Deck 20: Drugs and Consciousness

Question 1

After Betty noticed that her best girlfriend often received praise from adults for good manners like saying "thank you," Betty began doing the same with the expectation of receiving praise from adults.This best illustrates

A) respondent behavior.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An action that influences the environment and is maintained by its consequences is called

A) an unconditioned response.
B) an operant behavior.
C) a conditioned response.
D) a respondent behavior.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Learning that certain events occur together is called

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) observational learning.
D) associative learning.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays,people spot more errors.This best illustrates the subtle impact of

A) learned associations.
B) behaviorism.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) unconditioned responding.

Question 5

The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is

A) John Locke.
B) Rosalie Rayner.
C) David Hume.
D) Ivan Pavlov.

Question 6

Any event or situation that evokes a response is a(n)

A) reward.
B) acquisition.
C) stimulus.
D) operant.

Question 7

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes was called

A) psychoanalysis.
B) behaviorism.
C) cognitive neuroscience.
D) evolutionary psychology.

Question 8

Which of the following is most clearly an operant behavior?

A) blinking
B) salivating
C) complaining
D) blushing

Question 9

Eva's heart rate accelerated when she was confronted by a large snake while hiking.Her accelerated heart rate is an example of

A) operant behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) respondent behavior.
D) a conditioned stimulus.

Question 10

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors is called

A) association.
B) learning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) shaping.

Question 11

Who introduced the term behaviorism?

A) John Locke
B) John B.Watson
C) Rosalie Rayner
D) Ivan Pavlov

Question 12

An automatic response to some stimulus is called

A) associative learning.
B) respondent behavior.
C) observational learning.
D) operant behavior.

Question 13

Adaptability is

A) the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.
B) our ability to connect events that occur in sequence.
C) our capacity to learn new behaviors that help us cope with our changing world.
D) any event or situation that evokes a response.

Question 14

A neutral stimulus is an event or situation that

A) evokes an unconditioned response.
B) signals that an operant behavior will be rewarded.
C) triggers a conditioned response.
D) elicits no response prior to classical conditioning.

Question 15

One form of cognitive learning is called

A) observational learning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 16

John B.Watson emphasized that

A) learning depends on how predictably rather than how frequently events are associated.
B) unlike lower animals,humans learn through a process of cognition.
C) both humans and lower animals learn to expect that a CS will be followed by a US.
D) learning should be explained without any reference to mental processes.

Question 17

Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors,such as slapping and barking,that prompt people to toss them a herring.This best illustrates

A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 18

Behaviorists such as John B.Watson would have been LEAST likely to attribute a child's behavior to

A) mindless habits.
B) peer pressure.
C) conscious intentions.
D) parental discipline.

Question 19

By directly experiencing a thunderstorm,we learn that a flash of lightning signals an impending crash of thunder.This best illustrates

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) observational learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 20

Through language we often learn things that we ourselves have neither personally experienced nor directly observed.This best illustrates the importance of

A) respondent behavior.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) cognitive learning.
D) operant conditioning.

Question 21

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog.The food in the dog's mouth was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 22

A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 23

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth.Each morning,Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch.When the door to the porch opens,a bell rings.So,each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings.Now,Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings.Which of the following is the unconditioned response in this example?

A) food
B) salivation
C) the door
D) the bell on the door

Question 24

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.

Question 25

When Jake is with his girlfriend,he feels so in love,happy,and content.Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day,Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend.Now,when he hears the ring tone,he feels happy and content.Which of the following is the unconditioned response in this example?

A) Jake's girlfriend
B) feeling in love,happy,and content
C) Jake's phone
D) the ring tone

Question 26

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,the CS was

A) the taste of food.
B) salivation to the taste of food.
C) the sound of a tone.
D) salivation to the sound of a tone.

Question 27

Male Japanese quail became sexually aroused by a red light that had previously been associated with the presentation of a female quail.In this instance,the female quail is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 28

The sea slug Aplysia withdraws its gills if it is squirted with water.If the squirts continue,as they do in nature,the withdrawal response will diminish.But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted,the withdrawal of the gills grows stronger.In applying classical conditioning to the example of the sea slug,the squirt of water is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 29

Which of the following did Pavlov use as a neutral stimulus in his studies of salivation?

A) a touch on the leg
B) the sight of a light
C) the sound of a tone
D) He used all of these stimuli.

Question 30

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

A) salivating at the sight of a lemon
B) raising your hand to ask a question
C) jerking your hand off a very hot stove
D) walking into a restaurant to eat

Question 31

In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs,a CR was

A) salivation to the sound of a tone.
B) salivation to the taste of food.
C) the sound of a tone.
D) the taste of food.

