Question 1

Reciprocity is involved in which situation?&#10;A) agreeing to a smaller request after a person accepts your refusal to a larger request&#10;B) agreeing to a second request after thinking a person has given us a better deal than the first request&#10;C) agreeing to a second request for a large contribution after agreeing to make a small contribution&#10;D) agreeing to a smaller request after a person accepts your refusal to a larger request, and agreeing to a second request after thinking a person has given us a better deal than the first request

Accepted Answer

Reciprocity involves responding in kind to another person's actions, and both option A and C involve this to some degree. However, option D involves both scenarios presented in option A and B, where a person agrees to a smaller request after a refusal to a larger request, and then later agrees to a second request based on perceived benefit or a better deal. Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 2

Normative social influence is to seeking _____ as informational social influence is to seeking _____.&#10;A) approval; knowledge&#10;B) knowledge; approval&#10;C) compliance; conformity&#10;D) conformity; compliance

Accepted Answer

Normative social influence occurs when individuals conform to the expectations of others in order to gain social approval and avoid disapproval or rejection. In contrast, informational social influence occurs when individuals look to others for cues as to how to behave because they believe that others have more knowledge or expertise in a given situation. Therefore, choice A is the best answer as it accurately pairs seeking approval with normative social influence, and seeking knowledge with informational social influence.

Question 3

Self-perception theory best explains behavior in situations in which _____; and cognitive dissonance theory best explains behavior in situations in which _____.&#10;A) attitudes are not well defined; attitudes are well defined&#10;B) attitudes are well defined; attitudes are not well defined&#10;C) behavior is not subject to external influences; behavior is subject to external influences&#10;D) behavior is subject to external influences; behavior is not subject to external influences

Accepted Answer

Self-perception theory explains behavior in situations where individuals' attitudes are not well defined, suggesting that people infer their attitudes from their behavior when they are unsure of their attitudes. Cognitive dissonance theory explains behavior in situations where attitudes are well defined, positing that inconsistency between attitudes and behavior creates discomfort, leading to attitude or behavior change to reduce dissonance.

Question 4

According to research on the bystander effect, why would you be more likely to receive help if your car broke down on an infrequently traveled rural road than on an urban interstate highway?&#10;A) People are traveling faster on an interstate, and it is more difficult for them to stop.&#10;B) People in rural areas are more helpful than those in urban environments.&#10;C) People who see you would feel more responsible for helping with fewer others available.&#10;D) People on interstates are less likely to notice you because they are attending to traffic.

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect suggests that people are less likely to help in the presence of others because they feel less personal responsibility. On an infrequently traveled rural road, there are fewer others available to help, so individuals are more likely to feel a sense of responsibility and offer assistance. On an urban interstate highway, there are more people around and individuals may feel less responsible for providing help.

Question 5

The _____ effect pertains to situations in which we tend to underestimate the commonality of our _____ behaviors.&#10;A) false consensus; unsuccessful&#10;B) false consensus; successful&#10;C) false uniqueness; unsuccessful&#10;D) false uniqueness; successful

Accepted Answer

The false uniqueness effect refers to the tendency to underestimate how common one's successful behaviors or attributes are among others, thinking of them as more unique or rare than they actually are.

Question 6

In one condition of Milgram's experiments, two experimenters disagreed about stopping. .How did the percentage of participants who continued to 450 volts in this condition compare to that of the baseline condition?

A) The percentage was considerably lower than in the baseline condition.
B) The percentage was similar to that in the baseline condition.
C) The percentage was considerably higher than in the baseline condition.
D) The percentage depended on whether the participants were male or female.

Accepted Answer

In this condition of Milgram's experiment, when the two experimenters disagreed about stopping, it introduced uncertainty and a breakdown in the authority figure's power. This led to a considerable decrease in the percentage of participants willing to continue to the maximum voltage level compared to the baseline condition, where there was a clear, authoritative directive to continue.

Question 7

The actor-observer bias qualifies the fundamental attribution error because as actors we tend to make _____ attributions, and as observers we tend to make _____ attributions.&#10;A) dispositional; dispositional&#10;B) dispositional; situational&#10;C) situational; dispositional&#10;D) situational; situational

Accepted Answer

The actor-observer bias explains that as actors (when we are the ones performing an action), we are more likely to attribute our actions to situational factors, whereas as observers (when we are watching someone else perform an action), we tend to attribute others' actions to dispositional (personality) factors.

Question 8

The _____ effect pertains to situations in which we tend to overestimate the commonality of our _____ behaviors.&#10;A) false consensus; unsuccessful&#10;B) false consensus; successful&#10;C) false uniqueness; unsuccessful&#10;D) false uniqueness; successful

Accepted Answer

The false consensus effect refers to the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. This overestimation can occur for both successful and unsuccessful behaviors, but the commonality of unsuccessful behaviors may be less noticeable and therefore less likely to be overestimated. The false uniqueness effect, on the other hand, pertains to situations in which we underestimate the commonality of our positive or successful behaviors.

Question 9

The actor-observer bias is qualified by the self-serving bias because we tend to make _____ attributions for our actions if the outcome is positive and _____ attributions for our actions if the outcome is negative.

A) dispositional; dispositional
B) dispositional; situational
C) situational; dispositional
D) situational; situational

Accepted Answer

The actor-observer bias refers to the tendency to make dispositional attributions for others' actions and situational attributions for our own actions. However, the self-serving bias involves making dispositional attributions for positive outcomes and situational attributions for negative outcomes. Therefore, we tend to make dispositional attributions for our actions if the outcome is positive (e.g. "I am successful because I'm hardworking") and situational attributions for our actions if the outcome is negative (e.g. "I failed because of the difficult circumstances"). Choice B is the only option that reflects this distinction.

Deck 9: Section 1: Social Psychology