Deck 12: Romanesque Europe

Question 1

Pilgrims believed that relics could ____.

A) provide them with money
B) heal body and soul
C) put them in contact with deceased family members
D) make them younger

Answer 1

B

Question 2

One of the factors that contributed to the enormous surge in church building during the Romanesque period was the ____.

A) influx of artists from Byzantium
B) inexpensive cost of stone
C) thanksgiving experienced at the peaceful conclusion of the first millennium
D) conversion of the Vikings to Christianity

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The most venerated pilgrimage shrine in the West,outside Rome or Jerusalem,was the ____.

A) tomb of Lazarus at Autun
B) tomb of Saint Foy at Conques
C) tomb of Saint Martin at Tours
D) tomb of Saint James at Santiago de Compostela

Answer 3

D

Question 4

____ is the theft of relics for holy purposes.

A) Crypt
B) Reliquaries
C) Furta sacra
D) Tribune

Question 5

Which of the following encouraged the growth of towns and cities?

A) An increase in trade
B) The pilgrimage routes
C) A consolidation of power within the papacy
D) The end of the power of the Vikings

Question 6

Saint-Sernin at Toulouse has been called a "pilgrimage type" church.Which of the following accounts for this designation?

A) It added perimeter buildings to house pilgrims.
B) It attached the ambulatory to the nave.
C) It had radiating chapels attached to the transept and ambulatory.
D) It narrowed the main aisle to create a dignified progress for viewing the relics.

Question 7

What purpose did Gislebertus's image of the Last Judgment on the portal of Saint-Lazare serve?

A) It encouraged viewers to go on a pilgrimage.
B) It displayed the saint to whom the church was dedicated.
C) It encouraged viewers to seek salvation by terrifying them.
D) It reinforced the virginity of Mary.

Question 8

Saint Faith at Conques,Saint James at Santiago de Compostela,and Saint-Sernin at Toulouse are all examples of ____ churches.

A) Tuscan
B) transept
C) central plan
D) pilgrimage

Question 9

One of the exceptional features of the interior of Saint-Étienne at Vignory in comparison to other Romanesque churches is ____.

A) its west work
B) its ornate marble encrusted facade
C) the presence of decorative carving and sculpture
D) the appearance of the rib vault

Question 10

Among those who would be judged favorably in Gislebertus's Last Judgment are people carrying bags adorned with a shell and a cross.These figures represent ____.

A) the inhabitants of India
B) monks and nuns
C) hand-workers
D) pilgrims to Jerusalem and Santiago

Question 11

Pilgrims often journeyed to churches to view ____,which were the material remains of holy figures.

A) censors
B) relics
C) chants
D) stained glass

Question 12

The primary motivation for undertaking a pilgrimage,which was extremely dangerous and could often last a year,was ____.

A) to seek salvation or a cure
B) to visit family members
C) to listen to their favorite preacher
D) to become a member of a religious order

Question 13

____ was the economic system that was gradually replaced by the growth of towns and cities during the Romanesque period.

A) Pilgrimage
B) The crusades
C) Feudalism
D) Monasticism

Question 14

In its three stories in the nave and timber roof,Saint-Étienne at Vignory resembles ____ churches.

A) Ottonian
B) Anglo-Saxon
C) Bavarian
D) Norman

Question 15

The east end of Saint-Étienne at Vignory,which was composed of ____,was innovative.

A) an apse and a triumphal arch
B) a double transept and a chancel arch
C) semi-domes
D) an ambulatory and three radiating chapels

Question 16

The purpose of tribunes such as those found at Saint James at Santiago de Compostela and Saint-Sernin in Toulouse was ____.

A) to house the overflow crowds and to buttress the weight of the vaults
B) for the pope to greet the crowds
C) to stage plays
D) to hold trials

Question 17

The nave of pilgrimage churches,such as Saint-Sernin at Toulouse and Saint James,were covered by a ____.

A) series of saucer domes
B) cut-stone barrel vault
C) diaphragm arch
D) transept

Question 18

Although the church of Saint-Étienne at Vignory had some Romanesque features,it retained many elements of Carolingian-Ottonian architecture,including ____.

A) a groin vault over the nave
B) poured cement
C) a three-story timber roof
D) Cyclopean masonry

Question 19

In contrast to Saint-Étienne at Vignory,the naves of Sant Vicenç and Saint-Philibert are covered by ____.

A) ceiling paintings
B) stone vaults
C) carved tracery
D) quadrant arches

Question 20

The term Roman-like was adopted to describe the architecture of the Romanesque period because it relied on elements of Roman architecture such as ____.