Question 32

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World,infants develop a fear of roses after roses are presented with electric shock.In this fictional example,the presentation of the roses is the

A) conditioned stimulus.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) unconditioned response.
D) conditioned response.

Question 33

An event that one of Pavlov's dogs could see or hear but did not associate with food was called a(n)

A) secondary conditioner.
B) neutral stimulus.
C) discriminative response.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 34

If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth,the UR is the

A) ringing bell.
B) salivation to the ringing bell.
C) food in the mouth.
D) salivation to the food in the mouth.

Question 35

Through classical conditioning we learn to link

A) a CS with a US.
B) a response with a reward.
C) a US with a UR.
D) primary and secondary conditioners.

Question 36

________ is biologically adaptive because it helps humans and other animals prepare for good and bad events.

A) Behaviorism
B) Cognitive learning
C) Classical conditioning
D) Adaptability

Question 37

For the most rapid acquisition of a CR,the NS should be presented

A) shortly after the CR.
B) shortly after the US.
C) shortly before the US.
D) at the same time as the US.

Question 38

If the sound of the refrigerator door opening causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food,the child's salivation to the sound of the door opening is a(n)

A) conditioned response.
B) unconditioned response.
C) conditioned stimulus.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 39

The stage of classical conditioning when a neutral stimulus first begins triggering a conditioned response is called

A) association.
B) acquisition.
C) observational learning.
D) discrimination.

Question 40

The smell of ammonia that repeatedly precedes the experience of a painful medical procedure first begins to trigger a conditioned anxiety response during the process of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) discrimination.

Question 41

If a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation,then a light that becomes associated with the tone may also begin to trigger salivation.This best illustrates

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) observational learning.
C) higher-order conditioning.
D) discrimination.

Question 42

When toddlers are classically conditioned to fear moving cars,they also become afraid of moving trucks and motorcycles.This best illustrates the process of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) observational learning.
C) generalization.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 43

Alexis is addicted to drugs.The room in which she usually takes them is likely to become a ________ for drug cravings.

A) UR
B) CR
C) US
D) CS

Question 44

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

A) operant conditioning.
B) observational learning.
C) generalization.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 45

When a CS is not paired with a US,the subsequent fading of a CR is called

A) discrimination.
B) generalization.
C) secondary conditioning.
D) extinction.

Question 46

In classical conditioning,discrimination refers to the learned ability to distinguish between a ________ and other irrelevant stimuli.

A) US
B) UR
C) CS
D) CR

Question 47

After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone,he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food.As a result,________ occurred.

A) generalization
B) higher-order conditioning
C) discrimination
D) extinction

Question 48

After getting a slight burn from the spark of a flickering campfire,Julie became afraid of getting close to lighted gas stoves.This best illustrates the adaptive value of

A) observational learning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) generalization.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 49

After recovering from a serious motorcycle accident,Gina was afraid to ride a motorcycle but not a bicycle.Gina's pattern of fear best illustrates

A) extinction.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) discrimination.
D) higher-order conditioning.

Question 50

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

A) so many different species of animals,including humans,can be classically conditioned.
B) so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.
C) it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.
D) of all of these reasons.

Question 51

Former drug users often feel a drug craving when they are again in places they associate with previous highs.Their reactions are best explained in terms of

A) operant conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.

Question 52

Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?

A) higher-order conditioning
B) spontaneous recovery
C) generalization
D) discrimination

Question 53

Pavlov demonstrated that all organisms can learn by means of

A) operant conditioning.
B) operant behaviors.
C) stimuli generalizations.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 54

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash.The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) extinction.
C) generalization.
D) discrimination.

Question 55

The tendency for a CR to be evoked by stimuli similar to the CS is called

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) discrimination.
C) acquisition.
D) generalization.

Question 56

Spontaneous recovery refers to the

A) expression of learning that had occurred earlier but had not been expressed because of lack of incentive.
B) organism's tendency to respond spontaneously to stimuli similar to the CS as though they were the CS.
C) repetition of operant behaviors that are rewarded.
D) reappearance,after a pause,of an extinguished conditioned response.

Question 57

Long after being bitten by a stray dog,Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared.To his surprise,however,when he was recently confronted by a stray dog,he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety.This sudden anxiety best illustrates

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) discrimination.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) operant behavior.

