Deck 10: Social and Emotional Development in Preschool Children

Question 1

Expressive traits

A)describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.
B)describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
C)describe individuals who are independent and aggressive.
D)are typically used equally to describe males and females.

Answer 1

describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.

Question 2

Parents typically

A)treat sons and daughters similarly in all ways.
B)show more warmth to daughters than to sons.
C)encourage sons' achievement but discourage daughters' achievement.
D)treat sons and daughters similarly except in areas related to gender roles.

Answer 2

treat sons and daughters similarly except in areas related to gender roles.

Question 3

Traits associated with male stereotypes are called ________, whereas traits associated with female stereotypes are referred to as ________.

A)hormonal; androgynous
B)androgynous; hormonal
C)expressive; instrumental
D)instrumental; expressive

Answer 3

instrumental; expressive

Question 4

Who has a trait that is considered characteristically male in Canada?

A)Avery, who is excitable
B)Pat, who is aggressive
C)Chris, who is considerate
D)Austen, who is emotional

Question 5

According to social learning theorists, children learn gender roles

A)through observation and reinforcement.
B)by understanding gender constancy.
C)by paying more attention to gender-appropriate experiences and events.
D)through prenatal exposure to sex hormones.

Question 6

________ is defined as a person's judgment and feelings about his or her own worth.

A)A social role
B)A social convention
C)Self-esteem
D)Self-control

Question 7

Children

A)have little knowledge of gender stereotypes when they enter elementary school.
B)are likely to ignore stereotypes when judging whether hypothetical children will play with masculine or feminine toys.
C)ignore messages from adults about gender stereotypes until they are into adolescence.
D)consider gender stereotypes to be binding guidelines for behaviour for boys and girls.

Question 8

Instrumental traits

A)are associated with females.
B)include traits such as emotional and creative.
C)describe individuals who act on the world and influence it.
D)describe individuals who value interpersonal relationships.

Question 9

The perception of oneself as either male or female is referred to as one's

A)gender stereotype.
B)gender schema.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender identity.

Question 10

Connie believes that children learn gender roles by watching other people and by being rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviour. Connie's beliefs fit most closely with those of ________ theorists.

A)cognitive
B)biological
C)psychodynamic
D)social learning

Question 11

Which of the following is an expressive trait?

A)self-confidence
B)mechanical aptitude
C)devotion to others
D)dominance

Question 12

Gender stereotypes

A)are limiting because people use them to make assumptions about individuals based on their gender that might not be true.
B)are present in adults but not children.
C)are determined by underlying biological sex differences.
D)are similar in all parts of the world.

Question 13

According to Barry, all women are emotional and gentle. Barry's beliefs about women

A)are atypical for Canadians.
B)show that he sees women as possessing many instrumental traits.
C)are shared equally by adults worldwide.
D)are best described as gender stereotypes.

Question 14

Paula has traits that are typically associated with females in Canada. Paula is most likely to be described as

A)outspoken.
B)not easily influenced.
C)emotional.
D)self-confident.

Question 15

Beliefs about how males and females differ in personality traits, interests, and behaviours are referred to as gender

A)constancy.
B)stereotypes.
C)schemas.
D)identity.

Question 16

Research suggests that, as a typical 5-year-old, Megan most likely

A)has not yet begun to form gender stereotypes.
B)has a very rigid view of gender.
C)is not able to infer things based on gender stereotypes.
D)has adult-like knowledge of gender stereotypes.

Question 17

Which of the following is an instrumental trait?

A)independence
B)emotionality
C)kindness
D)awareness of others' feelings

Question 18

Who is likely to have the most extreme gender stereotypes?

A)Michael, who lives in the United States
B)Ibrahim, who lives in Nigeria
C)Masaki, who lives in Venezuela
D)Nawaz, who lives in Pakistan

Question 19

A ________ is a set of cultural guidelines for how a person should behave.

A)gender stereotype
B)gender schema
C)gender label
D)social role

Question 20

Cross-cultural studies of gender stereotypes have shown that

A)gender stereotypes are the same in all countries.
B)gender stereotypes are not influenced by one's culture.
C)North Americans have more extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.
D)North Americans have less extreme gender stereotypes than people in other countries.

Question 21

Girls' play tends to be more ________ than that of boys.

