Deck 50: Mood Disorders

Question 1

Professor Davis suggests that genetic predispositions to normal bouts of depression contribute to survival and reproductive success by reducing the intensity of hostile urges and discouraging highly risky behaviors.The Professor's suggestion best illustrates the ________ perspective.

A) epigenetic
B) conditioning
C) social-cognitive
D) biological

Answer 1

D

Question 2

According to the DSM-5,one of the five major symptoms of major depressive disorder is

A) problems thinking,concentrating,and making decisions.
B) frequent or unexpected panic attacks.
C) high levels of energy.
D) ability to complete routine tasks involved in daily living easily.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Every October,as the leaves begin to fall,Jasmine suddenly begins to feel hopeless,sad,and lethargic.These feelings last until March,when flowers start to bloom and trees take on the glorious green of spring.Jasmine is most likely suffering from

A) learned helplessness.
B) a negative explanatory style.
C) a seasonal pattern of symptoms.
D) dysthymia.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Changes in the DSM-5 will likely reduce the number of children and adolescents diagnosed with

A) mania.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 5

Mania is most likely to be characterized by feelings of

A) guilt.
B) fear.
C) elation.
D) indifference.

Question 6

Major depressive disorder is said to occur when signs of depression last at least

A) one week.
B) two weeks.
C) two months.
D) four months.

Question 7

According to the World Health Organization,which of the following is the top cause of disability in the world today?

A) depression
B) anxiety
C) panic attacks
D) mania

Question 8

Bipolar disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A) a low grade but persistent depression.
B) flashbacks of a past trauma.
C) a single manic episode with no history of depression.
D) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.

Question 9

Norby,an 18-year-old first-year university student,has missed almost all his classes during the past month.He spends most of his time in his bedroom,frequently not even bothering to get dressed or eat meals.He thinks his whole life has been a failure and blames himself for being a social misfit.Norby is most likely suffering from

A) major depressive disorder.
B) mania.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) persistent depressive disorder.

Question 10

Feelings of worthlessness are most likely to be associated with

A) mania.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) panic disorder.
D) phobias.

Question 11

When experiencing mild sadness,people process and recall faces ________ accurately,and they pay ________ attention to details.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 12

Steven has experienced a mildly depressed mood more often than not for the past two years.In order for him to be diagnosed with dysthymia he must also display a minimum of two additional symptoms.Which of the following is NOT one of those?

A) difficulty with decision making and concentration
B) feeling hopeless
C) poor self-esteem
D) increased energy levels

Question 13

Over the last three months,Regina's feelings of despondency have intensified for no apparent reason.Although her friends have tried to be encouraging and supportive,Regina says that she feels worthless and completely detached from people,and she has even thought about killing herself.Regina's symptoms would suggest that she is probably suffering from

A) mania.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 14

Sanja suffers from major depressive disorder.She is most likely to feel some relief during

A) the winter.
B) the fall.
C) December.
D) the spring.

Question 15

Compared with those whose occupations require precision and logic,those whose occupations rely on emotional expression and vivid imagery are more likely to experience

A) learned helplessness.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 16

After several weeks of feeling apathetic and dissatisfied with his life,Mark has suddenly become extremely cheerful and so talkative he can't be interrupted.He seems to need less sleep and becomes irritated when his friends tell him to slow down.Mark's behavior is indicative of

A) major depressive disorder.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 17

People with ________ experience a mildly depressed mood more often than not for at least two years.

A) mania
B) persistent depressive disorder
C) major depressive disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 18

Jamal has worked as a grocery store clerk for the last 10 years but hates his job.While he performs his job adequately,his self-esteem is low and he feels trapped.Overall Jamal does not enjoy life and has been this way for years.Jamal's symptoms indicate

A) mania.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 19

The DSM-5 identifies significant challenges regulating sleep,appetite,and weight as symptoms associated with

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) manic-depressive disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 20

Mania is most likely to be experienced by those suffering

A) major depressive disorder.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) learned helplessness.
D) persistent depressive disorder.

Question 21

Which of the following disorders typically occurs in periodic episodes that eventually terminate by themselves even without professional help?

A) bipolar disorder
B) linkage analysis
C) major depressive disorder
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder

Question 22

Which of the following disorders often accompanies depression?

A) anxiety
B) substance use
C) both anxiety and substance use
D) neither anxiety nor substance use

Question 23

Which of the following perspectives highlights how people's negative assumptions and explanatory style are related to depression?