Question 58

After receiving a painful shot from a female nurse in a white uniform,3-year-old Vaclav is fearful of any woman wearing a white dress.Vaclav's reaction best illustrates

A) operant behavior.
B) generalization.
C) an unconditioned response.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 59

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones.This illustrates the process of

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) extinction.
C) spontaneous recovery.
D) discrimination.

Question 60

Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise.In this case,the loud noise was the

A) unconditioned stimulus.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) secondary conditioner.
D) neutral stimulus.

Question 61

The first time that Liza heard the loud sound of her father's bass drum,she responded with fear.The fear response is most clearly an example of

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) operant behavior.
C) associative learning.
D) respondent behavior.

Question 62

The sea slug,Aplysia,withdraws its gills if it is squirted with water.If the squirts continue,as they do in nature,the withdrawal response will diminish.But if the sea slug receives an electric shock after being squirted,the withdrawal of the gills grows stronger.In applying classical conditioning to the example of the sea slug,the withdrawal of the gills to the water is the

A) unconditioned response.
B) unconditioned stimulus.
C) neutral stimulus.
D) conditioned response.

Question 63

After being bitten by his neighbor's dog,Miguel experienced fear at the sight of that dog but not at the sight of other dogs.This best illustrates the process of

A) extinction.
B) discrimination.
C) operant conditioning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 64

Antonio's football coach frequently yells at him for swearing.As a result,Antonio now experiences anxiety when he's near his coach.The coach is a(n)________ for Antonio's anxiety.

A) neutral stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) secondary conditioner
D) unconditioned stimulus

Question 65

You repeatedly hear a tone just before having a puff of air directed to your eye.Blinking to the tone presented without an air puff is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 66

The diminishing of a conditioned response is known as

A) extinction.
B) generalization.
C) acquisition.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 67

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth.Each morning,Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch.When the door to the porch opens,a bell rings.So,each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings.Now,Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings.Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A) food
B) salivation
C) the door
D) the bell on the door

Question 68

Pavlov noticed that dogs began salivating at the mere sight of the person who regularly brought food to them.For the dogs,the sight of this person was a(n)

A) spontaneous recovery.
B) unconditional stimulus.
C) secondary conditioner.
D) conditioned stimulus.

Question 69

Through direct experience with animals,we come to anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp.This best illustrates

A) higher-order conditioning.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) operant behavior.
D) associative learning.

Question 70

A patient who had long feared going into elevators was told by his therapist to force himself to enter 20 elevators a day.The therapist most likely wanted to encourage the ________ of the patient's fear.

A) generalization
B) discrimination
C) spontaneous recovery
D) extinction

Question 71

If you have a "frightening experience" immediately after hearing a strange sound,your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again.This best illustrates

A) generalization.
B) spontaneous recovery.
C) classical conditioning.
D) operant behavior.

Question 72

When Jake is with his girlfriend,he feels so in love,happy,and content.Because he and his girlfriend text and talk on the phone frequently throughout the day,Jake has set up a special ring tone for his girlfriend.Now,when he hears the ring tone,be feels happy and content.Which of the following is the conditioned stimulus in this example?

A) Jake's girlfriend
B) feeling in love,happy,and content
C) Jake's phone
D) the ring tone

Question 73

Depending on our environment,we can learn how to build grass huts or snow shelters.This is an example of

A) learning.
B) cognition.
C) association.
D) adaptability.

Question 74

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock.The electric shock is a(n)

A) primary conditioner.
B) conditioned stimulus.
C) secondary conditioner.
D) unconditioned stimulus.

Question 75

When a person has linked a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that now the neutral stimulus triggers the conditioned response,________ has occurred.

A) extinction
B) generalization
C) acquisition
D) spontaneous recovery

Question 76

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

A) UR.
B) US.
C) CR.
D) CS.

Question 77

Months after she was beaten up by a robber,Courtney's heart pounds with fear merely at the sight of the place in which she was attacked.The location of her attack is most likely a(n)________ for Courtney's anxiety.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) operant stimulus
C) unconditioned stimulus
D) neutral stimulus

Question 78

Samantha's cat salivates in response to the taste of food in its mouth.Each morning,Samantha places the cat's food on the back porch.When the door to the porch opens,a bell rings.So,each time Samantha opens the door the bell rings.Now,Samantha's cat salivates when the bell rings.Which of the following is the unconditioned stimulus in this example?

A) food
B) salivation
C) the door
D) the bell on the door

Question 79

John B.Watson believed that psychology should be the science of

A) observable behavior.
B) cognitive processes.
C) genetic predispositions.
D) all of these factors.

Question 80

The infant Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was associated with a loud noise.In this example,fear of the white rat was the

A) US.
B) UR.
C) CS.
D) CR.