Deck 10: The Worlds of European Christendom: Connected and Divided,500-1300

Question 1

How did Western Europe compare to China in the eleventh century?

Answer 1

Answer would ideally include:
•Western Europe was less developed, with smaller cities, weaker rulers, less commercialized economies, and inferior technology.
•Both civilizations borrowed from others and built on that knowledge, although Europe started out at a lower level and depended more on borrowed technology.
•A discussion of technology should identify the specific innovations of each civilization.
•Cities in Western Europe had more power and autonomy than cities in China.
•European merchants were able to exercise local power, while Chinese merchants were more regulated by the state.
•Rulers in Western Europe had to share power with the church, the nobility, and merchants, while the Chinese emperor had no competing sources of power.

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of the Byzantine Empire's influence on Eurasia?

A) Universal acceptance of Latin as the international language of diplomacy
B) Transmission of ancient Greek learning to Western Europe and the Islamic world
C) Control of the trade routes linking the Silk Roads to the Indian Ocean basin
D) Spread of Eastern Orthodox Christianity to North Africa and Central Asia

Answer 2

Transmission of ancient Greek learning to Western Europe and the Islamic world

Question 3

According to the eighth-century Capitulary on Saxony in Source 10.3, how did Charlemagne deal with those who organized in opposition to Christians?

A) They were sentenced to death.
B) They were sent to Christian monasteries.
C) They were enslaved until they converted to Christianity.
D) They were imprisoned until they converted to Christianity.

Answer 3

They were sentenced to death.

Question 4

In the story of the German missionary Boniface's encounter with the Hessians in Source 10.4, how did the Hessians respond to Boniface's cutting down of the tree they referred to as the Oak of Jupiter?

A) They secretly plotted to launch an attack against all the Christians in the area.
B) They laughed at him when he proved unable to make even a single cut in the tree.
C) They interpreted it as God's will and wholeheartedly embraced Christianity.
D) They offered sacrifices to their gods to deflect divine wrath away from Boniface.

Question 5

How was the spread of Christianity in Western Europe similar to the spread of Buddhism in China?

Question 6

Disagreement over which of the following contributed to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church?

A) A church hierarchy of patriarchs
B) Veneration of icons
C) The missionary impulse
D) The religious authority of the Bible

Question 7

In what ways did the multiple competing states in Western Europe shape European civilization?

Question 8

In comparison to Byzantium, Latin Christendom before 1000 C·E·. was a(n)

A) expanding empire.
B) theocratic state.
C) localized society.
D) unified state.

Question 9

Which of the following features of the Byzantine Empire did the new civilization of Kievan Rus adopt?

A) The customs and dress of Germanic peoples
B) The political ideals of imperial control of the Church
C) The concept of a good life as one of no desire and no action
D) The commitment to economic equality and social justice

Question 10

How did Western Europe's situation during the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) differ from the situation after the fall of the Roman Empire in the fifth century?

Question 11

What was the long-term impact of the Crusades on Western Europe?

Question 12

In the story by Gregory of Tours in Source 10.1, what event triggered Clovis's conversion to Christianity?

A) A conversation with his wife
B) The war against the Alamanni
C) The death of his infant son
D) The miraculous recovery of his son

Question 13

What does the tenth-century manuscript known as the Leechbook in Source 10.5 reveal about the beliefs and practices of Anglo-Saxons who had converted to Christianity?

A) They abandoned any practices that conflicted with Christian doctrine.
B) They used Christian rituals in practices that pre-dated the coming of Christianity.
C) They were more influenced by Eastern Orthodoxy than Roman Catholicism.
D) They placed greater emphasis on the individual relationship with God.

Question 14

Which of the following was a long-term impact of the Crusades in Europe?

A) The Crusades weakened significantly the influence of Turkic-speaking peoples in the Islamic world.
B) Spain, Sicily, and the Baltic region permanently joined the world of Western Christendom.
C) Animosity from the Crusades ended the flow of Muslim learning into Europe.
D) People from the Middle East migrated to Europe in large numbers.

Question 15

What differences separated the Roman Catholic and Orthodox churches?

Question 16

In what ways did the legacy of Roman civilization survive in Western Europe following the collapse of the Roman Empire?

Question 17

In 601, Pope Gregory stated, in reference to non-Christians in England, "that while they offered the same beasts which they were wont to offer, they should offer them to God, and not to idols; and thus they would no longer be the same sacrifices" (see Source 10.2). What does this suggest about how church leaders treated the religious practices of non-Christians?

A) Idolatry was prohibited, but animal sacrifice was acceptable.
B) The form of the sacrifices performed by non-Christians was modified.
C) Existing cultural practices were replaced by new Christian practices.
D) Non-Christian practices were incorporated into Christian practice.

Question 18

How did the understanding of the relationship between reason and faith in Western Europe differ from that found in the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic world?

Question 19

What factors enabled Christian communities in Africa and Asia to survive in the face of Islamic expansion?

Question 20

What advantage did the Byzantine Empire have that enabled it to survive as a political entity for a thousand years longer than the western part of the Roman Empire?

