Deck 14: Social and Personality Development in Early Adulthood

Question 1

The best predictor of postpartum depression is having a premature delivery.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Research studies indicate that if a relationship begins to feature an excess of nasty exchanges, divorce becomes more likely.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Ensuring the survival of the species is the central premise of evolutionary explanations of mate selection behaviour.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Women whose bodies produce high levels of steroid hormones towards the end of their pregnancy are more likely to develop postpartum depression.

Question 5

Unmarried men are generally healthier and happier than married men.

Question 6

In Robert Sternberg's view of love, the intimacy component of love includes feelings of sexuality and eroticism.

Question 7

According to Erikson, a young adult who has not yet established a sense of identity would be incapable of intimacy.

Question 8

After the first year of marriage, couples tend to continue to do things together and maintain a high level of positive interaction.

Question 9

An individual who had an insecure attachment with her parents will inevitably form an insecure attachment bond with her intimate adult partners.

Question 10

Divorced or recently separated adults are more likely to become depressed.

Question 11

Research has shown that single mothers have higher rates of managerial advancement than married mothers.

Question 12

Larissa and Michalis fight regularly, rarely look at each other, lack affection, and rarely support each other. This is an example of a hostile/detached couple.

Question 13

The percentage of men who strongly feel that they want to become parents and view parenting as a life-enriching experience is greater than the percentage of women who feel this way.

Question 14

After the birth of a child, marital satisfaction tends to increase.

Question 15

Researchers believe that couples become unhappy because their interactions become negative.

Question 16

Marital stability and satisfaction increases in mid-life as conflicts over child-rearing and other similar matters decline.

Question 17

Young adult childless couples report higher levels of marital cohesion than do couples with children.

Question 18

If a marriage is to be stable and long-lasting, the couple must minimize conflict and arguments.

Question 19

Doing things together is an essential component of adult women's friendships, and emotional support is an essential component of adult men's relationships.

Question 20

Couple who agree to disagree and who minimize conflict by simply avoiding each other are called volatile couples.

Question 21

Women who continue to try to fulfill several roles perfectly report maximum strain and stress.

Question 22

Psychologist Jeffrey Arnett has proposed that the educational, social, and economic demands that modern cultures make on young adults have given rise to a new developmental period called delayed adolescence.

Question 23

One of the greatest predictive factors for the high divorce rates among cohabitating couples who later marry is the number of prior cohabiting or sexual relationships each participant has engaged in.

Question 24

Family roles often spill over into a woman's work life, but work roles are more likely to spill over into a man's family life.

Question 25

Research indicates that, due to changing sex-role expectations, more men are assuming the role of kin-keeper (keeping connections and arranging family gatherings) than ever before.

Question 26

In Canada, the divorce rate for those who lived together before marriage is double that of those who did not cohabit before marriage.

Question 27

Parental investment theory suggests that women choose mates after only carefully screening their commitment to parenting.

Question 28

Levinson's life structures concept proposes that individuals must master a stage-related psychosocial task and that each stage's task builds on the successful completion of earlier stages.

Question 29

Despite the women's movement, the gap between women's income and that of their male counterparts has been increasing steadily.

Question 30

Women feel more conflict between family and work roles than men.

Question 31

Research has indicated that gay and lesbian relationships show nearly identical patterns and roles as heterosexual couples.

Question 32

Research studies suggest that the parts of the brain that underlie rational decision-making, impulse control, and self-regulation do not fully mature until approximately the mid-twenties.

Question 33

Assortative mating, or homogamy, is the theory that opposites attract.

Question 34

Family has a significant influence on the occupational choice made by a young adult.

Question 35

Rather than stages, Levinson's theory proposes that a person's life structures (roles, relationships, etc.) change over the course of adulthood presenting new developmental tasks and conflicts along the way.

Question 36

Compared to men, the work pattern of adult women is more likely to be interrupted or discontinuous.

Question 37

Roisman's research suggests that the most significant and complex developmental domain that young adults must master is work-related skills and adjustments.

Question 38

Cross-sex friendships are more common among adults than they are among 10-year-olds.

Question 39

According to social role theory, mate selection is driven by gender based social rules and role expectations more than any other factor.

Question 40

As a sociodemographic trend, the number of intermarriages of visible minorities has increased more than threefold over the past 25 years in Canada.

Question 41

The _______ a woman expects to earn herself, the ________ her income requirements in a prospective mate.

A) more; lower
B) less; lower
C) less; higher
D) more; higher

Question 42

Which of the following is an element of evolutionary theories of mate selection?

A) Both women and men are likely to select mates who are similar to themselves on key characteristics such as ethnicity, religion, and age.
B) Men choose mates more slowly and carefully than women and will test a potential mate's reliability and trustworthiness before engaging in sexual intercourse.
C) Men prefer mates who are younger and physically attractive, and women prefer mates who have financial resources.
D) Women and men invest equally in childbearing and parenting.

Question 43

In Super's exploratory stage of career development, at age 15 to 24, the young person searches to find a fit between their interests, their personality, and the range of available jobs.

Question 44

Which of the following is the best illustration of the social role theory of mate selection?

A) Women and men marry those who are similar in characteristics such as religion, temperament, and social class.
B) Mate selection practices are based on gender roles that change to reflect different social realities.
C) In their relationships, women provide sexual and domestic services and men provide economic support.
D) Men tend to marry young, healthy women, and women tend to marry mature older men.

Question 45

The theory that the sex differences that occur in mate preferences and mating behaviour are based on the different amounts of time and effort that men and women invest in child-rearing is called

A) parental investment theory.
B) gender-role theory
C) evolutionary theory
D) hunter-gatherer theory

Question 46

Researchers suggest that reframing the situation for yourself in a way that identifies the positive elements is the most helpful overall strategy for coping with conflict between work and family roles.

Question 47

The sociological term for the tendency to mate with someone who has traits similar to one's own is

A) "personal investment theory."
B) "homogamy theory."
C) "heterogamy theory."
D) "social cohesion theory."

Question 48

The elusiveness of job security across the board has negatively affected job satisfaction rates in mid-career.

Question 49

According to Holland's personality and work types theory, career army officers would belong to the conventional type category.

Question 50

What was the median age for first marriage among Canadian women in 2008?

A) 30
B) 21
C) 18
D) 29.1

Question 51

According to Daniel Levinson, the underlying pattern or design of a person's life at a given time, including balances and conflicts among the roles, relationships, and behaviour patterns, is the person's

A) life era.
B) evolutionary plan.
C) cognitive structure.
D) life structure.

Question 52

According to evolutionary theories of mate selection, men prefer all of the following qualities in a mate EXCEPT

A) physically attractiveness
B) that the mate be younger
C) financial stability
D) good health

Question 53

Which theory views sex differences in mate selection as adaptations to gender roles that change with different social realities?

A) parental investment theory
B) assortative mating theory
C) social role theory
D) social exchange theory

Question 54

Attachment theories suggest that when we choose a partner we

A) seek to develop attachment patterns that are different from our childhood.
B) seek to maximize the benefits we get out of the relationship.
C) develop attachments that match our internal model of attachment.
D) expect our partner to take the primary responsibility in defining attachment.

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement about the relationship between cohabitation and subsequent marriage?

A) Many couples see cohabitation as a test to determine compatibility before marriage.
B) Cohabitation is the same type of relationship as marriage.
C) Those who cohabit before marriage are less satisfied with their subsequent marriage and more likely to divorce than those who marry without cohabiting.
D) Cohabiting couples are less homogamous than married couples.

Question 56

What component of evolutionary theory suggests that women and men have different mate selection priorities because they have unequal roles and responsibilities in producing and caring for children?

A) parental investment theory
B) filter theory
C) assortive mating
D) heterogeneity

Question 57

According to Erikson, what is the central crisis of early adulthood?

A) autonomy versus dependence
B) identity versus role confusion
C) industry versus unemployment
D) intimacy versus isolation

Question 58

The capacity to engage in a supportive, affectionate relationship without losing one's own sense of self is

A) identity infusion.
B) attachment.
C) intimacy.
D) immersion.

Question 59

Based upon Daniel Levinson's theory of adult development, which of the following would NOT cause the development of a new life structure?

A) retiring
B) becoming middle-aged
C) buying a new house
D) marrying

Question 60

Carol and Amir met when they were reporters for the local newspaper. They later discovered that they had attended the same college and had many friends and acquaintances in common. The possibility that Carol and Amir might marry because they are similar to each other in many ways is known as

A) social exchange theory.
B) homogamy theory.
C) social role theory.
D) attachment theory.

Question 61

Disagreements rarely escalate, a level of mutual respect exists, and the couple listens to each other. This describes what type of marriage?

A) validating
B) volatile
C) avoidant
D) engaged

Question 62

According to longitudinal studies, which statement is true about the statistical likelihood of divorce in Canada?

A) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 38% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage.
B) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within 30 years of marriage.
C) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 50% of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage.
D) The actual statistical likelihood is that roughly 14.2 % of marriages in Canada will end in divorce within the first 5 years of marriage.

Question 63

Bob and Eileen frequently get into heated arguments, do not see the humour in each other's behaviour, and are rarely affectionate. This is an example of which type of unsuccessful marriage?

A) hostile/engaged
B) hostile/detached
C) hostile
D) detached

Question 64

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the economic effects of divorce?

