Deck 9: Sleep and Biological Rhythms

Question 1

Another name for sleep stage 3 is ________ sleep.

A) paradoxical
B) high-frequency
C) slow-wave
D) REM
E) rhythmic

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The observation that a person's brain shows beta wave activity is not a reliable indicator of being awake because

A) this pattern is seen in children but not adults.
B) this brain wave pattern also appears during sleep.
C) this wave form waxes and wanes during the day.
D) it can be induced by certain drugs such as alcohol.
E) drugs can elicit this brain wave pattern.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Deep sleep is characterized by ____________ waves.

A) alpha
B) beta
C) delta
D) theta
E) gamma

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following is a reason as to why sleep stage 3 is considered to be the deepest sleep stage?

A) A person in this stage is easily roused by meaningful stimuli.
B) A person who awakes from stage 3 is groggy and confused.
C) A person who awakes from this stage is alert and attentive.
D) Only very loud stimuli will awaken a person from stage 3 sleep.
E) The majority of sleep is spent in stage 3 slow-wave sleep.

Question 5

The ________ pattern of EEG activity is characterized by irregular, high-frequency (13-30 Hz), low-voltage waves.

A) beta
B) alpha
C) theta
D) sleep spindles
E) delta

Question 6

The theta brain wave pattern is characterized by changes in frequency of electrical activity of

A) 1-3 Hz.
B) 12-14 Hz.
C) 13-30 Hz.
D) less than 3.5 Hz.
E) 3.5-7.5 Hz.

Question 7

A single cycle of non-REM and REM sleep lasts about

A) 10 minutes.
B) 30-40 minutes.
C) 90 minutes.
D) 360 minutes.
E) 8 hours.

Question 8

The ________ is an instrument used to record electrical potentials from muscles during sleep.

A) myelogram
B) electroencephalogram
C) physiograph
D) electromyogram
E) retinogram

Question 9

Which of the following characterizes REM sleep?

A) When woken up in this stage, people are often groggy and confused.
B) When in this stage people are often able to toss and turn on the bed, moving freely.
C) The person experiences dreams.
D) The person experiences vague sensations or feelings.
E) The person's eyes are still.

Question 10

You are watching the sleep record of a person whose record contains 85% delta wave activity. Your best guess is that this person is

A) in stage 3 of slow-wave sleep.
B) dreaming.
C) in stage 1 of slow-wave sleep.
D) making the transition from wakefulness to sleep.
E) awake.

Question 11

Which of the following is true of human sleep cycles?

A) Sleep cycles are random across the night.
B) Subjects first enter REM sleep and then transition to non-REM sleep.
C) As the night goes on, the relative length of REM sleep increases in each successive cycle.
D) Stage 3 of slow-wave sleep mostly occurs in the early morning hours.
E) Each non-REM/REM cycle lasts about 45 minutes.

Question 12

During periods of wakefulness, brain waves oscillate between __________ and ____________ waves.

A) alpha; beta
B) delta; beta
C) alpha; delta
D) theta; delta
E) gamma; alpha

Question 13

During sleep, a(n) ______________ is used to measure brain activity.

A) electroencephalogram
B) electromyogram
C) electro-oculogram
D) oximeter probe
E) electroencardiogram

Question 14

An electro-oculogram is an instrument used in sleep studies to measure

A) blood pressure.
B) skin conductance.
C) heart rate.
D) electrical potentials within the brain.
E) eye movements.

Question 15

Which of the following is a key characteristic of non-REM sleep?

A) dreaming in color
B) muscle paralysis
C) genital changes associated with arousal
D) various forms of slow-wave brain activity
E) rapid eye movements

Question 16

The transition between wakefulness and sleep is marked by the appearance of ________ waves in the sleep record.

A) alpha
B) delta
C) gamma
D) theta
E) beta

Question 17

Which of the following is a key characteristic of REM sleep?