A) Assimilation of Germanic culture
B) More territory under its control
C) A longer frontier
D) A stronger military

Question 21

How did economic growth and urbanization during the High Middle Ages affect women in Western Europe?

A) Women assumed responsibility for farmwork as men moved to the cities.
B) Women entered universities for training to become lawyers and doctors.
C) Women practiced trades and sometimes trained female apprentices.
D) Women received political and legal rights that made them men's equals.

Question 22

Which of the following describes a feature of the Byzantine state?

A) Political authority rested in the hands of community leaders.
B) The state tightly controlled local affairs in the provinces.
C) The emperor claimed to be God's representative on earth.
D) Competing interests contributed to the fragmentation of the state.

Question 23

Which of the following characterizes the spread of Christianity throughout Western Europe from 500 to 1000?

A) Christian missionaries destroyed pagan temples and idols.
B) Earlier cultural practices were absorbed into the Christian tradition.
C) The Church focused on converting people in the countryside.
D) Coercion was never used because the Church prohibited the use of force.

Question 24

Outside Europe, the strongest presence of Christianity from 500 to 1300 was in

A) Ethiopia.
B) Egypt.
C) China.
D) Syria.

Question 25

In the centuries between 500 and 1000, Europe's center of gravity shifted away from the Mediterranean toward the

A) north and west.
B) south and east.
C) Indian Ocean.
D) Pacific Ocean.

Question 26

Which of the following was evidence of the expansion and growth of European civilization during the High Middle Ages?

A) There was a considerable increase in long-distance trade.
B) The Holy Roman Empire controlled all of Europe.
C) Most of North Africa converted to Christianity.
D) The pope emerged as the political ruler of Eastern Europe.

Question 27

Which of the following describes Christian communities in the Middle East and North Africa from 650 to 1300?

A) Thriving communities connected by inter-regional trade
B) Self-sufficient communities in isolated regions
C) Shrinking communities of second-class subjects
D) Marginalized communities threatened by state persecution

Question 28

What event in the thirteenth century influenced the Egyptian state's change in attitude toward its Christian subjects from tolerance to persecution?

A) The Arab conquest of North Africa
B) The spread of the Byzantine Empire
C) The plague
D) The Crusades

Question 29

Which of the following had a greater influence on Eastern Orthodox Christianity than on Roman Catholicism?

A) The concept of original sin
B) Greek philosophical concepts
C) Acceptance of the Trinity
D) Acceptance of the Holy Spirit

Question 30

Which of the following contributed to the decline of Christianity in Asia and Africa by 1500?

A) The decline in inter-regional trade
B) The rise of the Byzantine Empire
C) The end of the Roman Empire
D) The spread of Islamic civilization

Question 31

During the period from 1000 to 1300, the rulers in which region held the least power?

A) Western Europe
B) The Byzantine Empire
C) China
D) Russia

Question 32

Which of the following is an example of a European innovation made possible by borrowing technologies from other civilizations?

A) The use of the compass in farming
B) The use of gunpowder in cannons
C) The use of papermaking in mills
D) The use of the lateen sail in textile production

Question 33

Which of the following brought the Byzantine Empire to an end?

A) The capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Empire
B) Emperor Justinian's attempt to reconquer the Mediterranean basin
C) The extensive loss of territory to an expanding Persian Empire
D) The Catholic Church's excommunication of Eastern Orthodox Christians

Question 34

In Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire, what system emerged that emphasized the reciprocal ties between a king and his vassals, and between a lord and his serfs?

A) Paganism
B) Caesaropapism
C) Investiture
D) Feudalism

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of how Christianity was reinterpreted as it spread throughout Asia and Africa?

A) Russification
B) Jesus Sutras
C) Greek fire
D) Cyrillic script

Question 36

In the eleventh century, the religious culture of the Byzantine Empire had a significant impact on

A) the rulers of the Axum state in Ethiopia.
B) the Nestorian church communities in China.
C) the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe.
D) Slavic-speaking peoples in the Balkans and Russia.

Question 37

Which of the following describes the situation in Western Europe after the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476?

A) Long-distance trade was limited to Italy.
B) Germanic peoples became a minority population.
C) A long period of peace and prosperity began.
D) Society became increasingly urban and literate.

Question 38

Besides Islam, which of the following was also a target of Western European crusaders?

A) Nestorian Christian communities
B) Roman Catholicism
C) Eastern Orthodox Christianity
D) The Church of the East

Question 39

Technological changes in which field limited women's opportunities in Western Europe by the fifteenth century?

A) Farming
B) Weaving
C) Shipbuilding
D) Metallurgy

Question 40

Which of the following describes the process of conversion to Eastern Orthodox Christianity in Kievan Rus?

A) The Byzantine Empire required conversion during its occupation of Kievan Rus; not converting was subject to the penalty of death.
B) Byzantine missionaries succeeded in converting most of the people to Eastern Orthodox Christianity despite state opposition.
C) It was a freely made decision on the part of Prince Vladmir of Kiev, who chose Eastern Orthodox Christianity to unify his people.
D) People converted in order to avoid the special tax imposed on those who refused to accept Eastern Orthodox Christianity.