A) social-cognitive perspective
B) behavioral perspective
C) biological perspective
D) conditioning perspective

Question 24

To identify genes that put people at risk for depression,researchers have used

A) fMRI scans.
B) linkage analysis.
C) PET scans.
D) the DSM-5.

Question 25

Research suggests that women are more vulnerable to depression than men because women tend to overthink,to linger mentally on negative events.This suggestion best illustrates a ________ perspective.

A) conditioning
B) biological
C) linkage analysis
D) social-cognitive

Question 26

Stressful life events such as the loss of a job are most likely to increase one's risk of

A) bipolar disorder.
B) depression.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) linkage analysis.

Question 27

A response to the threat of future loss is to ________ as a response to past and current stress is to ________.

A) learned helplessness;a negative explanatory style
B) anxiety;depression
C) behavior;cognition
D) conditioning;biology

Question 28

Diet,drugs,and stress can place molecular tags on our chromosomes and thereby play a decisive role in whether we suffer an increased risk of depression.This best illustrates the impact of

A) rumination.
B) learned helplessness.
C) epigenetic effects.
D) a negative explanatory style.

Question 29

Bret has bipolar disorder.He is likely to experience which of the following altered brain structures?

A) decreased white matter and enlarged fluid-filled ventricles
B) increased activity in the left frontal lobe
C) decreased activity in the amygdala
D) increased activity in the anterior cingulate cortex and decreased gray matter

Question 30

Jeremy has responded to the stress of his parents' divorce with excessive alcohol consumption and withdrawal from friends,family,and other sources of social support.These behaviors are most likely to place Jeremy at a heightened level of risk for

A) bipolar disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) mania.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 31

During which two periods during the life span are females at an increased risk for developing depression?

A) preadolescence and early adulthood
B) adolescence and menopause
C) early adulthood and pregnancy
D) late adulthood and pregnancy

Question 32

Severely depressed individuals are especially likely to show reduced brain activity in the

A) right frontal lobe.
B) left frontal lobe.
C) white matter.
D) ventricles.

Question 33

As compared with her husband,Jim,Jane is at an increased risk for developing a disorder that involves internalized states.Which of the following is NOT one of those disorders?

A) depression
B) alcohol use disorder
C) anxiety
D) inhibited sexual desire

Question 34

People who eat a "Mediterranean Diet" that is heavy on vegetables,fish,and olive oil have a comparatively low risk of developing

A) depression.
B) mania.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 35

Compared with men,women are much more likely to be diagnosed as suffering from

A) mania.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) depression.

Question 36

The incidence of major depressive disorder is greatest among those

A) raised together with a nontwin sibling who suffers the disorder.
B) raised apart from a fraternal twin who suffers the disorder.
C) raised together with a fraternal twin who suffers the disorder.
D) raised apart from an identical twin who suffers the disorder.

Question 37

Thirteen-year-old Jason has mood swings in which he alternates between depression and uncontrollable behavior,often interrupting class and acting aggressively toward his classmates.According to the DSM-5,Jason would be diagnosed with

A) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) persistent mood disorder.
D) mania.

Question 38

In terms of neurotransmitter levels,depression is associated with

A) high norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels.
B) low norepinephrine levels and high serotonin levels.
C) high norepinephrine levels and high serotonin levels.
D) low norepinephrine levels and low serotonin levels.

Question 39

Recovery from a major depressive episode is likely to be permanent the ________ the first episodes appear and the ________ the number of previous episodes.

A) earlier;fewer
B) earlier;greater
C) later;fewer
D) later;greater

Question 40

After reaching puberty,girls become more vulnerable to developing all of the following except

A) eating disorders.
B) anxiety.
C) self-injury.
D) depression.

Question 41

Ruby and Myron have ended their relationship,and Ruby blames herself for the break-up because she views herself as unlikeable and unattractive.She sees herself as lacking in the type of personality and intelligence to keep a boyfriend for a long-term relationship.Ruby tells her friends that her life is ruined and she should just leave the university and go home.Ruby's attributions for the break-up illustrate

A) a pessimistic explanatory style.
B) an optimistic explanatory style.
C) learned helplessness.
D) linkage analysis.

Question 42

Self-blaming attributions are most likely to be associated with

A) mania.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
D) depression.

Question 43

Inanna suffers from chronic depression.According to the social-cognitive perspective,how is she most likely to respond when told that she performed very poorly on a test she took the previous day?

