Deck 2: The Structure of Social Groups

Question 1

The behavioral expectations that members of a particular group collectively share are called ________.

A) values
B) roles
C) consensus
D) norms

Answer 1

D

Question 2

All of the following emerge in the process of enduring social interaction EXCEPT

A) roles.
B) values.
C) aggregates.
D) norms.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ can be thought of as moral imperatives.

A) Values
B) Mores
C) Folkways
D) Consensus

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Stealing from a co-worker, dealing drugs in an office, or being disloyal to one's group leader are examples of violating ________.

A) values
B) folkways
C) consensus
D) mores

Question 5

Sociologist Barry Wellman claims the new technological age we live in is a society dominated by______________.

A) "anomie"
B) "networked individualism"
C) "cultural conditioning"
D) "face-to-face interactions"

Question 6

________ is/are the criteria that emerge for people to use in judging what is appropriate, correct, moral, and important.

A) Values
B) Social Roles
C) Consensus
D) Norms

Question 7

________ refer(s) to the position one holds in an organization or group.

A) Culture
B) Folkways
C) Status
D) Role

Question 8

Sherif's classic summer camp experiment with groups illustrated the dynamics of ________.

A) bureaucracy
B) McDonaldization
C) social organization
D) cultural relativism

Question 9

Human beings adopt regularized patterns of behavior because of their ________.

A) social conditions
B) physiological circumstances
C) psychological characteristics
D) instincts

Question 10

________ refers to the position a person occupies in society that has exceptional significance for her/his social identity.

A) Master status
B) Role status
C) Individual status
D) Ethnic status

Question 11

Which of the following statements describes the attitude that we typically have towards the rules of society?

A) We do not want to obey the rules.
B) We have to obey the rules.
C) We want to obey the rules.
D) We do not have to break the rules.

Question 12

________ are common expectations that emerge within a group about how its members should act.

A) Values
B) Roles
C) Consensus
D) Norms

Question 13

In the case of an African-American doctor, who is a well-respected member of the community, a husband, and a father of two children, not being accepted into a private club because of his race would be an example of being African-American acting as a ________.

A) social role
B) norm
C) symbol
D) master status

Question 14

________ is the study of patterns that emerge in society when people interact with each other over time.

A) Psychiatry
B) Psychology
C) Ethnomethodology
D) Sociology

Question 15

All of the following occurred in Sherif's experiment with groups at summer camp EXCEPT ________.

A) a division of labor
B) a hierarchy
C) specialized language
D) suicide

Question 16

________ arranges people in order of importance and in terms of how they are rewarded and esteemed.

A) Hierarchy
B) Sanction
C) Status
D) Role

Question 17

________ is/are expectations that group members have of individuals who occupy various positions in the group.

A) Values
B) Social Roles
C) Consensus
D) Norms

Question 18

The shared beliefs and standards of group members that unite them and guide their behavior is called ________.

A) culture
B) morality
C) ethical standards
D) social imperatives

Question 19

Wearing pajamas to the opera, bringing one's own bottle of wine to Communion, or coming to an office barefoot are examples of violating ________.

A) values
B) folkways
C) consensus
D) mores

Question 20

Which of the following violations usually results in severe punishment?

A) mores
B) values
C) consensus
D) folkways

Question 21

________ is a hierarchical formal organization characterized by rationality and efficiency that strives toward improved efficiency and the most effective attainment of common goals.

A) Primary group
B) Control group
C) Bureaucracy
D) Culture

Question 22

Members of the lower classes in Pakistan intentionally deform children to make them more effective as beggars. This example shows the power of social groups to affect an individual's ________.

A) health
B) perceptions
C) convictions
D) knowledge

Question 23

________ suicide happens when an individual experiences conflicting group expectations or is confronted with ambiguous expectations.

A) Egoistic
B) Altruistic
C) Anomic
D) Rational

Question 24

One of the earliest sociological studies, which was conducted in Europe, showed that one's attachment to social groups affects the probability of ________.

A) suicide
B) success
C) crime
D) deviance

Question 25

________ was the nineteenth-century sociologist who found that social groups affect the probability of suicide.

A) Ritzer
B) Durkheim
C) Marx
D) Weber

Question 26

All of the following are examples of how interaction potential has been magnified in the last few years EXCEPT

A) YouTube
B) LinkedIn
C) Twitter
D) forums

Question 27

________ are groups whose members are intimately involved in an informal fashion with each other in face-to-face and long-lasting interaction.