A)competitive
B)supportive
C)dominating
D)rough

Question 22

If Lacey's parents are typical in how they socialize their children, Lacey is most likely to say,

A)"My dad pushes my brother to try new things even if he's scared, but he doesn't expect me to try them."
B)"My mom wants my brother to act like a boy and me to act like a girl, but my dad just wants us to be ourselves."
C)"My parents encourage my brother to do 'girl' activities and me to do 'boy' activities, because they don't want us to feel restricted by gender stereotypes."
D)"My parents treat me exactly the same as they treat my brother."

Question 23

Compared to boys, girls tend to have more ________ interactions with each other.

A)instrumental
B)stereotyped
C)constricting
D)enabling

Question 24

Children

A)are very accepting of cross-gender play.
B)choose same-sex playmates because they are pressured to do so by adults.
C)resist parents' efforts to get them to play with members of the opposite sex.
D)show reluctance to play with members of the opposite sex only in gender-typed play.

Question 25

Which pair of children is most likely to have enabling interactions with each other?

A)Sam and John, two boys
B)Drew and Jenny, a boy and a girl
C)Kelsey and Caitlin, two girls
D)Sam and John, Drew and Jenny, and Kelsey and Caitlin are equally likely to have enabling interactions.

Question 26

Fathers and mothers differ in the socialization of gender in their children in that

A)mothers are more likely to encourage gender-related play.
B)mothers are more likely to treat their children in gender-typed ways.
C)fathers are more likely to respond to the individual needs of each child.
D)fathers are more likely to push their sons and accept dependence in their daughters.

Question 27

Which of the following develops first as children acquire an understanding of gender?

A)gender constancy
B)gender stability
C)gender stereotypes
D)gender labelling

Question 28

A child's ability to understand that they are either a boy or a girl is referred to as gender

A)stability.
B)stereotyping.
C)labelling.
D)constancy.

Question 29

Interactions characterized by actions and remarks that support others and sustain the interaction are considered

A)constricting.
B)enabling.
C)instrumental.
D)expressive.

Question 30

Boys' interactions with each other tend to be

A)expressive.
B)stereotyped.
C)constricting.
D)enabling.

Question 31

Riley understands that even if she wishes she were a boy, she will always be a girl. Riley has an understanding of gender

A)stereotypes.
B)labelling.
C)stability.
D)consistency.

Question 32

Which of the following is correct of boys' and girls' play?

A)Boys' play is rougher and more competitive than girls' play.
B)Girls tend to be more dominating in their interactions.
C)In boys' interactions, actions and remarks tend to support others and to sustain the interaction.
D)In girls' interactions, one partner typically tries to emerge as the victor.

Question 33

At about ________ years of age, children start to prefer playing with same-gender peers.

A)2 to 3
B)4 to 5
C)7 to 8
D)10 to 12

Question 34

Who has gender consistency?

A)Eric, who knows he is a boy
B)Craig, who understands that girls become women
C)Wendy, who thinks that if a girl cuts her hair like a boy's, she will become a boy
D)Brooke, who understands that a boy who wears a dress is still a boy, not a girl

Question 35

Matthew, a preschooler, sees a boy playing with dolls. Matthew is likely to

A)also want to play with dolls.
B)not yet understand that the boy is engaged in cross-gender play.
C)tease the boy for playing with dolls.
D)be accepting of the boy even though he knows that he is playing with a girls' toy.

Question 36

"When you grow up, will you be a mommy or a daddy?" is a question that addresses

A)gender stability.
B)gender constancy.
C)gender labelling.
D)gender consistency.

Question 37

Fathers are more likely than mothers to treat sons and daughters

A)differently.
B)equally.
C)warmly.
D)according to their individual needs.

Question 38

When Adam interacts with other boys, he often exaggerates, contradicts, and threatens the other boys. Adam's interactions would be characterized as

A)enabling.
B)expressive.
C)stereotyped.
D)constricting.

Question 39

Preschool children prefer to play with same-gender peers

A)only when they have been discouraged from playing with opposite-gender peers.
B)but will readily comply when parents encourage them to play with opposite-sex peers.
C)spontaneously, without adult pressure.
D)except when they are engaged in gender-neutral activities such as playing tag.

Question 40

Television

A)tends to depict males and females in gender-stereotyped ways.
B)does not influence children's gender role stereotypes.
C)often helps children view males and females in less stereotyped ways.
D)tends to influence girls' gender-stereotypes more than boys' gender-stereotypes.