A) "I'm academically incompetent and always will be."
B) "Yesterday was just my unlucky day."
C) "I suspect that none of the students in my class did well on that test."
D) "Hardly any of the professors are effective teachers."

Question 44

About two-thirds of suicide fatalities in the United States occur by means of

A) guns.
B) ropes.
C) drug overdoses.
D) knives or other sharp objects.

Question 45

When Teresa feels depressed,guilty,and self-critical she finds a razor and secretly cuts herself.Teresa is demonstrating

A) bipolar disorder.
B) rumination.
C) nonsuicidal self-injury.
D) mania.

Question 46

The vicious cycle of depression is often initiated by

A) unrealistic optimism.
B) excessive levels of norepinephrine.
C) stressful life experiences.
D) external attributions of blame.

Question 47

Women are ________ likely than men to attempt suicide.Men are ________ likely than women to actually end their lives.

A) more;more
B) less;less
C) more;less
D) less;more

Question 48

Suicide rates are ________ among the rich than the poor,and they are ________ among young men than old men.

A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

Question 49

Suicide rates ________ with unemployment during economic recessions.Compared with the general population,those who have been depressed have a ________ risk of suicide.

A) increase;lower
B) decrease;higher
C) increase;higher
D) decrease;lower

Question 50

Learned helplessness is most closely associated with the development of

A) depression.
B) mania.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 51

During an argument,Adele told her sister that she hated her.Even after her sister told her that she did not take it seriously and to forget about it,Adele continued to worry about it,which interfered with her job and family responsibilities.Adele's worry illustrates

A) rumination.
B) learned helplessness.
C) linkage analysis.
D) explanatory style.

Question 52

Compared with those who suffer no disorder,those with alcohol use disorder have a ________ risk of committing suicide.Compared with the general population,those who have been depressed have a ________ risk of committing suicide.

A) higher;higher
B) lower;lower
C) higher;lower
D) lower;higher

Question 53

A therapist believes that Chet is chronically depressed because he takes too little credit for his many achievements and assumes too much responsibility for his few failures.The therapist's interpretation reflects a ________ perspective.

A) conditioning
B) social-cognitive
C) epigenetic
D) biological

Question 54

Compulsive fretting and overthinking about problems and their causes are characteristic of

A) rumination.
B) learned helplessness.
C) linkage analysis.
D) explanatory style.

Question 55

One way for people to break the vicious cycle of depression would be to

A) accept more personal responsibility for their own bad moods.
B) spend more time in quiet rest,seclusion,and personal meditation.
C) frequently talk to their friends about their negative thoughts and depressive feelings.
D) participate more often in activities they consider pleasant and rewarding.

Question 56

When Tory's boyfriend tells her that he is going to Las Vegas with his friends for a week,she immediately begins to think about her ex-husband's affair in Las Vegas.She also recalled all the times her ex-husband deceived her,and so she became depressed and angry about her boyfriend's trip to Las Vegas.Tory's recollections illustrate

A) state-dependent memory.
B) rumination.
C) a pessimistic explanatory style.
D) learned helplessness.

Question 57

Such behaviors as cutting one's skin,hitting oneself,or pulling one's hair out are examples of

A) mania.
B) nonsuicidal self-injury.
C) rumination.
D) linkage analysis.

Question 58

Stephanie is caught in the middle of the cycle of depression.When she experiences stressful events,she tends to engage in ________,as well as a pessimistic explanatory style,which then leads to feelings of hopelessness and depression.This then influences how she thinks and feels and fuels additional stressful experiences.

A) rumination
B) linkage analysis
C) a negative explanatory style
D) positive cognition

Question 59

Internal,stable,and global explanations for one's own failures are indicative of

A) linkage analysis.
B) rumination.
C) pessimism.
D) mania.

Question 60

Failures are most likely to lead to depression if they are explained in terms that are

A) internal,temporary,and specific.
B) external,temporary,and global.
C) internal,stable,and global.
D) external,stable,and specific.

Question 61

After Brian loses his third job in a year,his wife tells him that she wants a divorce.Brian becomes deeply discouraged,demonstrates a loss of self-esteem,and has no energy to find a job or leave his house.He sleeps several hours a day and eats very little.Brian is suffering from

A) mania.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.

Question 62

Elaine feels that her life is empty,has lost all interest in her career and hobbies,and wonders if she would be better off dead.She is most likely suffering from

A) bipolar disorder.
B) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) mania.

