Deck 17: Developmental Concepts

Question 1

A boy age 4 years is constantly seeking out and exploring new experiences, and repeatedly asking his parents why-type questions. The boy's behavior suggests that he is successfully navigating an important developmental task within the developmental theory of:

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Kohlberg
D) Fowler

Answer 1

Erikson

Question 2

A child who attends church with his parents imitates religious gesture but does not have an understanding of these religious behaviors. The child also asks his parents, "How do you know God exists? Have you ever seen him?" This child is described as having characteristics associated with which stage of faith development as defined by Fowler?

A) Intuitive-Projective Faith
B) Mystical-Literal Faith
C) Synthetic-Conventional Faith
D) Individuative-Reflective Faith

Answer 2

Intuitive-Projective Faith

Question 3

A child demonstrates increasing language skills and an understanding of symbols. Creative play and the use of imagination is an important activity in the child's life. Based upon these characteristics and according to Jean Piaget's theory, what stage of cognitive development is the child demonstrating?

A) Preoperational stage
B) Sensorimotor stage
C) Concrete operational stage
D) Formal operational stage

Answer 3

Preoperational stage

Question 4

A female client age 35 years explains to the community health nurse that her primary focus daily is the care of her family, her job, and her volunteer activities at her church. The client verbalizes contentment with her various roles and the balancing of these roles. According to the theory on "individual life structure" developed by Daniel Levinson and associates, this client is demonstrating characteristics associated with what phase of adulthood?

A) Settling down
B) Early adult transition
C) Entering the adult world
D) Midlife transition

Question 5

Which of the following nurses is most likely to care for clients who are trying to resolve identity versus role confusion?

A) A nurse who provides care in a large junior high school
B) A pediatric nurse
C) A nurse who works in a long-term care facility
D) An occupation health nurse based at a lumber mill

Question 6

In contrast to Kohlberg, Gilligan developed a theory of moral development specifically for women. What is the central theme of Gilligan's theory?

A) Response and care
B) Rights and justice
C) Adult transformation
D) Individual life structure

Question 7

A nurse provides care in a women's health clinic that is located in an inner city neighborhood. Which of the following theorists' work applies most directly to this nurse's client population?

A) Gilligan
B) Kohlberg
C) Gould
D) Fowler

Question 8

As the fetus develops, certain growth and development trends are regular and predictable. The first trend is cephalocaudal growth. What does this mean?

A) Legs and feet develop first.
B) Both sides of the body develop equally.
C) Head and brain develop first.
D) Gross motor skills are learned last.

Question 9

Which of the following developmental tasks is an important component of middle adulthood within Havighurst's theory of psychosocial development?

A) Accepting and adjusting to physical changes
B) Adjusting to reduced income
C) Adjusting to decreasing health
D) Learning to live with a marriage partner

Question 10

Which of the following actions would generally take place in the settling down stage of Daniel Levinson's Individual Life Structure theory? Select all that apply.

A) Breaking away from the family
B) Making initial career choices
C) Trying new lifestyles
D) Striving to gain respect
E) Investing in family

Question 11

Many different factors affect growth and development. For example, why does one child have blonde hair and blue eyes while another child has brown hair and green eyes?

A) Childhood illnesses
B) Genetic inheritance
C) Prenatal influences
D) Maternal nutrition

Question 12

A school-aged child always follows the rules and obeys traffic lights when crossing the street. Based on Kohlberg's theory, what type of development is being demonstrated?

A) Cognitive
B) Intellectual
C) Moral
D) Psychosocial

Question 13

All humans learn from both formal and informal experiences. What orderly pattern of changes results in part from learning?

A) Development
B) Growth
C) Maturity
D) Aging

Question 14

A child 7 years of age attending a Roman Catholic Mass with his parents stands and holds his hymnal to sing the opening song. According to Fowler, what stage of development is this child experiencing?

A) Undifferentiated faith
B) intuitive-projective faith
C) mythical-literal faith
D) synthetic-conventional faith

Question 15

Which developmental theory suggests success in achieving developmental tasks during later stages of life?

A) Kohlberg's theory
B) Piaget's theory
C) Havighurst's theory
D) Kubler-Ross' theory

Question 16

A child gains weight and becomes taller each year. What is this process called?

A) Development
B) Orderly change
C) Progression
D) Growth

Question 17

Which of the following statements accurately describes factors that may affect an individual's growth and development? Select all that apply.

A) Physical characteristics such as height, bone size, eye color, and hair color are inherited from the family of origin.
B) Fetal development can be altered by maternal age, inadequate maternal nutrition or substance abuse.
C) Abuse of alcohol and drugs is more prevalent in teenagers who have poor family relationships, low self-esteem, and poor social skills.
D) Infants who are malnourished in utero develop fewer brain cells than infants who have had adequate prenatal nutrition.
E) Environmental factors such as poverty and violence do not have a direct effect on growth and development.

Question 18

A child 2 years of age is hospitalized for a surgical procedure. Although previously all fluids were taken from a cup, the toddler wants a bottle to suck on. The nurse recognizes this behavior as what?

A) Totally unacceptable
B) Proof that the child is sick
C) Normal regression
D) Abnormal behavior

Question 19

According to Erikson, normal adolescent behavior includes trying on new roles and possibly even rebelling. What is the purpose of this behavior in adolescents?