Question 41

When parents employ a high degree of ________, children tend to feel secure and are better behaved.

A)warmth
B)control
C)negative reinforcement
D)punishment

Question 42

Girls who were exposed prenatally to large amounts of male hormones have been found to ________ than girls who were not exposed to large amounts of male hormones.

A)have more expressive traits
B)more strongly prefer masculine activities and male playmates
C)more strongly prefer masculine activities but not male playmates
D)be no different

Question 43

Because Stacy's parents are not very involved with her, Stacy is likely to

A)feel secure.
B)be well-behaved.
C)have low self-esteem.
D)be happy.

Question 44

Erikson's theory states that preschoolers achieve ________ with a balance between individual initiative and a willingness to co-operate with others.

A)purpose
B)self-esteem
C)inhibition
D)identity

Question 45

Which of the following is a biological factor that is related to gender differences in behaviour?

A)rewards
B)gender schemas
C)hormones
D)television

Question 46

Support for biological influences on gender differences come from the fact that

A)dizygotic twins are more similar in terms of instrumental and expressive traits than monozygotic twins.
B)females who experience prenatal exposure to male hormones prefer masculine activities.
C)females who experience prenatal exposure to male hormones prefer female playmates.
D)females who experience prenatal exposure to male hormones do not differ from other females.

Question 47

Which of the following most accurately describes a typical preschooler in terms of self-esteem?

A)full of confidence
B)full of self-doubt
C)at the bottom of the "pecking order"
D)very differentiated

Question 48

Twin studies of gender differences have found that

A)monozygotic twins are more alike than dizygotic twins in terms of instrumental and expressive traits, suggesting biology influences gender roles.
B)dizygotic twins are more alike than monozygotic twins in terms of instrumental and expressive traits, suggesting biology does not influence gender roles.
C)monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins are equally similar in terms of instrumental and expressive traits, suggesting biology influences gender roles.
D)monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins are equally similar in terms of instrumental and expressive traits, suggesting biology does not influence gender roles.

Question 49

Your friend has noticed that her daughter seems to pay more attention to what other girls, not boys, do while her son focuses on what other boys, not girls, do. She is surprised because she doesn't see why they both don't pay equal attention to boys and girls. You tell her that her children's behaviour is best explained by ________ theory.

A)social learning
B)Kohlberg's theory of gender identity
C)gender-schema
D)biological

Question 50

Who is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A)Abe, who just started high school
B)Tex, who just started junior high school
C)Gus, who is in early elementary school
D)Len, who is in preschool

Question 51

Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them. Richard is high on the ________ dimension of parenting.

A)control
B)authoritarian
C)inhibition
D)warmth

Question 52

Allen has high self-esteem. Therefore, you would expect to find that he

A)would rather be someone else.
B)is unhappy with himself.
C)evaluates himself negatively.
D)judges himself favourably.

Question 53

A(n) ________ of parental control is associated with the most positive child outcomes.

A)absence
B)low level
C)moderate level
D)high level

Question 54

Which of the following statements reflects good parenting practices?

A)Parents should exercise little control over their children.
B)Parents should be flexible and not enforce their rules consistently.
C)Parents should not explain their rules.
D)Parents should set standards that are appropriate for their child's age.

Question 55

According to ________ theory, children first decide if an object, activity, or behaviour is male or female, then use this information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity, or behaviour.

A)gender-stereotype
B)gender-labelling
C)gender-schema
D)gender-constancy

Question 56

________ appear(s) to contribute to gender roles and gender differences.

A)Biology
B)Socializing influences including people and the media
C)Children's own thinking
D)Biology, socializing influences, and children's own thinking

Question 57

Kohlberg's theory states that only children who have acquired gender ________ will have extensive knowledge of sex-stereotyped activities.

A)labelling
B)stability
C)schemas
D)constancy

Question 58

Frank has a systems view of the family. Which statement would you expect Frank to make?

A)"My kids have no influence on the kind of parent that I am."
B)"Parents are all-powerful."
C)"Jobs, school, churches, and neighbourhoods all impact family functioning."
D)"Parents really don't influence children directly at all."

Question 59

At which age would you be most likely to find the highest levels of self-esteem?

A)preschool years
B)early elementary-school years
C)late elementary-school years
D)high school years

Question 60

According to the systems view of families,

A)parents influence their children, both directly and indirectly, but children do not influence their parents.
B)a family's neighbourhood can affect family dynamics.
C)parents influence their children directly, but not indirectly.
D)a family's culture does not influence family dynamics.