A) alternating delta and beta EEG activities
B) the presence of delta wave EEG activity
C) rapid eye movements
D) alpha wave brain activity
E) tossing and turning in bed

Question 18

The various stages of sleep are easily distinguished by

A) visible changes in respiration.
B) changes in motor movements involving speech.
C) changes in the electrical activity of the brain.
D) changes in consciousness.
E) the quality and quantity of dreams.

Question 19

As Darius is sleeping, his dog begins to bark. As a result, his brain emits several sudden sharp waveforms known as _____________.

A) hypnic jerks
B) sleep spindles
C) K complexes
D) alpha wave activity
E) delta wave activity

Question 20

As Jenelle is falling asleep, she has a sensation of walking along. Suddenly, her right leg steps into a hole and her foot jerks in bed, seemingly simulating the experienced fall in her sleeping state. These muscle contractions are

A) sleep spindles.
B) K complexes.
C) alpha wave activity.
D) spastic jerks.
E) hypnic jerks.

Question 21

During REM sleep, there is a high level of activity within the

A) visual association cortex.
B) prefrontal cortex.
C) hippocampus.
D) amygdala.
E) temporal cortex.

Question 22

Humans show which pattern of blood flow and mental activity during REM sleep?

A) Cortical blood flow is reduced during REM sleep as blood is shunted to the genitals.
B) Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary visual cortex.
C) Cerebral blood flow is very low during color dreaming.
D) Cerebral blood flow is high in the visual association cortex and low in the frontal cortex.
E) Cerebral blood flow is low in the primary auditory cortex.

Question 23

The primary function of slow-wave sleep is to

A) clear brain waste products produced by REM sleep.
B) promote dreaming.
C) rest the brain.
D) promote brain development.
E) facilitate learning.

Question 24

The predictable changes in blood flow to the male genitals that occur during ________ can be a useful clinical indicator of ________.

A) non-REM sleep; narcolepsy
B) the day hours; hypertension
C) REM sleep; impotence
D) slow-wave sleep; cardiac failure
E) the day hours; cocaine abuse

Question 25

The notion that REM sleep functions to promote brain development is supported by the finding that

A) newborn infants spend 70% of their sleep time in slow-wave sleep.
B) active phases of brain development are associated with low levels of REM sleep.
C) REM sleep increases in college students during exam time.
D) the elderly spend 85% of their sleep time in REM.
E) infants with well-developed brains spend proportionally less time in REM sleep than infants with poorly developed brains.

Question 26

Working on a task that demands high levels of mental activity during the day will

A) mimic the effects of REM deprivation.
B) increase glucose metabolism in the frontal lobes.
C) reduce stage 4 sleep.
D) impair subsequent learning of complex materials.
E) facilitate protein synthesis.

Question 27

Participants would show greater slow-wave brain activity during sleep after

A) studying for finals.
B) strenuous physical exercise.
C) watching a Netflix marathon.
D) resting in bed all day.
E) reading a young adult novel.

Question 28

During slow-wave sleep, activation of the visual and auditory cortexes is ______________, whereas activation of the ________ and cerebellum is decreased.

A) increased; thalamus
B) decreased; thalamus
C) increased; prefrontal cortex
D) decreased; prefrontal cortex
E) increased; anterior cingulate cortex

Question 29

If you stay awake for 3 days and then fall asleep, you will likely not sleep for the 24 hours of sleep that you missed. Instead, you might sleep 12 hours on the first night. Of the different stages of sleep, you are most likely to make up hours from stage _________.

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) REM
E) 1 and 3

Question 30

Prolonged sleep deprivation in humans results in

A) impaired ability to perform physical labor.
B) psychosis.
C) some perceptual distortions.
D) subsequent rebound recovery of lost slow-wave sleep.
E) a mild form of bipolar disorder.

Question 31

Which animal below demonstrates REM sleep?

A) squirrels
B) snakes
C) frogs
D) insects
E) fish

Question 32

Recent research suggests that ________ sleep is important for ________ memory.