A) Secondary groups
B) Primary groups
C) Tertiary groups
D) Social groups

Question 28

________ suicide happens when an individual has minimal ties to a social group and lacks social support.

A) Egoistic
B) Altruistic
C) Anomic
D) Rational

Question 29

The dehumanization of society that is characteristic of bureaucracies and which Max Weber feared would accompany modern society has been called the ________ .

A) dead end of rationality
B) iron cage of rationality
C) steel trap of rationality
D) paradox of rationality

Question 30

All of the following reasons account for variations in the behavior of people holding identical statuses EXCEPT

A) conflicting expectations from multiple statuses.
B) the innate tendency of human beings to rebel.
C) unclear messages as to which behavior is expected.
D) personality traits such as being passive or aggressive.

Question 31

All of the following statements describe social organizations EXCEPT

A) they reinforce stability.
B) they change gradually.
C) they are predictable.
D) they remain static.

Question 32

________ was the sociologist given credit for originating the argument that rationality and bureaucracies would dehumanize society.

A) Weber
B) Freud
C) Mead
D) Marx

Question 33

Some Appalachian families expose themselves and their children to injury or death by practicing serpent handling in their church services, showing the power of a social group to affect an individual's ________.

A) behavior
B) health and life
C) religious beliefs
D) attitude toward animals

Question 34

If Annika Sorenstam, applied and was not accepted to the Augusta National Golf Club because of the club's exclusive policy that limits membership to males only, her being a female was her ________.

A) role
B) norm
C) symbol
D) master status

Question 35

Although human beings are biologically programmed to eat, drink, sleep, and engage in sexual activity, social groups significantly shape how these drives are met. This statement illustrates the power of social groups to affect an individual's _______.

A) perceptions
B) behavior
C) convictions
D) health

Question 36

________ suicide is when individuals are totally group-oriented and kill themselves for the good of the group.

A) Egoistic
B) Altruistic
C) Anomic
D) Rational

Question 37

A/An________ is a collection of individuals who happen to be at the same place at the same time.

A) social group
B) aggregate
C) social class
D) anomie

Question 38

________ are comprised of people who have a common identity, share a common culture, and define themselves as a distinct social unit.

A) Sanctions
B) Social groups
C) Aggregates
D) Norms

Question 39

Asch's experiment with subjects who compared the length of a line drawn on a card examined how the group affects the individual's ________.

A) perceptions
B) life cycle
C) wealth potential
D) life expectancy

Question 40

________ is the term used by sociologist George Ritzer to describe the increasing bureaucratization of social life.

A) McDonaldization
B) Conflict
C) Functionalism
D) Symbolic interactionism

Question 41

________ is the largest social organization to which people owe their allegiance.

A) Society
B) Social group
C) Social role
D) Culture

Question 42

The hierarchical arrangement of people in terms of power, prestige, and resources exists

A) in Eastern societies of the world.
B) in Western societies of the world.
C) in every society of the world.
D) in very few societies of the world.

Question 43

Philip Zimbardo's prison experiment led to his conclusion that

A) psychological processes determined the behavior of the participants.
B) human beings do not like to conform to roles.
C) character disorders were responsible for the behavior of the guards.
D) social roles controlled individual behavior.

Question 44

All of the following are statements that characterize institutions EXCEPT

A) they change slowly.
B) they respond to swift societal changes.
C) they are conservative.
D) they are socially patterned.

Question 45

According to sociologists, which of the following examples describe an institution?

A) a college or university that has been around a long time
B) a janitor who has worked at the same school for decades
C) a political system that maintains order
D) a mental health center in your community

Question 46

If you are one of seven people on an elevator, you are part of a/an ________.

A) social class
B) aggregate
C) primary group
D) secondary group

Question 47

Folkways involve

A) moral rules.
B) sanctions with severe punishments.
C) etiquette customs and regulations.
D) threats to the fabric of society.

Question 48

The response to the question "Who are you?" usually involves

A) a listing of your statuses.
B) your caste membership.
C) social class affiliation.
D) participation in different institutions.

Question 49

Roles protect individuals by

A) providing a blueprint for behavior.
B) creating ambiguity and choice.
C) fostering individual responsibility for action.
D) freeing the person of constraints.

Question 50

Which of the following institutions address the social problems of producing and distributing goods and services?

A) the family
B) education
C) politics
D) the economy

Question 51

Sociologists argue that institutions have the potential to make deliberate changes, but they are by definition _______.

