Deck 5: Synaptic Transmission, Drugs, and Chemical Neuroanatomy

Question 1

The gold standard for Parkinson's disease is ________________.

A)K-DOPA
B)L-DOPA
C)S-DOPA
D)P-GABA

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The brain and spinal cord belong to the ________________________nervous system.

A)central
B)autonomic
C)peripheral
D)all of these

Answer 2

B

Question 3

An example of a catecholamine is

A)serotonin
B)dopamine
C)acetylcholine
D)all of these

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A drug that increases the excitability of a specific type of neuron can lead to

A)an increase in the frequency of a variety of motor activities
B)a decrease in the frequency of a variety of motor activities
C)a decrease in one's emotional reactions
D)all of the above

Question 5

Suppose that a person wants to increase their brain levels of serotonin, so they take a pill containing the amino acid tryptophan, which is the precursor for serotonin production.Explain why this may or may not actually change the person's brain levels of serotonin.

Question 6

The primary reward and punishment centers in the brain are in the

A)reticular activating system
B)limbic system
C)cerebral cortex
D)basal ganglia

Question 7

What are two basic functional distinctions between ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors?

Question 8

Neurotransmitters are most commonly stored in

A)dendrites
B)vesicles
C)receptors
D)cell bodies

Question 9

Malfunctioning of respiration, heart rate, and other vital life processes may occur as a result of damage to the

A)cerebellum
B)prefrontal cortex
C)occipital cortex
D)medulla

Question 10

The hypothalamus and limbic system are greatly involved in

A)emotion and responses to emotional experiences
B)the higher intellectual functions
C)motor coordination
D)recognition of visual patterns

Question 11

What two common ingredients found in food are used as precursors for the formation of neurotransmitters?

Question 12

Parkinson's disease has been attributed to __________________________in certain areas of the brain.

A)an excess of dopamine
B)destruction of dopamine-containing neurons
C)increased turnover of dopamine
D)the production of dopa to dopamine

Question 13

What are two basic ways of distinguishing a neurotransmitter (its most specific meaning) and a neurohormone (its most specific meaning)?

Question 14

The midbrain is heavily involved in

A)pain perception
B)production of autonomic reflexes
C)processing of speech
D)none of the above

Question 15

Complex motor activities such as walking occur in a coordinated and integrated manner most directly because of your

A)medulla
B)hypothalamus
C)cerebellum
D)frontal cortex

Question 16

Indicate the part or system of the brain or neurotransmitter that plays the most direct role in the functions listed below.

A)primary reward: A .limbic system, particularly the nucleus accumbens, dopamine (possibly enkephalins)
B)regulation of primary drives like thirst, hunger, and sex: A .hypothalamus, limbic structures
C)regulation of vital life reflex activities such as respiration: A .medulla
Multiple choice questions.

Question 17

What is the difference between a competitive antagonist and an inverse agonist?

Question 18

One important brain structure known to be directly involved in feeding, fighting, fleeing and sexual arousal is called the

A)hypothalamus
B)pons
C)parietal cortex
D)sensory projection cortex

Question 19

Amino acids and peptides often serve as

A)neurotransmitters
B)neuromodulators
C)precursors for a and b
D)all of these

Question 20

The activity of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

A)is most pronounced in calm situations
B)prepares an organism for emergencies
C)controls voluntary muscle activity
D)allows for emotions to be experienced

Question 21

A deficiency of acetylcholine input into the hippocampus has been implicated in which disease?

A)Alzheimer's disease, senile dementia
B)Parkinson's disease
C)schizophrenia
D)bipolar disorders

Question 22

Drugs that antagonize B adrenergic receptors are used to treat _______________.

A)high blood pressure
B)diabetes
C)Parkinson's
D)depression

Question 23

This type of drug binds to a receptor, and stimulates the same intrinsic activity as the neurotransmitter.

A)diverse agonist
B)partial agonist
C)antagonist
D)agonist

Question 24

Which of the following is not included in the category of "monoamine" neurotransmitters?