A) slow-wave; nondeclarative
B) REM; sensory
C) REM; declarative
D) slow-wave; sensory
E) REM; nondeclarative

Question 33

Deprivation of REM sleep on one night results in an elevated amount of REM sleep on the following night. This rebound phenomenon suggests that

A) emotional well-being requires slow-wave sleep.
B) REM sleep functions to rest the brain.
C) there is a physiological need for stage 1 slow-wave sleep.
D) there is a physiological need for a certain amount of REM sleep.
E) the brain does not regulate REM sleep.

Question 34

Research with transcranial direct current stimulation suggests that the _______________ is involved in lucid dreaming.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) occipital cortex
C) hippocampus
D) medulla oblongata
E) anterior cingulate cortex

Question 35

Sleep deprivation in humans results in

A) psychosis.
B) impaired physical exercise.
C) perceptual distortions.
D) secretion of stress hormones.
E) depression.

Question 36

Which of the following terms belong together?

A) awake state; EEG synchrony
B) REM sleep; slow-wave EEG pattern
C) slow-wave sleep; marked genital arousal
D) REM sleep; lack of genital activity
E) slow-wave sleep; moderate muscle tonus

Question 37

Enforced bed rest for 6 weeks resulted in ________ in healthy subjects.

A) decreased slow-wave sleep
B) decreased REM sleep
C) no change in sleep patterns
D) a significant reduction in total sleep time
E) signs of REM-sleep behavior disorder

Question 38

Persons suffering from fatal familial insomnia resemble sleep-deprived rats in terms of

A) weight gain.
B) weight loss.
C) relaxation.
D) mood disorder.
E) night-time overeating.

Question 39

____________ refers to an awareness that the individual is dreaming and not asleep.

A) REM sleep awareness
B) Aware dreaming
C) Lucid dreaming
D) Coherent dreaming
E) Non-REM sleep awareness

Question 40

A full day of tourist activities at an amusement park would be expected to

A) produce insomnia.
B) reduce the amplitude of delta activity in the frontal lobes.
C) increase the amount of time spent that night in slow-wave sleep.
D) increase the need for REM sleep.
E) increase the amount of time spent dreaming.

Question 41

Hypocretin neurons are more active during ________ but are inactive during ________.

A) eating; drinking
B) normal waking; sleep
C) sexual behavior; feeding
D) reinforcement; punishment
E) slow-wave sleep; REM sleep

Question 42

A key source of noradrenergic neurons in the brain is the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) hippocampus.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

Question 43

Damage to the ventrolateral preoptic area would be expected to

A) impair the control of temperature regulation.
B) reproduce the symptoms of narcolepsy.
C) produce insomnia.
D) produce persistent REM sleep.
E) alter male reproductive behavior.

Question 44

If acetylcholine activity is high,

A) the animal is likely feeling drowsy or beginning to sleep.
B) there is decreased EEG-measured cortical arousal.
C) the brain waves are likely highly synchronized.
D) the brain waves are likely desynchronized.
E) nothing happens.

Question 45

The sleep disorder known as ________ can be produced by degeneration of hypocretin neurons in the brain.

A) narcolepsy
B) iatrogenic insomnia
C) sleep apnea
D) night terrors
E) insomnia

Question 46

The increased arousal and sleeplessness produced by amphetamine is related to the release of

A) norepinephrine.
B) serotonin.
C) acetylcholine.
D) dopamine.
E) GABA.

Question 47

Which of the following are true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

A) Damage to vlPOA neurons produces sleepiness.
B) Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA increase sleep in cats.
C) vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep.
D) Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces signs of drowsiness.
E) vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal.

Question 48

The notion that sleep or wakefulness is produced by a substance that circulates within the blood is

A) proven by studies of the dolphin sleep cycle.
B) unlikely given that the cerebral hemispheres of a dolphin sleep at different times.
C) unlikely because REM and slow-wave sleep appear to involve independent mechanisms.
D) proven by the observation that naps reduce sleep time the following night.
E) unlikely given that blood chemistry does not change within the brain.

Question 49

Microdialysis studies indicate that the synaptic level of acetylcholine within the ________ is elevated during waking as well as during REM sleep.

