Deck 7: Work and Retirement

Question 1

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor (2005), women earn salaries that average _____ percent of those earned by men.

A) 57
B) 67
C) 80
D) 87

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Hartung suggests that Super's theory may be useful in which of the following applied settings? Vocational counselors in __________

A) high school.
B) college
C) human resources offices
D) all of the above

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which of the following early family characteristics is common among women who choose unconventional (i.e., traditionally masculine) occupations?

A) a particularly close mother-daughter relationship
B) a father who works in an unconventional occupation
C) a mother or father who was a role model
D) brothers who choose unconventional occupations

Answer 3

C

Question 4

How are a young person's first job choices affected by the occupations of his or her parents?

A) Virtually all young adults go into the same professions as their parents.
B) Most young adults choose jobs at the same social class level, with the same values, as their parents' jobs.
C) The majority of young adults rebel against their parents by choosing jobs in totally different fields.
D) There is no connection at all between parents' occupations and offspring occupations.

Question 5

How are a young person's first job choices affected by the occupations of his or her parents?

A) Virtually all young adults go into the same professions as their parents.
B) Most young adults choose jobs at the same social class level, with the same values, as their parents' jobs.
C) The majority of young adults rebel against their parents by choosing jobs in totally different fields.
D) There is no connection at all between parents' occupations and offspring occupations.

Question 6

What is one reason more women work part time than men do full time?

A) Younger people don't work as much as older people.
B) Men tend to move in and out of full-time jobs more than women.
C) There are more older women than older men.
D) a and b

Question 7

A major criticism of Holland's theory of occupational choice and personality is that _______.

A) occupation and personality type matches have not been found for African Americans
B) Holland's findings are based on limited research
C) the theory does not predict job achievement
D) the results from Asian-American populations do not match results from other populations

Question 8

Erica is a mechanical engineer: a traditionally male occupation. Which of the following family configurations is she most likely to have grown up with?

A) a father who was a doctor and a mother who was a housewife
B) a father who was a construction worker and a mother who was a housewife
C) a father who was a construction worker and a mother who was a salesclerk
D) a father who was a doctor and a mother who was a teacher

Question 9

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor (2005), women earn salaries that average _____ percent of those earned by men.

A) 57
B) 67
C) 80
D) 87

Question 10

Which of the following groups of men are likely to retire the LATEST?

A) those in poor health
B) those who are self-employed
C) those who belong to a pension program
D) those who are unmarried

Question 11

The percentage of women who worked full time in 2008 was_______.

A) 20 percent
B) 30 percent
C) 57 percent
D) 85 percent

Question 12

Which facet of job performance is handled differently by older amateur musicians when compared to the performance of younger managers?

A) Younger ones performed significantly better than older ones.
B) Older ones performed significantly better than younger ones.
C) no difference in performance
D) impossible to determine

Question 13

Critics of Holland's theory argue that those adults who find a job that matches their vocational interests _______.

A) will be more successful at their jobs
B) discover that the match does not predict achievement
C) discover that the match does not lead to greater job satisfaction
D) discover that the match does predict staying in a job long term

Question 14

A major criticism of Holland's theory of occupational choice and personality is that _______.

A) occupation and personality type matches have not been found for African Americans
B) Holland's findings are based on limited research
C) the theory does not predict job achievement
D) the results from Asian-American populations do not match results from other populations

Question 15

On which of Holland's personality dimensions is a minister likely to score the highest?

A) realistic
B) conventional
C) enterprising
D) social

Question 16

Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?

A) Work continuously.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.
C) Begin work after all children are in school and then work continuously.
D) Begin childbearing after a career is established, then pause for children, and then return to a career.

Question 17

Which of the following types of occupational choices are we most likely to see by the son of a doctor?

A) carpenter or other building trade
B) business executive
C) doctor or other professional
D) anything but a doctor

Question 18

Which statement would NOT represent occupational gender segregation?

A) "You are so good with children; you would make a great teacher."
B) "It would be very hard to combine a career as a doctor with motherhood."
C) "Women are forbidden to engage in certain combat roles in the armed forces."
D) "Your family's health insurance will be covered by your husband's policy."

Question 19

Mario has just retired. What can he expect to happen to his health as a result of his retirement?

A) The stress of retirement is likely to make his health worse.
B) The pleasure from more leisure time is likely to make his health better.
C) If he stays in the same place after he retires his health will likely remain about the same; if he moves, his health will likely deteriorate.
D) His health is likely to remain essentially the same.

Question 20

In parent families in which both husband and wife work outside the home, who is most likely to be responsible for childcare?

A) the husband and wife equally
B) the husband
C) the wife
D) the wife and teenage children

Question 21

What is the relationship found in existing research between age and the quality of job performance for most jobs?

A) Job performance improves steadily with age.
B) Job performance declines steadily with age.
C) Job performance peaks at about age 45.
D) Job performance remains constant across age.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT among the 6 personality types studied by Holland in his research on personality and occupational choices?

A) intuitive
B) enterprising
C) investigative
D) realistic

Question 23

Which factor(s) contribute to the finding of stable job performance across age groups?

A) crystallized abilities
B) practiced ability
C) stable job demands
D) all of the above

Question 24

Scores from male identical twins regarding occupational choices were more highly correlated then occupational choices from fraternal twins. This finding supports a(n) _____ influence on career choice

A) genetic
B) environmental
C) biological
D) both a and c

Question 25

There are numerous studies comparing the effects on children of mothers who work. What finding(s) was/were noted consistently?

A) children have more egalitarian attitudes
B) daughters consider more options when choosing careers
C) sons are more apt to share in the household work when they marry
D) All of the above have been noted

Question 26

Which pattern of work and non-work is associated with greatest work success or highest income among women?

A) Work continuously.
B) Work continuously except when children are infants.
C) Begin work after all children are in school and then work continuously.
D) Begin childbearing after a career is established, then pause for children, and then return to a career.

Question 27

In which of the following occupations is age most likely to be negatively correlated with job performance?

A) bookkeeper
B) air traffic controller
C) assembly line worker
D) high school English teacher

Question 28

Like other social ills, poverty in old age is not equally distributed across ethnic groups or gender. Of the following older individuals, who is more apt to live his/her Golden Years in poverty?

A) Robert T., a 75-year old white retired musician
B) Carmen R., a 68 year old Cuban-American mullato hairdresser living with partner
C) Kaloni S., a 70 year old African-American woman who lives alone
D) Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kaufman, both 78 years old Mennonites, retired business owners

Question 29

Which facet of job performance is handled differently by older amateur musicians when compared to the performance of younger managers?

A) Younger ones performed significantly better than older ones.
B) Older ones performed significantly better than younger ones.
C) no difference in performance
D) impossible to determine

Question 30

When it comes to household labor, research suggested that. . .

A) Women did more household labor than men (with the smallest difference being in child care), as predicted by the gender-division model.
B) The more money men made, the more time their wives spent in cooking and cleaning, as predicted by the relative resource model.
C) The more hours a person worked, the less time they spent in cooking and cleaning and the more time their partner spent in cooking and cleaning, as predicted by the time-availability model.
D) All of the above findings were noted

Question 31

One individual devotes more effort to his job, is absent from work very infrequently, and volunteers more often for on-the-job training. Who is it most likely to be?

A) Jose, age 35, married father of 2
B) Amy, age 35, single
C) Loida, age 40, married mother of 2
D) It is impossible to tell.

Question 32

We tend to think of ___ as "retirement age" because that is the age at which people in the United States are able to start receiving full Social Security benefits. However, many people retire earlier, and many keep working past that age.

A) 57
B) 66
C) 70
D) 75

Question 33

Men and women work the same number of hours a week, but which spend more time on paid work and which spend more time on unpaid household work?

A) men-women
B) women-men
C) no difference
D) depends on which part of the country you are studying

Question 34

For what type of jobs, if any, does job performance decline past midlife?

A) those requiring speed
B) those requiring concentration
C) those requiring analytic skills
D) none

Question 35

Which of the following best describes the relationship between job satisfaction and age?

A) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for men but not for women.
B) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for women but not for men.
C) Job satisfaction rises steadily with age for both men and women.
D) Job satisfaction declines somewhat with age for both men and women.

Question 36

In parent families in which both husband and wife work outside the home, who is most likely to be responsible for childcare?

A) the husband and wife equally
B) the husband
C) the wife
D) the wife and teenage children

Question 37

Men are _____ likely to be employed if they were fathers than if they had no children, and men who had children worked _____ hours the more children they had.

A) less; more
B) less; less
C) more; more
D) more; less

Question 38

Which of the following groups of people are likely to retire the LATEST?

A) those in poor health
B) those who are self-employed
C) those who belong to a pension program
D) those who are unmarried

Question 39

Mario has just retired. What can he expect to happen to his health as a result of his retirement?

A) The stress of retirement is likely to make his health worse.
B) The pleasure from more leisure time is likely to make his health better.
C) If he stays in the same place after he retires his health will likely remain about the same; if he moves, his health will likely deteriorate.
D) His health is likely to remain essentially the same.