A) radical
B) conservative
C) liberal
D) responsive

Question 52

As a result of social interaction,

A) common expectations emerge about how people should act.
B) people feel freer to express themselves.
C) social life becomes more coercive.
D) people become over-stimulated.

Question 53

The economic and political actions of the United States and other countries

A) are united by common culture.
B) are completely separate social systems.
C) are known to affect the economic conditions of one other.
D) are not considered interdependent.

Question 54

The basic building block of groups is

A) an aggregate.
B) a category.
C) social interaction.
D) bureaucracy.

Question 55

All of the following refer to reasons why inconsistent role performance exists among individuals who occupy similar statuses EXCEPT

A) personality traits differ between individuals.
B) the absence of a clear consistent message regarding expected behavior.
C) multiple group memberships that people belong to.
D) the stability of the social role.

Question 56

As an employee at a grocery store or a student in a sociology course , you would be part of a/an ________.

A) consensus
B) aggregate
C) secondary group
D) primary group

Question 57

The components of social organizations include all of the following EXCEPT

A) social actors.
B) social interactions.
C) social determinants.
D) social relationships.

Question 58

All of the following are social conditions that constrain human behavior EXCEPT

A) structure.
B) culture.
C) relationships.
D) psychosis.

Question 59

A case of enduring social interaction is a

A) master role.
B) social status.
C) social relationship.
D) master status.

Question 60

Stability in organizations is a consequence of

A) human instincts to avoid conflict.
B) tendencies of people to conform in this environment.
C) strong leadership of people in charge.
D) democratic processes inherent within this environment.

Question 61

Culture unites members although it does not guide their behavior.

Question 62

Sociology is the study of the patterns that emerge in society when people interact over time.

Question 63

An aggregate is a collection of individuals who happen to be at the same place at the same time.

Question 64

All of the following could happen if social control were ineffective EXCEPT

A) the majority of the poor would riot.
B) most of the starving would steal.
C) many young men would refuse to fight in war.
D) people would exercise self-control.

Question 65

Culture is the shared belief of groups that serves to guide and constrain the conduct of their members.

Question 66

All of the following are examples of primary groups EXCEPT

A) a family.
B) a close friend.
C) a child's play group.
D) a college dormitory.

Question 67

Altruistic suicide is evident with the

A) Japanese kamikaze pilot.
B) high rate of suicide among married people.
C) low rate of suicide among childless married couples.
D) wealthy person who suddenly becomes penniless.

Question 68

A social system has clear boundaries in terms of

A) wealth.
B) membership.
C) ethnic group.
D) racial composition.

Question 69

Groups such as a country club or a labor union have a fundamentally different structure.

Question 70

The characteristics of someone occupying a status within a group may have a bearing on her/his role performance.

Question 71

Shared beliefs of group members that unite them and guide their behavior are called ethics.

Question 72

All of the following are statements that describe a society EXCEPT

A) it is an aggregate of people.
B) it is united by a common culture.
C) it has a definite geographical location.
D) it is composed of like-minded people.

Question 73

All of the following statements describe primary groups EXCEPT

A) they are informal in organization and long-lasting.
B) they are small in number and strong in loyalty.
C) they are primarily task-oriented.
D) they provide members with a sense of belonging.

Question 74

Which of the following represents a similar function across societies?

A) stability and maintenance of the system
B) innovation and change
C) an acknowledgement of the progressive nature of institutions
D) to advance human welfare and social enlightenment

Question 75

The person who commits egoistic suicide tends to be

A) alone and lacking group goals.
B) in a highly cohesive group.
C) in a group with ambiguous expectations.
D) suffering from anomie, or normlessness.

Question 76

Sherif's classic summer camp experiment with groups illustrated the dynamics of cultural relativism.

Question 77

The process of social organization is generally the same regardless of group size.

Question 78

An institution

A) refers to an established and traditional personality.
B) is limited to a specific organization.
C) channels behavior in culturally prescribed ways.
D) does not constrain individual behavior.

Question 79

In Sherif's study of adolescents at summer camp, only the experimental groups developed rules and punishments that governed behavior.

Question 80

Organizational efficiency in a bureaucracy is maximized when

A) a hierarchy of authority develops.
B) rules are unwritten, implicit, and not standardized.
C) personal considerations are the basis for decisions.
D) members are judged on the basis of tradition and loyalty.