Question 41

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
New capital for the eastern half of the Roman Empire, established in 330 C·E·. on the site of the ancient Greek city of Byzantium; its highly defensible and economically important site helped ensure the city's cultural and strategic importance for many centuries.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 42

Based on the information in Map 10.3 in the textbook, which region was the least threatened by foreign invasion between 700 and 1000?

A) The Holy Roman Empire
B) The Byzantine Empire
C) Kievan Russia
D) Al-Andalus

Question 43

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Holy images venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 44

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
An illiterate peasant woman (1297-1344), from the English village of Brigstock, whose life provides a window into the conditions of ordinary rural people even if her life was more independent and prosperous than most.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 45

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C·E·. that has still not been healed. This name was not commonly used until after the Protestant Reformation, but the term is just because, by the eleventh century, Western Christendom defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 46

Which of the following describes the relationship between politics and religion in Western Europe from 500 to 1300?

A) Rulers were appointed by and answered to the pope of the Catholic Church.
B) Rulers provided protection for the Church in return for religious legitimacy.
C) The ruler was the head of both the state and the Church.
D) The pope was the head of both the state and the Church.

Question 47

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Byzantine emperor (r. 527-565 C·E·.) noted for his short-lived reconquest of much of the former western Roman Empire and for his codification of Roman law.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 48

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Grand prince of Kiev (r. 978-1015 C·E·.) whose conversion to Orthodox Christianity led to the incorporation of Russia into the sphere of Eastern Orthodoxy.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Modern term meaning "ventures of the cross," used to describe the "holy wars" waged by Western Christendom from 1095 until the end of the Middle Ages and beyond; they could be declared only by the pope and were marked by participants swearing a vow and receiving an indulgence in return.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 50

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Ruler of the Carolingian Empire who staged an imperial revival in Western Europe.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 51

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term used by modern historians to refer to the surviving eastern Roman Empire during the medieval centuries; named after an ancient Greek city on the site of which the Roman emperor Constantine founded a new capital, Constantinople, in 330 C·E·.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 52

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Term invented in the twelfth century to describe the Germany-based empire founded by Otto I in 962 C·E·.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Emerging in the fifth and sixth centuries in the several kingdoms to the south of Egypt, this Christian church thrived for six hundred years but had largely disappeared by 1500 C·E·., by which time most of the region's population practiced Islam.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 54

In which civilization was the rationalism and secularism of Greek thought used to explain religious doctrines?

A) Persian Empire
B) Abbasid Caliphate
C) Western Christendom
D) Ottoman Empire

Question 55

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
A political-religious system in which the secular ruler is also head of the religious establishment, as in the Byzantine Empire.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 56

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Emerging in the fourth century with the conversion of the rulers of Axum, this Christian church proved more resilient than other early churches in Africa. Located in mountainous highlands, it was largely cut off from other parts of Christendom and developed traditions that made it distinctive from other Christian Churches.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 57

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
State that emerged in the ninth century C·E·.; a culturally diverse region that included Vikings as well as Finnic and Baltic peoples. The conversion of its grand prince to Orthodox Christianity in 988 had long-term implications for Russia.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 58

In Western Europe from 1000 to 1300, power was divided among

A) lords, vassals, and serfs.
B) princes, warriors, and farmers.
C) the pope, royal officials, and scholars.
D) kings, nobles, and church leaders.

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Branch of Christianity that developed in the eastern part of the Roman Empire and gradually separated, mostly on matters of practice, from the branch of Christianity dominant in Western Europe; noted for the subordination of the Church to political authorities, a married clergy, the use of leavened bread in the Eucharist, and insistence on church councils as the ultimate authority in Christian belief and practice.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 60

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
The product of Nestorian Christians living in China, these articulate the Christian message using Buddhist and Daoist concepts.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 61

Historical Analysis: In what respects was Western Europe a hybrid civilization? Was the Byzantine Empire a hybrid civilization as well?

Question 62

Historical Analysis: What factors contributed to the emergence of Western Europe as a dynamic civilization after 1000 C·E·.?

Question 63

Use the following to answer questions:
Select the word or phrase from the Terms section that best matches the definition or example provided in the Definitions section.
Terms
Western European branch of Christianity that gradually defined itself as separate from Eastern Orthodoxy, with a major break in 1054 C·E·. that has still not been healed. It defined itself in centralized terms, with the bishop of Rome (the pope) as the ultimate authority in matters of doctrine.

A)Jesus Sutras
B)Nubian Christianity
C)Ethiopian Christianity
D)Byzantine Empire
E)Constantinople
F)Justinian
G)caesaropapism
H)Eastern Orthodox Christianity
I)icons
J)Kievan Rus
K)Prince Vladimir of Kiev
L)Charlemagne
M)Holy Roman Empire
N)Roman Catholic Church
O)Western Christendom
P)Cecilia Penifader
Q)Crusades

Question 64

Comparative Analysis: What distinctive types of third-wave civilizations emerged in Eurasia between 500 and 1300?

Question 65

Between 500 and 1300, how did the ideas and practices of Christian communities throughout the Afro-Eurasian world differ from one another?