Question 40

According to the American Time Use Survey conducted by the Bureau of Labor Statistics (Krantz-Kent, 2009), American adults spend about ___ hour a week doing paid and unpaid labor, and this is true for both men and women.

A) 8
B) 18
C) 28
D) 48

Question 41

Your father is nearing retirement and seems to be dreading it. His coworkers have told him that he will hate being retired. What can you tell him to reassure him, based on the evidence given in this chapter?

Question 42

Marjorie and Cyril, who are retired, decided they had had enough of Midwest winters and have just moved to Florida. Given what you know about domestic migrations and the patterns of moves of retired adults in the U.S., how old would you guess Marjorie and Cyril are?

A) 45 years old
B) 47 years old
C) 59 years old
D) 65 years old

Question 43

The strongest predictor of the timing of retirement is _______.

A) caregiving responsibilities
B) age
C) health
D) financial factors

Question 44

Compare and contrast the effects of divorce and the effect of job loss on adult functioning.

Question 45

One nontraditional exit from the labor force is to retire and take a bridge job. Of the following selections, choose the one most suited as a bridge job.

A) Martha, a retired journalist, volunteers at a local hospital
B)Duane, a retired plumber, then began a new career starting a landscape business
C) Jorge, a retired county sheriff, took a part-time security guard position at a local Walmart
D) Bertha, retired from Harley Davidson, so she could spend more time gardening

Question 46

Briefly describe three factors that influence a young person's choice of a career or job.

Question 47

In individual decisions about when to retire, the availability of pension benefits and health often exert opposite influences. Explain this.

Question 48

Wanda and Ian are retired people, who enjoy the warm winters of the south and southwest but don't want to make a complete break from home; so, for the last ten years they have made seasonal migrations from Trenton, NJ to Fort Meyers, FL. Many natives of the Sunbelt affectionately term retires like Wanda and Ian as _____________.

A) Ma and Pa Kettle
B) Knick-knacks
C) Snowbirds
D) Conchs

Question 49

Compared to 20 years ago, the elderly in the United States are economically _______.

A) better off today
B) about the same
C) somewhat worse off today
D) considerably worse off today

Question 50

Analyze the following statement: "The apparent increase in job satisfaction with age, evident in cross-sectional studies, is really only a cohort difference in disguise." Can you support or refute this statement? What relevant data can you muster?

Question 51

Women are _____ times as likely as men to have no retirement income except social security.

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 52

Holland proposed six basic personality types with corresponding work environments. Briefly list these personality types and include examples of corresponding occupational types.

Question 53

Which group of older adults has the highest rate of poverty in the United States?

A) white men
B) white women
C) African-American men
D) African-American women

Question 54

Your text advises three strategies for coping with conflict and strain; list and describe these suggestions.

Question 55

What single change in the last several decades has had the largest positive effect on the average income of current elderly persons in the United States?

A) More women have worked, and so earn retirement income.
B) Men are living longer, so there are more couples earning the higher male retirement incomes.
C) Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs) were created.
D) Social Security benefits have significantly increased.

Question 56

Why would work satisfaction rise with age? Make sure to include relevant research.

Question 57

Current research suggests that in two-job families, women continue to be responsible for and perform most of the housework and childcare jobs. Why do you think that is the case? Give as many possible explanations as you can, drawing on both theory and research where possible.

Question 58

List and describe the key features that influence retirement decisions.

Question 59

For the average American retiring today, the largest single source of retirement income is from _______.

A) pension benefits through a job
B) private savings
C) Social Security
D) Supplemental Security Income

Question 60

When Esther and Harold retired 10 years ago, they moved down to Arizona, away from their children. In Longino's labeling system, their current move would be called a(an) _______.

A) amenity move
B) compensatory migration
C) institutional migration
D) post-retirement migration

Question 61

Using a fictitious or real-life example, fully explore Super's life-span/life-space theory of career development, explaining your individual's progress through each stage in comparison to the theoretical model.

Question 62

Use Holland's theory relating to career selection and explore a single career choice by a man or a woman in terms of vocational interest, gender issues, genetics, and family influence. Use a real or fictitious example in your answer.

Question 63

How has your vocational interests changed over time [e.g., from earliest memories and through different age spans), and do you anticipate any changes in the future? Please provide details.

Question 64

Our jobs occupy a hefty portion of our time, our thoughts, and our emotions. They determine in large part where we live, how well we live, and with whom we spend time-even after working hours. On another level, our jobs provide a good deal of our identity and self-esteem. If you could change one aspect of work in America, what would it be and provide a rationale for your choice.