Question 63

Which of the following has been shown to be a risk factor for future suicide attempts?

A) a seasonal pattern of major depressive disorder
B) mania
C) sexual inhibitions
D) nonsuicidal self-injury

Question 64

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain stressful events in terms that are

A) stable and specific.
B) temporary and global.
C) specific and temporary.
D) global and stable.

Question 65

Which of the following is true of bipolar disorder?

A) More men than women are diagnosed with the disorder.
B) More women than men are diagnosed with the disorder.
C) Men and women have the disorder equally.
D) Men are diagnosed with the disorder more than women,but only in middle adulthood.

Question 66

Angie is suffering from major depressive disorder.Compared with people who are not depressed,Angie may experience which one of the following symptoms?

A) a heightened ability to think,concentrate,and make decisions
B) manic episodes,characterized by euphoria,high energy,and grandiose ideas
C) a tendency to have frequent or unexpected panic attacks
D) repetitive thinking of death or suicide

Question 67

John has been having difficulties getting out of bed,is not interested in going out with friends or even answering the phone.He has let a number of bills go unpaid,he is sleeping 12 to 14 hours a day,and he cannot concentrate at work.He has called in sick to work at least once each week.John is most likely suffering from

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) learned helplessness.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 68

Malik was severely depressed for two weeks,but then became very agitated,going on wild spending sprees and driving recklessly around town.He was arrested for running into a bar with no clothes while laughing and yelling very loudly.Malik's behavior illustrates

A) persistent depressive disorder.
B) learned helplessness.
C) major depressive disorder.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 69

Mr.Hoffman has always been cautious with his money,but over the past two weeks he has developed grandiose plans to bet his entire life savings on a single horse race.With unrestrained exuberance he has also been giving everybody he sees unsolicited advice on how to make millions in the stock market.Mr.Hoffman's behavior is most indicative of

A) disruptive mood dysregulation disorder.
B) persistent depressive disorder.
C) mania.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 70

An overabundance of the neurotransmitter norepinephrine is most likely to be associated with

A) a manic episode.
B) major depression.
C) persistent depressive disorder.
D) rumination.

Question 71

Amanda's therapist suggests that her depression results from mistakenly blaming herself rather than a slumping economy for her recent job loss.Her therapist's suggestion best illustrates

A) learned helplessness.
B) linkage analysis.
C) the learning perspective.
D) the social-cognitive perspective.

Question 72

Those who engage in ________ are most likely to experience bullying and harassment,have difficulty tolerating emotional distress,and have poor communication and problem-solving skills.

A) depressive behavior
B) mania
C) nonsuicidal self-injury
D) rumination

Question 73

Distress most of the time over a two-week period because of fatigue or loss of energy is most likely associated with

A) mania.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) dipolar disorder.
D) persistent depressive disorder.

Question 74

Chronic,low-grade depressed feelings are to ________ disorder as extreme,recurring mood swings are to ________ disorder.

A) major depressive;persistent depressive
B) persistent depressive;bipolar
C) major depressive;bipolar
D) bipolar;major depressive

Question 75

Relieving guilt through self-punishment is one of the motives for

A) bipolar disorder.
B) rumination.
C) nonsuicidal self-injury.
D) mania.

Question 76

A major depressive disorder is most likely to be characterized by

A) a seasonal pattern of symptoms.
B) alternations between extreme hopelessness and unrealistic optimism.
C) a persistent irrational fear of other people.
D) feelings of personal worthlessness.

Question 77

The brain of a person who suffers from depression tends to have low levels of

A) glutamate.
B) GABA.
C) electrical activity.
D) serotonin.

Question 78

For the last month,Gabrielle has felt lethargic and has been unable to get out of bed in the morning.She has withdrawn from friends and family because she feels worthless and unlovable.Gabrielle is most likely suffering from

A) generalized anxiety disorder.
B) major depressive disorder.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) dysthmia.

Question 79

In people with major depressive disorder,interest in activities is ________ and agitation may be ________.

A) reduced;reduced
B) increased;increased
C) reduced;increased
D) increased;reduced

Question 80

Although questions remain concerning the cause(s)of depression,we do know that

A) most major depressive episodes do not self-terminate.
B) women are nearly twice as likely as men to suffer from major depressive disorder.
C) the rate of major depressive disorder is decreasing.
D) major depressive episodes are never preceded by stressful events.