A) hypothalamus
B) raphe nuclei
C) cerebral cortex
D) amygdala
E) ventral pons

Question 50

Which of the following treatments in rats would be expected to increase locomotion and enhance the amount of cortical arousal evident in an EEG record?

A) electrical stimulation of the frontal cortex
B) damage to the locus coeruleus
C) damage to the raphe nuclei
D) electrical stimulation of the raphe nuclei
E) injection of high levels of GABA into the raphe nuclei

Question 51

Electrical stimulation of brain neurons that release ________ produces cortical arousal.

A) glycine
B) GABA
C) serotonin
D) acetylcholine
E) adenosine

Question 52

The capacity of circuits involving the vlPOA and the locus coeruleus, raphe nuclei, and dorsal pons to show mutual inhibition may result in

A) the transitions between eating and drinking in the rat.
B) alternating motor search behaviors in a maze.
C) shifts of attention.
D) stepping behavior.
E) the alternation between sleep and waking.

Question 53

________ would be expected to promote wakefulness.

A) An adenosine agonist
B) A histamine antagonist
C) Activation of hypocretin neurons
D) Stimulation of the ventrolateral preoptic area
E) Inactivation of histamine neurons

Question 54

Most of the serotonin neurons in the brain are located within the

A) nucleus accumbens.
B) reticular formation.
C) raphe nuclei.
D) striatum.
E) locus coeruleus.

Question 55

In the flip-flop circuit that controls sleep and arousal, the ___________ neurons are the stabilizing force, pushing the circuit toward arousal.

A) orexinergic
B) serotonergic
C) noradrenergic
D) cholinergic
E) dopaminergic

Question 56

Adenosine receptors are blocked by ________, which in turn promotes ________.

A) ethanol; euphoria
B) caffeine; wakefulness
C) nicotine; sleepiness
D) caffeine; sleepiness
E) glutamate; learning and memory

Question 57

Which of the following is true of neurons within the ventrolateral preoptic area (vlPOA)?

A) vlPOA neurons receive inhibitory input from noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons.
B) Excitotoxic lesions of the vlPOA increase sleep in cats.
C) vlPOA neurons have a low firing rate during sleep.
D) Electrical stimulation of vlPOA neurons produces insomnia.
E) vlPOA neurons secrete glutamate to excite regions that control arousal.

Question 58

The metabolism of glycogen within astrocytes produces ________, which in turn promotes ________.

A) adenosine; wakefulness
B) GABA; REM sleep
C) adenosine; slow-wave sleep
D) a benzodiazepine ligand; slow-wave sleep
E) GABA; slow-wave sleep

Question 59

An example of nondeclarative memory would be

A) recalling where you parked your car.
B) learning to drive a car.
C) memories you can speak about.
D) memories of past events.
E) memories of relationships between different stimuli.

Question 60

The firing rates of noradrenergic cells within the locus coeruleus

A) are suppressed by sleeping pills.
B) decrease during sleep and increase at awakening.
C) are unrelated to behavioral arousal.
D) in turn alter EEG cortical arousal.
E) are highest during REM sleep.

Question 61

Insomnia is defined

A) as the inability to fall asleep within 5 minutes of going to bed.
B) as awakening four or more times during the night.
C) as a problem in rapidly reaching REM sleep.
D) in relation to a person's particular sleep needs.
E) as a relative lack of slow-wave sleep compared to REM sleep.

Question 62

Human narcolepsy

A) can be treated using sleep-inducing drugs.
B) involves an absence of orexin in most people with narcolepsy.
C) involves the intrusion of slow-wave sleep components into the awake state.
D) is a psychological disorder.
E) is treated using lithium salts.

Question 63

Doris works a stressful job, has difficulty falling asleep, and she often wakes up early. After several weeks, she agrees to participate in a sleep study to determine whether she has insomnia. It is likely that the results of her sleep study show Doris

A) spends less time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia.
B) is lacking in the substances that promote and maintain sleep.
C) spends as much time sleeping as people who do not complain of insomnia.
D) has an excess of arousal-producing neurochemicals.
E) does not have insomnia.