A)serotonin
B)norepinephrine
C)dopamine
D)endorphins Chapter 5.Answers to multiple choice questions and

Question 25

The primary precursors to neuroactive ligands are

A)amino acids and glucose
B)catecholamines
C)endorphins
D)ions

Question 26

Acetylcholine

A)is found only in the peripheral nervous system
B)is found only in the central nervous system
C)plays a role in a multitude of psychological activities
D)acts on alpha and beta receptors

Question 27

The ______ connects higher brain centers with the cerebellum and also has several important sensory and motor functions.

A)pons
B)cerebral cortex
C)cerebellum
D)occipital cortex

Question 28

Neuroactive ligands synthesized in one area of the body, released into circulation, travel to some site distant from the release site, and then produce some change in neuronal activity are called

A)neurotransducers
B)neurohormones
C)neuromodulators
D)cotransmitters

Question 29

The actions of the catecholamines (norepinephrine, dopamine) involved in neurotransmission are terminated primarily through

A)reuptake
B)enzymatic actions
C)absorption by their target neurons
D)b and c

Question 30

A sympathomimetic drug is most likely going to

A)increase the organism's heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
B)decrease the organism's heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure
C)increase the organism's ability to digest food
D)facilitate the effects of GABA

Question 31

What is a primary distinction between a neurotransmitter and a neurohormone?

A)one acts at specific receptors and the other alters cell membrane potentials
B)the distance they must travel before exerting an action on cells
C)their chemical structure
D)all of the above

Question 32

Which of the following is not considered a catecholamine?

A)adrenaline (epinephrine)
B)noradrenaline (norepinephrine)
C)dopamine
D)serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine)

Question 33

At the present time, which of the following is believed to be the most widespread inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS?

A)acetylcholine
B)norepinephrine
C)epinephrine
D)GABA

Question 34

If tryptophan is given in large amounts, it

A)is unlikely to have much effect on the brain unless consumed with the proper mixture of other nutrients
B)generally produces profound alterations in brain functions
C)can increase the synthesis of acetylcholine
D)can reverse the deficits of Alzheimer's disease

Question 35

The starting material for catecholamine synthesis is the amino acid ____________.

A)cytosine
B)guanine
C)tyrosine
D)adenosine

Question 36

Matching questions.Associate the brain structure or system below with the letter corresponding to the function for which it is most likely and primarily responsible.
a.regulates expression of basic drive states, e.g., hunger, thirst, sex, and mediates CNS control over endocrine system
b.coordinates balance and the body's movements; potentially involved in reactions to pleasurable stimulation, e.g., orgasm, heroin "rush"
c.regulates emotions and the formation of certain memories; most drugs of abuse enhance dopaminergic activity in this structure/system
d.contain the primary receiving area for auditory information and visual recognition.
e.regulation of slow voluntary movements modified by sensory feedback; loss of dopaminergic input into this area produces symptoms of Parkinson's disease
f.relay station in the brain
g.peripheral nervous system controlling smooth muscle and several glands
h.allows the two cerebral hemispheres to communicate with each other
i.essential for working memory, judging the values of rewards and punishments and predicting future events
j.regulates essential life reflexes, e.g., heart rate, blood pressure
1.____ temporal lobes
2.____ limbic system
3.____ cerebellum
4.____ autonomic nervous system
5.____ thalamus
6.____ hypothalamus
7.____ prefrontal cortex
8.____ medulla
9.____ corpus callosum
10.____ basal forebrain system

Question 37

Which of the following is a criterion for a brain chemical being a neurotransmitter?

A)it should be found in presynaptic neurons
B)there should be mechanisms for terminating its actions
C)when the presynaptic neuron is stimulated, the chemical should be found in the synaptic cleft
D)all of the above

Question 38

Which of the following has a molecular structure most similar to norepinephrine?

A)dopamine
B)acetylcholine
C)endorphins
D)GABA

Question 39

In terms of sheer quantity, the major neurotransmitters in the mammalian brain are

A)catecholamines
B)neuropeptides
C)amino acids
D)endorphins