Question 61

________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children.

A)Indulgent-permissive
B)Indifferent-uninvolved
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative

Question 62

Monica's parents are very loving and accepting of her and believe in letting her "do her own thing" rather than trying to control her life. Monica's parents most closely fit the ________ parenting style.

A)indifferent-uninvolved
B)indulgent-permissive
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 63

Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to be responsible, self-reliant, sociable, and good students in school. You tell him, "From what I've read in my textbook, my advice is to be ________ parents."

A)indulgent-permissive
B)indifferent-uninvolved
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 64

In many Latin American and Asian countries, ________ is stressed less than ________.

A)individualism; collaboration
B)co-operation; individualism
C)control; warmth
D)co-operation; self-reliance

Question 65

Which parents would you expect to show the most warmth and the least amount of control?

A)parents in Latin America
B)parents in Taiwan
C)parents of European heritage
D)parents who emigrated from Taiwan to North America

Question 66

Christine's parents are warm and caring but exercise little control over her. Christine is most likely to be

A)friendly and get good grades in school.
B)impulsive and easily frustrated.
C)aggressive and moody.
D)responsible and self-reliant.

Question 67

Counterimitation involves

A)a child being unwittingly rewarded for an undesired behaviour.
B)two children taking turns imitating each other.
C)learning through observation that certain behaviours should not be performed.
D)an increase in all behaviours observed.

Question 68

Miguel's parents have an authoritative parenting style. You would expect Miguel to

A)be self-reliant.
B)be irresponsible.
C)have low self-esteem.
D)have low grades in school.

Question 69

Authoritarian parents exhibit ________ control and ________ warmth.

A)high; low
B)low; high
C)high; high
D)low; low

Question 70

Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher. She shows her daughter how to open the dishwasher, tells her where different items go, and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away, it will be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant. Sybil is using

A)reinforcement.
B)punishment.
C)direct instruction.
D)inhibition.

Question 71

Although Parker's parents provide him with adequate food and shelter, they often are so busy with their own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself. Parker's parents would be described best as

A)indifferent-uninvolved.
B)indulgent-permissive.
C)authoritative.
D)authoritarian.

Question 72

________ parents are neither warm nor controlling.

A)Indifferent-uninvolved
B)Indulgent-permissive
C)Authoritarian
D)Authoritative

Question 73

Parents who lay down rules for their children to follow without discussion are showing which style of parenting?

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)indulgent-permissive
D)indifferent-uninvolved

Question 74

Who is most likely to have low self-esteem and be impulsive, aggressive, and moody?

A)Vern, whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style
B)Bart, whose parents have an indulgent-permissive parenting style
C)Glenn, whose parents have an authoritative parenting style
D)Owen, whose parents have an indifferent-uninvolved parenting style

Question 75

Authoritative parents

A)exert restrictive control over their children.
B)are firm but warm and responsive to their children.
C)exert very little control over their children.
D)are not involved with their children.

Question 76

You are writing a pamphlet about effective parenting practices. Which of the following statements would be most appropriate to include in the pamphlet?

A)"Show your child who is boss. Allow no discussion, no questioning, no disobedience of your authority."
B)"Don't be rigid. Change your rules often and keep your children guessing."
C)"Communicate with your children. Explain your rules and encourage your children to ask questions if they don't understand or disagree with your standards."
D)"Keep your standards firm. Set standards for behaviour at a young age, and keep them the same as your children get older."

Question 77

Parents who are warm and caring but exert little control over their children have an ________ parenting style.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indifferent-uninvolved
D)indulgent-permissive

Question 78

Children of authoritarian parents typically

A)have high grades in school.
B)have high levels of self-esteem.
C)are the most likely to be involved in misconduct at school.
D)are less skilled socially.

Question 79

European Canadian parents are more likely than Chinese parents to believe in the importance of

A)individualism and self-reliance.
B)co-operation and collaboration.
C)parental control.
D)emotional restraint.

Question 80

When Dustin asked his mother if he could spend the night at a friend's house on a Thursday night, his mother told him, "No, because that's a school night and you'd be tired at school the next day. Would you like to ask your friend to spend the night at our house on Friday?" Dustin's mother appears to take an ________ approach to parenting.

A)indulgent-permissive
B)indifferent-uninvolved
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian