychosocial phenomenon.

Question 56

An overwhelming fear of entering a crowded bus or elevator would be most characteristic of someone who suffers from

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) free-floating anxiety.
C) agoraphobia.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 57

Lou Ann has been diagnosed with a psychological disorder called agoraphobia.Lou Ann is afraid of

A) heights.
B) having a panic attack in a public place.
C) her home.
D) lightning.

Question 58

Because the anxiety can be attached to virtually any object or to none at all,generalized anxiety is sometimes referred to as

A) free-floating anxiety.
B) compulsive anxiety.
C) agoraphobia.
D) posttraumatic stress.

Question 59

Dana has experienced a number of unpredictable,short periods in which she suddenly feels terrified and thinks she is going to faint.Dana is most likely suffering from

A) social anxiety disorder.
B) depression.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) panic disorder.

Question 60

Indira,a third-grade teacher,frequently suffers from dizziness,heart palpitations,and fatigue.She is also continually agitated and unable to relax outside the classroom,but she cannot pinpoint a reason for her problems.Her behavior is most indicative of

A) social anxiety disorder.
B) a phobia.
C) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 61

The social withdrawal,jumpy anxiety,and numbness of feeling experienced by survivors of tornados,for example,best illustrates symptoms of

A) DID.
B) ADHD.
C) OCD.
D) PTSD.

Question 62

Before leaving her home,Margaret makes sure that every electrical appliance is unplugged and checks that every window and door is securely locked.She checks everything 17 times according to a strict ritual that she has worked out.If she misses one window,door,or appliance,she must begin all over again.If she tries to skip any step of the ritual,she experiences unbearable anxiety.Margaret is probably suffering from

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) specific phobia.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 63

Ron has recovered from a bullet wound that he suffered as an innocent bystander during a violent bank robbery.But he has begun to experience trouble sleeping,is easily startled,and feels increasingly detached from his family and friends.Ron is most clearly showing symptoms of

A) agoraphobia.
B) social anxiety disorder.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) survivor resiliency.

Question 64

Manuel is extremely shy and is so easily embarrassed when he is with other people that he often misses his college classes just to avoid social interactions.Manuel appears to suffer from

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) panic disorder.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) generalized anxiety disorder.

Question 65

Cancer survivors who develop a fresh delight in their children and savor the joy of each new day best illustrate

A) stimulus generalization.
B) epigenetics.
C) posttraumatic growth.
D) hypervigilance.

Question 66

A therapist claims that Luke's irrational fear of snakes results from repressed childhood feelings of hostility toward his own father.The therapist's interpretation reflects a ________ perspective.

A) biopsychosocial
B) psychoanalytic
C) biological
D) conditioning

Question 67

Obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by

A) a fear of being embarrassed in a public situation.
B) repetitive,intrusive,and unwanted thoughts and repetitive behaviors.
C) a persistent,irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object or situation.
D) unpredictable,minutes-long episodes of dread.

Question 68

While driving to work Pedro hears a radio advertisement for a new restaurant.Throughout the day,the tune associated with the advertisement keeps running through his head.Pedro's inability to stop thinking about the tune best illustrates the nature of

A) free-floating anxiety.
B) a phobia.
C) an obsession.
D) a compulsion.

Question 69

Chelsea worries constantly that her son will be infected with germs when someone touches him.She has developed elaborate handwashing rituals so that she won't infect him,and she will not allow others to hold,talk,or play with him unless she can supervise as they wash their hands with a "special" soap .Chelsea is suffering from

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) specific phobia.
C) posttraumatic stress disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 70

Phobias are most likely to be characterized by

A) a persistent,irrational fear of a specific object,activity,or situation.
B) offensive and unwanted thoughts that persistently preoccupy the person.
C) a continuous state of tension,apprehension,and autonomic nervous system arousal.
D) excessive and uncontrollable worry.

Question 71

Compulsions are best described as

A) persistent fears.
B) repetitive behaviors.
C) traumatic thoughts.
D) false beliefs.

Question 72

Repeated distressing dreams and intrusive memories of an intensely fearful and life-threatening experience are symptoms most commonly associated with

A) panic disorder.
B) agoraphobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) posttraumatic stress disorder.

Question 73

Although experiencing severely traumatic events may lead to PTSD,it is also likely to lead to

A) phobias.
B) stimulus generalization.
C) arachnophobia.
D) posttraumatic growth.

Question 74

The capacity to recover from traumatic stressful experiences best illustrates survivor

A) tolerance.
B) resiliency.
C) obsessions.
D) compulsions.

Question 75

Ravi brushes his teeth 18 times a day.Each time,he uses exactly 83 strokes up and 83 strokes down.After he eats,he must brush twice with two different brands of toothpaste.Ravi suffers from

A) obsessive-compulsive disorder.
B) a phobia.
C) generalized anxiety disorder.
D) social anxiety disorder.

Question 76

Malik has an irrational fear of dogs.He refuses to visit friends with dogs or watch television programs with dogs,and he takes a very specific route when running in order to avoid dogs.Malik suffers from

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) a specific phobia.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) agoraphobia.

Question 77

Jeremy experiences so much anxiety about taking the elevator that he climbs 10 flights of stairs to get to his office each workday.Jeremy appears to suffer from

A) posttraumatic stress disorder.
B) specific phobia.
C) social anxiety disorder.
D) obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 78

As infants become mobile and experience falls,they become increasingly afraid of heights.This best illustrates the impact of ________ on fear.

A) epigenetics
B) observational learning
C) conditioning
D) repression

Question 79

Dogs come to fear neutral stimuli associated with shock.This best illustrates

A) epigenetics.
B) posttraumatic growth.
C) survivor resiliency.
D) conditioning.

Question 80

Repeatedly checking to see if your stove is turned off is to ________ as repeatedly thinking you might try to set your own house on fire is to ________.

A) depression;panic
B) compulsion;obsession
C) panic;compulsion
D) obsession;compulsion