A) To establish a sense of security
B) To establish a sense of identity
C) To gain autonomy
D) To avoid inferiority

Question 20

After a child plays in the yard, his mother asks him to pick up his toys and put them in the toy bin in the garage. Knowing that he does not want to spend time in his room as a punishment, the child follows his mother's directions. What stage of moral development, according to Kohlberg, is this child demonstrating?

A) Preconventional level: stage 1
B) Preconventional level: stage 2
C) Conventional level: stage 1
D) Conventional level: stage 2

Question 21

The nursing student is visiting a middle school with an assignment to observe and visit with students while walking around with the school nurse. Then nursing student is interested to learn that some students seem to be rebelling against authority figures like teachers and parents. The nursing student recalls that, according to Erikson's theory, this is not abnormal behavior. To which stage of Erikson's theory does this behavior belong?

A) Identity versus role confusion
B) Industry versus inferiority
C) Initiative versus guilt
D) Autonomy versus shame

Question 22

The nurse is caring for a woman 55 years of age who has been admitted for a hernia repair. The nurse is doing an initial nursing assessment and considers developmental theories. Where would the nurse place the client according to the theory of Daniel Levinson and associates?

A) The pay-off years
B) Later maturity
C) Generativity versus stagnation
D) Postconventional level

Question 23

A nursing student is visiting a third-grade class to observe growth and development in action and does assessments on the children. They are learning to think logically and to classify and relate objects and ideas. According to Erikson, in what developmental stage are they?

A) Industry versus inferiority
B) Latency
C) Acceptance of deity
D) Concrete operational

Question 24

Then nurse is caring for single, professional woman age 29 years, who was admitted with a severe gall bladder attack. The nurse visits with her and performs an assessment. The client is not married and fears a committed relationship because of a bad experience some years ago. The nurse knows that, according to Erikson's developmental theory, Judith is in danger of which of the following?

A) Isolation
B) Inferiority
C) Role confusion
D) Stagnation

Question 25

The emergency department nurse is caring for an infant age 2 months who was brought in by a hired caregiver. The infant is underweight and looks uncared for. The caregiver reports that the mother of the infant is unreliable and may be using drugs; the infant is often unclean and hungry when dropped off at the caregiver's home. The infant has diaper rash and a weak cry. If this situation is not remedied, what will this infant have difficulty achieving, according to Erikson's developmental theory?

A) Trust
B) Autonomy
C) Initiative
D) Identity

Question 26

A nursing student is observing in a pediatric clinic. A grandmother brings an infant age 2 months to be seen. The infant has failed to gain the expected amount of weight and looks unwell. The nursing student wonders if this may be a failure to thrive baby. Which one of the following has been linked to failure to thrive babies?

A) Nutritional deprivation
B) Working mothers
C) Use of day care centers
D) Premature births

Question 27

The nurse is working in the newborn nursery and observes neonates in various states of health and wellness. The nurse is aware that which of the following factors can affect fetal development? Choose all that apply.

A) Age of mother
B) Prenatal nutrition
C) Substance abuse by mother
D) Congenital vision deficit
E) Poor neonatal nutrition

Question 28

The nurse is caring for a an infant age 11 months. The infant's mother tells states that when she asked the doctor about starting to toilet train her child, the doctor talked about cephalocaudal development. The mother then asks for an explanation of this term. Which of the following about cephalocaudal development is the nurse's best reply?

A) Proceeds from brain down to feet
B) Both sides of the body develop equally
C) Brain must fully develop before toilet training
D) Gross control to fine control

Question 29

The nurse is seeing a pregnant woman 25 years of age. The woman's partner is very caring and loving, but has decided that he does not want to be a father, and so has left the relationship. The woman is determined to raise her child alone and says, "I will never let myself be hurt like that again." According to Gilligan's theory, on which level is this woman?

A) Level 1: Selfishness
B) Level 2: Undifferentiated Faith
C) Level 3: Goodness
D) Level 4: Nonviolence

Question 30

A nurse is caring for a child age 13 months who was admitted to the pediatric unit with a new diagnosis of asthma. The mother tells mentions how frustrated she gets because the baby puts everything in her mouth, even things that are not clean. The nurse knows that according to Freud's theory of growth and development, which of the following explains this behavior?

A) Lessens teething pain
B) Major source of gratification
C) Sucking is a basic reflex
D) Assists in gaining confidence

Question 31

A nursing student is assisting the school nurse with a middle school health fair. The student does height and weight assessments on the students. As the nursing student assess them, the student observes that the students are able to use deductive reasoning and think in abstract ways. According to Piaget, in what development stage are they?

A) Genital
B) Identity versus role confusion
C) Formal operational
D) Gender role acceptance

Question 32

The nurse is educating a high school health and fitness class about substance abuse. One of the group members asks what happens if a pregnant woman is using drugs. The nurse's best replies include which of the following? Choose all that apply.

A) Low birth weight
B) Premature births
C) Regular prenatal care
D) Congenital anomalies
E) Risk of poor nutrition

Question 33

A mother brings her toddler, age 20 months, to the clinic today for immunizations. She talks about trying to initiate toilet training a few weeks ago, but her son wasn't interested. She decided to put it off for awhile. She told her son he was a good boy and they would try again another time. According to Erik Erikson's theory, what is the likely outcome for Matt's developmental stage?

A) Autonomy
B) Identity
C) Intimacy
D) Initiative