Deck 18: Gender and Sexual Orientation-Roles and Identity

Question 1

The two traditions in Muslim societies that developed to enable women to fulfill their responsibility to be modest are veiling (or covering) and __________.

A) circumcision
B) fasting
C) polygamy
D) prayer five times a day
E) seclusion

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Goddesses known as __________ are among the most loved deities in Tibet.

A) Jade Mothers
B) shaktis
C) taras
D) yangs
E) yins

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The __________ tradition illustrates the Hindu heritage of male dominance.

A) bridal dowries
B) female genital mutilation
C) male infanticide
D) preference for female children
E) sati

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The berdache, a role found in many indigenous religions, is an example of __________ same-sex relations.

A) transgenerational
B) transgenderal
C) egalitarian
D) casual
E) class-distinguished

Question 5

The Book of Ruth is an example of narratives within the Jewish Torah that show women to be __________.

A) goddesses in disguise
B) more spiritual than men
C) powerful and wise
D) too emotional to be effective leaders
E) warriors

Question 6

The hijra in contemporary India is a __________.

A) goddess who legitimates same-sex relations through her behaviors
B) lesbian who disguises her sexual orientation
C) man who dresses and lives as a woman
D) man who has completed his duties as a husband and ends his life in a homosexual relationship
E) a priest who fulfills the role of a goddess in a sacred drama

Question 7

According to early __________ texts, females are inferior by nature because they are "dark as the moon, changeable as water, jealous, narrow-minded, and insinuating."

A) Buddhist
B) Confucian
C) Hindu
D) Islamic
E) Native American

Question 8

At the center of Japanese mythology is the Sun Goddess __________, ancestress of the imperial family.

A) Adi Shakti
B) Amaterasu
C) Kali
D) Kannon
E) Tara

Question 9

In __________ tradition, same-sex relations have traditionally been accepted as long as the partners are committed to one another.

A) Confucian
B) Hindu
C) Jewish
D) Shinto
E) Theravada Buddhist

Question 10

The primal mother in Hindu mythology is __________.

A) Adi Shakti
B) Amaterasu
C) Brahma
D) Shiva
E) Vishnu

Question 11

Tales associated with the goddess __________ illustrate suspicion of female passion.

A) Adi Shakti
B) Amaterasu
C) Brahma
D) Kali
E) Kannon

Question 12

Kannon and other Mahayana Buddhist "deities" embody the __________ at the heart of Buddhist teaching.

A) attachment to deities
B) compassion
C) inconsistency
D) preference for the feminine
E) sexuality

Question 13

According to traditional Daoist teaching, a male-male sexual relationship is principally viewed as a __________.

A) dangerous double yang energy
B) dangerous double yin energy
C) harmonious double yang energy
D) harmonious double yin energy
E) threat to social solidarity

Question 14

The __________ branch of modern Judaism does not allow women to serve as rabbis.

A) Conservative
B) Orthodox
C) Reconstructionist
D) Reform
E) None of the above

Question 15

Following Aristotle, the leading medieval Christian theologian Thomas Aquinas described female nature as essentially __________.

A) defective
B) empty
C) equal to male nature
D) maternal
E) superior to male nature

Question 16

__________ first wrote "in Christ there is neither male nor female."

A) the Apostle Paul
B) A Christian feminist theologian
C) Jesus
D) Mary, mother of Jesus
E) Thomas Aquinas

Question 17

As used by scholars in describing the world's religions, patriarchy refers to __________.

A) balancing the masculine and feminine when speaking about the sacred
B) the founding fathers of a religion
C) the tendency toward male domination
D) transgenerational homosexual relations
E) using feminine imagery for one's country

Question 18

The three aspects of the Goddess in Wicca include the maiden, the mother, and the __________.

A) crone
B) daughter
C) demon
D) soulmate
E) witch

Question 19

The statement that "torture is not culture" was made in reference to ritual common in African and Asian cultures known to its opponents as __________.

A) abortion for sex selection
B) dowry death
C) female genital mutilation
D) female infanticide
E) sati

Question 20

__________ said that, in conducting themselves with women, monks are to act "as not seeing them"?

A) The Buddha
B) The Dalai Lama
C) Jesus
D) Mahatma Gandhi
E) Pope John Paul II

Question 21

The __________ branch of Islam has the most tolerant attitude toward homosexuality.

A) Al-Qaeda
B) Shia
C) Sunni
D) Sufi
E) none of the above

Question 22

The Roman Catholic attitude toward homosexuality is __________.

A) Rejecting and punitive
B) Rejecting and non-punitive
C) qualified acceptance
D) full acceptance
E) none of the above

Question 23

Compare and contrast the teachings on the role of women in three of the following religions: Lakota tradition, Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Shinto, Mahayana, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Wicca, and the Baha'i Faith.

Question 24

A Christian denomination that is dominated by persons of same-sex orientation is the __________.

A) Metropolitan Community Church
B) Moravian Church
C) Roman Catholic Church
D) Society of Friends (Quakers)
E) Southern Baptist Church

Question 25

Many indigenous religions use feminine imagery alongside masculine imagery for the sacred (e.g., White Buffalo Calf Woman, Mother Earth). Describe this use of feminine imagery in at least one religion and discuss what difference this God-imagery makes to the religious imagination of the people. Does the "feminine sacred" reality affect the status of women in that indigenous culture? How so or how not?

Question 26

The __________ branch of Judaism takes the position that violation of the commandment prohibiting same-sex relations should be excused because homosexuals are "constrained" by their condition?

A) Orthodox
B) Conservative
C) Messianic
D) Reform
E) Reconstructionist

Question 27

Do religions help clarify or confuse serious reflection on the morality of homosexuality? Give examples and other evidence to support your views.

Question 28

Compare and contrast the Muslim, Christian, and Jewish views of homosexuality. Which do you think makes the most sense? Why so?

Question 29

The Holiness Code that includes the law that when a man lies with a man, as with a woman, it is an "abomination" is a text of __________.

A) Hinduism
B) Judaism
C) Mahayana Buddhism
D) Shinto
E) Theravada Buddhism

Question 30

Compare and contrast the role of the feminine in images of the sacred in three of the following religions: Lakota tradition, Hinduism, Theravada Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Shinto, Mahayana, Buddhism, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism, Wicca, and the Baha'i Faith.

Question 31

Are the religions of the world fundamentally patriarchal, teaching the subordination of women to men? Give examples and other evidence to support your views.

Question 32

Describe the Native American berdache role and the significance of the transgenderal same-sex relations associated with it.

Question 33

Conservative Protestant Churches have based their condemnation of homosexuality almost exclusively on __________.

A) the Bible
B) the consensus of their members
C) fear of the unknown
D) the laws of nature
E) revelations received by ministers like Jerry Falwell and Billy Graham

Question 34

Describe the four types of same-sex relations have been found in all major culture areas (transgenerational, transgenderal, egalitarian, and class-distinguished), and discuss the significance of these findings.

Question 35

Explain and evaluate the following: Traditions of "seclusion" and "veiling" are rooted in the Qur'an and manifest a commitment to fundamental Islamic values. However, Muslim reformers have pointed to abuse of these traditions, leading to treatment of women that runs counter to Islamic teaching about gender.

Question 36

Defend or refute the following contention: Regardless of whether it is a "religious" practice or not, "female genital mutilation" (clitoridectomy) ought to be outlawed as a heinous abuse of the rights of girls/women.