A) groin vaults
B) ionic capitals
C) pumpkin domes
D) timber ceilings

Question 21

The ____ order split from the Cluniac order to follow the rules of Saint Benedict more strictly.

A) Dominican
B) Knights Templar
C) Monophysite
D) Cistercian

Question 22

____ was the artist of one of the earliest sets of Romanesque reliefs at Saint-Sernin.

A) Corbie
B) Master Hugo
C) Bernardus Gelduinus
D) Abbot Suger

Question 23

____ were innovative architectural features that appeared at Cluny III.

A) Clerestory windows
B) A barrel vault
C) A three-story elevation and pointed arches
D) Rounded arches

Question 24

Which of the following churches was the largest in Europe until the new Saint Peter's in Rome was constructed in the 17th century?

A) Cluny III
B) Saint-Sernin,Toulouse
C) Speyer Cathedral
D) Sant'Ambrogio,Milan

Question 25

In his writings,Bernard of Clairvaux criticized the profusion of sculptural decoration in Romanesque cloisters because it ____.

A) distracted the viewer from reading and prayer.
B) encouraged people to sin
C) was too modern
D) was gilded using gold leaf

Question 26

The plan of Saint-Sernin is extremely regular and geometrically precise.It is based on a module seen in earlier church architecture.Which of the following churches is the prototype for this refined and rational structural approach?

A) Saint Michael's,Hildesheim
B) Monastery church,Saint Gall
C) Saint Maria Maggiore,Rome
D) Saint Cyriakus,Gernode

Question 27

The ____ is the covered courtyard in a monastery that expressed the seclusion of the spiritual life and offered a foretaste of paradise.

A) rectory
B) cloister
C) infirmary
D) abbey

Question 28

The ____ is the semi-circular area above the lintel of a Romanesque portal.

A) trumeau
B) buttress
C) jamb
D) tympanum

Question 29

Compound piers are ____.

A) piers with Doric and Ionic capitals
B) piers with sculptures of prophets
C) pier with painted registers
D) piers with attached columns or pilasters

Question 30

The composition and style of Bernardus Gelduinus's Christ in Majesty at Saint-Sernin was influenced by ____.

A) Carolingian or Ottonian metalwork and/or ivories
B) classicism
C) Anglo-Saxon manuscripts
D) catacomb painting

Question 31

____ possesses the most extensive preserved ensemble of early Romanesque sculpture.

A) San Giovanni
B) Durham Cathedral
C) San Miniato al Monte
D) Saint-Pierre,Moissac

Question 32

On the right face of the Moissac trumeau is a prophet displaying his scroll containing his prophetic vision.He is placed immediately below the depiction of Christ,the judge.This is another instance of the pairing of the Old and New Testament themes.This iconographic tradition was established during which of the following periods?

A) Early Christian
B) Early Byzantine
C) Carolingian
D) Hiberno-Saxon

Question 33

During the Romanesque period,the vision of Christ's second coming was often depicted on which of the following?

A) Jambs
B) The tribune
C) The tympanum
D) The trumeau

Question 34

The focus of the sculptural program of the abbey church of Saint Pierre at Moissac is the ____.

A) nativity
B) second coming
C) royal process of the king
D) fall of Adam and Eve

Question 35

At Saint-Sernin,the ____ served as the module for the proportions of the entire church.

A) buttresses
B) nave
C) crossing square
D) tribune

Question 36

The Cistercian monk who criticized the rich outfitting of non-Cistercian churches and sculptural adornments of monastic cloisters was ____.

A) William of Normandy
B) Richard the Lionhearted
C) Bernard of Clairvaux
D) Gislebertus

Question 37

The revival of monumental sculpture in the Romanesque period was partially influenced by ____.

A) feudalism
B) the invasion of Germanic tribes
C) the survival of ancient Roman ruins
D) the ease of stone carving

Question 38

One of the most obvious differences between Cistercian churches such as Notre-Dame at Fontenay and other Romanesque churches is the absence of ____.

A) windows
B) stone masonry
C) sculptural decoration
D) vaults

Question 39

The monks of the ____ order were among the primary patrons of Romanesque sculpture.

A) Franciscan
B) Cluniac
C) Cisterican
D) Knights Templar

Question 40

In the Romanesque period,church interiors became impressive acoustical settings for church services.Which of the following architectural elements allowed for the excellent acoustics?

A) The radiating chapels of the ambulatory
B) The upper galleries or tribunes along the nave
C) The radiating chapels attached to the transepts
D) The continuous barrel-vaulted naves

Question 41

____,in northern Spain,boasts more Romanesque murals than anywhere else in Europe.

A) Santiago de Compostela
B) Seville
C) Catalonia
D) Castile

Question 42

In contrast to the Cluiacs,the ____ order eventually prohibited full-page illustrations in manuscripts.

A) Knights Templar
B) Cistercians
C) Normans
D) furta sacra

Question 43

The use of ornamented initials such as the Initial R in the Moralia in Job can be traced back to the ____ period.

A) Visigoth
B) Roman
C) Hiberno-Saxon
D) Ottonian

Question 44

____ is the church most closely associated with the crusades.

A) La Madeleine,Vézelay
B) San Miniato al Monte
C) Speyer Cathedral
D) Durham Cathedral

Question 45

The mission of the ____,the earliest crusading knights,was to protect Christians visiting Christian shrines in the Holy Land.

A) Franciscans
B) Benedictines
C) Cistercian Order
D) Knights Templar

Question 46

Another Romanesque portal that established God's omnipotence and presented the church as a road to salvation is ____.

A) Saint-Sernin at Toulouse
B) Saint-Trophîme at Arles
C) Speyer Cathedral
D) Modena Cathedral

Question 47

Scholars believe that the ____ manuscript was produced in the scriptorium at Moissac.

A) Bury Bible
B) Eadwine Bible
C) Codex Colbertinus
D) Bayeux Tapestry

Question 48

____ church is one in which the aisles are approximately the same height as the nave.

A) A hall
B) A Cluniac
C) An abbey
D) A Tuscan

Question 49

The tympanum of the Romanesque portal of La Madeleine at Vézelay depicts ____.

A) Christ's ascension
B) Pentecost
C) the assumption of the Virgin
D) Mary's visit to Christ's tomb

Question 50

The ____ were mass armed pilgrimages whose purpose was to take control of Christian monuments in the Holy Land.

A) Battle of Hastings
B) relics
C) crusades
D) Cluniacs

Question 51

How is the initial R from the Moralia in Job typically Romanesque?

A) By the absence of a salutation
B) By exceeding the boundaries of the frame
C) By following Hiberno-Saxon carpet page patterns
D) By the banding of the torso and the partitioning of the folds of the costumes

Question 52

The Gospel books that are stylistically related to Moissac are the ____.

A) Codex Colbertinus and the Corbie Gospels
B) Morgan Madonna and Stavelot Reliquary
C) Bayeux Tapestry and King David
D) Eadwine Psalter and Bury Bible

Question 53

At Pentecost the apostles were called to ____.

A) stay only in Rome
B) become witnesses of the Gospels to the world
C) hide from the Romans
D) take care of Mary

Question 54

The depiction of the battle between the knight and the dragons from the Moralia in Job was viewed by the clergy as ____.

A) a prefiguration of the ascension
B) a reminder against the use of images
C) a reenactment of the Battle of Hastings
D) an allegory of the struggle of monks against the devil for the salvation of souls

Question 55

The intertwining forms on the Initial L and Saint Matthew of the Codex Colbertinus attest to the long life of the ____ from the Hiberno-Saxon period.

A) cloisonné technique
B) animal interlace style
C) Islamic rosette
D) incrustation

Question 56

Among the stylistic hallmarks of the artist of the south portal of Saint-Pierre at Moissac are ____.

A) squat and short figures
B) naturalistic figures inspired by Greek art
C) cross-legged figures with zigzag and dovetail drapery folds
D) vast landscapes uninhabited by humans

Question 57

Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe is a characterized as a hall church.Which of the following defines a hall church?

A) It has low aisles and tribune galleries.
B) The aisles are approximately the same height as the nave.
C) It has a series of windows in the apse.
D) It has low aisles but no tribune galleries.

Question 58

Among the stylistic hallmarks of the artist of the Pentecost and Mission of the Apostles at La Madeleine,Vézelay,____.

A) are zigzag drapery patterns that spin into whorls
B) is a sense of repose
C) is the creation of a sense of spatial recession
D) is the simplicity of the figures and their garments

Question 59

Similar to the subject matter of Romanesque portals,the ____ fresco from Santa María de Mur represents Christ surrounded by the four evangelists.

A) annunciation
B) crucifixion
C) Jeremiah
D) Christ in Majesty

Question 60

Reflecting Christ's mission to the apostles,depicted in the lintel and tympanum compartments at Vézelay are ____.

A) female martyr saints
B) Roman soldiers
C) images of the world's heathens
D) twenty-four elders of the Apocalypse

Question 61

It is said this structure's design is simple and serenely classical.It is a descendant of the Pantheon,the imperial mausoleum,such as Diocletian's,and the early Christian Saint Costanza.Which of the following is being described?

A) Sant'Ambrogio,Milan
B) San Giovanni Baptistery,Florence
C) San Miniato al Monte,Florence
D) Modena Cathedral

Question 62

A more complex and efficient type of vaulting than was currently available was needed-one that would admit light and at the same time be aesthetically pleasing.Which of the following systems would allow this adoption?

A) By elevating the side walls with additional buttressing
B) By eliminating the upper galleries or tribunes
C) By covering the nave with groin vaults
D) By eliminating the ambulatory from the apse

Question 63

The use of ____ characterizes Tuscan Romanesque monuments such as San Miniato al Monte and San Giovanni.

A) historiated capitals
B) animal interlace
C) enamel
D) patterned marble incrustation

Question 64

The facade of ____ is rooted in the tradition of Carolingian and Ottonian westworks.

A) Pisa Cathedral
B) Saint-Étienne,Caen
C) Saint-Sernin,Toulouse
D) Sant'Ambrogio,Milan

Question 65

How did 11th-century Romanesque masons construct monumental groin vaults?

A) By using ashlar blocks joined by mortar
B) By using ashlar blocks
C) By using concrete
D) By using rubble blocks jointed by mortar

Question 66

Which of the following supports Eadwine's claim to self-importance?

A) He likened his image to the abbot of a monastery.
B) He likened his image to an evangelist writing his Gospel.
C) He likened his image to the master builder.
D) He likened his image to Bernard of Clairvaux.

Question 67

Which of these architectural elements was used for the exterior supports on Romanesque buildings?

A) Pendentives
B) Flying buttresses
C) Buttresses
D) Diaphragm buttresses

Question 68

The Norman defeat of the Anglo-Saxons at the Battle of Hastings in 1066 united all of England and most of France under one rule.The battle leading to this momentous occasion was the topic for the Bayeux Tapestry.Who commissioned this work?

A) Duke William of Normandy
B) Bishop Odo
C) Harold,Earl of Wessex
D) Mathilda of Normandy

Question 69

The Romanesque church that had a wooden ceiling like those found in early Christian basilicas was which of the following?

A) San Miniato,Florence
B) Saint-Pierre,Moissac
C) Durham Cathedral
D) Sant'Ambrogio,Milan

Question 70

The one important requirement often missing from these church interiors is light.Which of the following did not allow for interior lighting?

A) Barrel-vaults exerted great outward thrust making a clerestory difficult to construct.
B) Light was not considered an important spiritual ingredient for church services.
C) The massive walls would not support a tribune and clerestory.
D) It was considered too expensive to fund the construction of a clerestory.

Question 71

Which church was the burial place of the Holy Roman emperors until the 12th century?

A) Palatine Chapel,Aachen
B) Speyer Cathedral
C) Sant'Ambrogio,Milan
D) Saint-Étienne,Caen

Question 72

The "throne of wisdom," sedes sapientiae,is the western European freestanding version of which of the following?

A) Islamic throne
B) Byzantine Theotokos
C) Carolingian throne
D) Ottonian throne

Question 73

The Bayeux Tapestry is unique in Romanesque art.Which of the following supports this claim?

A) It depicted an actual event in full detail shortly after it occurred.
B) It depicted a tale from the First Crusade.
C) It depicted the mission of the apostles in full detail.
D) It depicted the clash between the Knights Templar and the Saracens.

Question 74

In ____,buildings were designed structurally less experimentally than in northern Europe.

A) Italy
B) Normandy
C) England
D) France

Question 75

Of the following characteristics,which is not relevant to Italian church architecture?

A) Verticality
B) Thick,massive walls
C) Continuous barrel-vaulting
D) Groin-vaulting

Question 76

The frieze from the facade of Modena reminded the faithful of Original Sin and that the path to salvation is through the Christ.Which of the following is the subject matter of the frieze?

A) The frieze depicts the crucifixion.
B) The frieze depicts the Last Judgment.
C) The frieze depicts the temptation of Adam and Eve.
D) The frieze depicts the ascension.

Question 77

The intersection of two barrel vaults creates which of the following?

A) Groin vault
B) Pendentive
C) Buttress
D) Rib vault

Question 78

The Bayeux Tapestry is the conqueror's version of history.It is a narrative that includes the battle sequences as well as the preparations for war.It is said that this is the most Roman of all Romanesque artworks.Which of the following supports this contention?

A) It has often been likened to the Column of Trajan.
B) It has often been likened to the frieze from the Arch of Constantine.
C) It has often been likened to the panels from the Arch of Titus.
D) It has often been likened to the column of Marcus Aurelius.

Question 79

At Sant'Angelo in Formis the continuity of the ancient tradition of decorating walls with ____ can be seen.

A) mosaics
B) frescoes
C) niches
D) arcades