Question 64

________ refers to the vivid dreams that may occur during sleep paralysis.

A) Apnea
B) Hypnagogic hallucination
C) Cataplexy
D) Night terror
E) Somnambulism

Question 65

__________ is one of the few medical problems that physicians treat without having physical evidence for its existence.

A) Narcolepsy
B) Insomnia
C) Bipolar disorder
D) Diabetes
E) Hypertension

Question 66

About ________ percent of the population experiences insomnia as a persistent problem, while ________ percent experiences this on occasion.

A) 1; 3
B) 15; 52
C) 27; 45
D) 7; 19
E) 9; 25

Question 67

The key feature of narcolepsy is

A) nightmares while awake.
B) sleep attacks.
C) nocturnal enuresis.
D) hypnagogic hallucinations.
E) feeling refreshed after an episode of sleep attack.

Question 68

REM-ON neurons are located within the ________, whereas REM-OFF neurons are located within the ________.

A) ventrolateral pons; dorsal PAG
B) dorsal PAG; ventrolateral preoptic area
C) ventrolateral preoptic area; sublateral dorsal nucleus
D) anterior thalamus; posterior hypothalamus
E) sublateral dorsal nucleus; ventrolateral PAG

Question 69

A person who exhibits sudden paralysis but remains conscious may be suffering from

A) REM without atonia.
B) somnambulism.
C) a sleep attack.
D) situational insomnia.
E) an episode of cataplexy.

Question 70

A buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood is a characteristic of the sleep disorder known as

A) iatrogenic.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) situational insomnia.
E) cataplexy.

Question 71

A common treatment for sleep apnea is

A) surgical modification of the throat airways.
B) the administration of sleeping medication.
C) maintaining the person in bright light for 20 hours per day.
D) the administration of L-DOPA.
E) electroconvulsive shock therapy.

Question 72

The difference between primary and secondary insomnia is

A) the length of time the insomnia has lasted.
B) the cause of the difficulty of falling asleep.
C) the age of onset.
D) the likelihood of being affected at a given time of year (seasonal).
E) the time of the night that the sleeplessness occurs.

Question 73

The notion that narcolepsy involves faulty brain regulation of sleep is supported by the observation that

A) mania commonly occurs with narcolepsy.
B) people with narcolepsy show no problems in staying asleep.
C) people with narcolepsy generally enter REM sleep directly from the waking state.
D) slow-wave sleep intrudes into the awake state in people with narcolepsy.
E) people with narcolepsy show problems in eye-tracking similar to those noted in alcoholism.

Question 74

Chronic sleep deprivation can lead to

A) blocked airways.
B) obesity and diabetes.
C) psychosis.
D) mood disorder.
E) bipolar disorder.

Question 75

A key symptom of human narcolepsy relates to

A) impulsive drug-taking.
B) abnormal slow-wave sleep.
C) recurring nightmares.
D) sleeping during the day.
E) dreaming while awake.

Question 76

John has periods during the night where he stops breathing, causing carbon dioxide levels in his blood to rise. Once the levels get too high, he wakes up, gasping for breath. John suffers from

A) insomnia.
B) sleep apnea.
C) narcolepsy.
D) night terrors.
E) sleeplessness.

Question 77

____________, a symptom of narcolepsy, is when a fully conscious person appears to be paralyzed.

A) Sleep apnea
B) Sleep attack
C) Insomnia
D) Cataplexy
E) Anoxia

Question 78

The "on" portion of the flip-flop mechanism for REM sleep is located within the

A) dorsal pons.
B) occipital cortex.
C) suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D) globus pallidus.
E) preoptic area.

Question 79

________ during REM sleep may be controlled by projections from the dorsal pons to the ________.

A) Muscle paralysis; thalamic relay nuclei
B) Eye movements; cingulate cortex
C) Cortical arousal; lateral geniculate
D) Muscle paralysis; basal forebrain
E) Eye movements; tectum

Question 80

The symptom known as ________ is an abnormality of REM sleep.

A) insomnia
B) theta reversal
C) cataplexy
D) night terror
E) enuresis