A) After a divorce, women and men typically have equal earning power.
B) Remarriage is the most reliable means of economic recovery from divorce for men.
C) After divorce, women are strongly affected with serious losses in household income.
D) As a result of divorce, men typically must cope with the economic effects of the custody of children, while women cope with the rearing of the children.

Question 65

What do longitudinal and cross-sectional studies reveal about marital satisfaction after the birth of a child?

A) It decreases.
B) It is enhanced if both partners assume traditional gender roles.
C) It increases.
D) It does not change.

Question 66

Of the following factors, which is NOT associated with the development of postpartum depression?

A) depression during pregnancy
B) an unplanned pregnancy
C) low levels of steroid hormone production
D) presence of a major life stressor, such as loss of a job

Question 67

According to research, __________ is/are the most common symptom likely to be experienced by recently separated or divorced adults.

A) automobile accidents
B) feelings of failure
C) depression
D) weight loss

Question 68

Richard Sternberg's theory identifies love as having three key components. What are the three components?

A) intimacy, passion, commitment
B) sincerity, consistency, convenience
C) lust, compatibility, persistence
D) significance, playfulness, maintenance

Question 69

Which of the following represents a "volatile" marriage?

A) A couple who argues but has no humour or affection.
B) A couple who argues and agrees to disagree.
C) A couple who argues and does not listen during arguments.
D) A couple who argues regularly and has no affection or support.

Question 70

Which of the following is the best example of a validating marriage, as identified by psychologists?

A) When Jack and Jill argue, they respect and listen to each other's point of view, and consequently their disagreements rarely escalate.
B) Laura and Lars squabble all the time, probably because they don't listen to each other's arguments, but they still have an affectionate and loving relationship.
C) When Morris and Millie disagree, one will immediately yield his or her point of view and agree with the other in order to avoid a conflict.
D) Deion and Kwame agree that their marriage is a battleground and that they often argue over issues that have been unresolved for years.

Question 71

Of the following couples, which would most likely report the lowest level of marital satisfaction?

A) Iman and Muhammed have been married a year, and they plan to start their family next year.
B) Sally and Sam have been married 10 years and have two children who are 8 and 6 years old.
C) Rita and Marcel are both 65 years old and have just retired from the grocery store they have owned and managed for 40 years.
D) Paul and Sarah have been married 20 years and have two children who are establishing themselves in professional careers.

Question 72

Divorce often affects the life pathways or the sequence and timing of family roles for both genders. Which of the following statements is true regarding divorce and life pathways?

A) The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly decreased for divorced men but increased for divorced women.
B) The total number of years of child-rearing is significantly increased for divorced men only if they remarry a younger woman.
C) Divorced women with children and divorced women with no children are less likely to re-marry, decreasing the total number of child rearing years.
D) Divorce reduces the number of years a remarried couple may have between the departure of the last child and the time when their elderly parents may need assistance.

Question 73

Your friend Karen is seven months pregnant and has recently been diagnosed with depression. Your friend is at risk for

A) developing gestational diabetes
B) developing postpartum depression
C) having a premature delivery
D) developing a phobia toward the infant

Question 74

What happens to marital/partnership satisfaction after the birth of a first child?

A) It intensifies dramatically.
B) It drops but quickly recovers and increases.
C) It remains low until the last child leaves.
D) Women feel more satisfied but men feel a steady decline.

Question 75

Intimacy, commitment, and passion are the three main components in Robert Sternberg's theory of

A) marital relationship quality
B) marital intimacy
C) romantic love
D) marital bonding

Question 76

According to researchers, which dimension of a marriage causes the mental and physical health benefits experienced by the partners?

A) length of the relationship
B) communication style
C) financial stability
D) quality of the relationship

Question 77

In the weeks after giving birth, some women experience feelings of sadness that characterize the mood disturbance known as

A) agoraphobia.
B) postpartum depression.
C) bipolar disorder.
D) major depressive disorder.

Question 78

Juan and Sandra tend to squabble quite a bit. They disagree on almost everything and do not listen to each other, but are still quite affectionate. This is an example of which type of stable marriage?

A) validating
B) volatile
C) avoidant
D) engaged

Question 79

What percentage of people between the ages of 20 and 34 years old report that they do not expect to have children?

A) 2%
B) 7-8%
C) 25-30%
D) 15-20%

Question 80

How are the interpersonal relationships of adulthood affected by the internal working models of attachment that were developed in infancy and early childhood?

A) Through the processes of individuation and autonomy, young adults abandon their infant/early-childhood models of attachment and develop new models by resolving the crisis of intimacy versus isolation.
B) Insecurely attached children inevitably become adults with insecure, unsatisfactory intimate relationships.
C) Adults tend to duplicate their infant/early-childhood models of attachment with their prospective spouses.
D) The internal working model of attachment predicts an individual's happiness in adult love relationships.