Deck 11: Social Psychology

Question 1

Researcher David Dodd (1985),studying the phenomenon of deindividuation,asked college students and prison inmates what they would do if they knew they could get away with it.The most common answer given by both groups of respondents was that they would:

A)steal a car.
B)rob a bank.
C)commit a physical or sexual assault.
D)spy on another person.

Answer 1

rob a bank.

Question 2

Why is it that people in online computer gaming forums or Internet chatrooms may be more likely to speak in aggressive or derogatory manners to other users,compared to the interaction styles they might use when communicating face-to-face?

A)because everyone else in the room usually does that and they are yielding to the effects of normative conformity
B)because they usually know how to sever their connection before they can be identified by the person that they are insulting
C)because they know that people playing the same games or frequenting the same forums will understand that they are just kidding
D)because they experience the deindividuation that is afforded by anonymity

Answer 2

because they experience the deindividuation that is afforded by anonymity

Question 3

Roles are similar to,but different from,norms because they also specify _____________.

A)what must be done
B)how it should be done
C)who must do it
D)when it must be done

Answer 3

who must do it

Question 4

Voluntarily yielding to group pressure is called ______.

A)obedience
B)submission
C)conformity
D)compliance

Question 5

In Phil Zimbardo's prison study,college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards.When people were given the role of "guard" with authority:

A)the guards became more aggressive.
B)all of the guards decided to quit the experiment.
C)the guards tried to be "tough but fair."
D)the experimenters had everyone switch roles.

Question 6

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______.

A)Asch
B)Milgram
C)Luchens
D)Singer

Question 7

Even though she thought it was silly,Christina wore pink and green ribbons in her hair as her friends did.This is an example of:

A)an attribution.
B)compliance.
C)conformity.
D)obedience.

Question 8

Giving in to indirect pressure to change your behavior and thoughts is called:

A)conformity.
B)compliance.
C)obedience.
D)persuasion.

Question 9

According to your textbook,there are several different human motivations that explain why people are often so easily influenced.Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)accuracy
B)relationship maintenance
C)favorable self-concept
D)obedience and compliance

Question 10

Solomon Asch (1951)used __________ to study informational conformity.

A)the "autokinetic effect"
B)the latency of response
C)social loafing in a tug of war group
D)line lengths

Question 11

One effect of deindividuation that may contribute to mob violence is ___________.

A)group depolarization
B)abdicating personal responsibility
C)unjustified negative attitudes toward certain individuals
D)social loafing

Question 12

Behavior that occurs when we change our actions or attitudes because of real,or even imagined,group pressures is called _____________.

A)cooperation
B)coercion
C)obedience
D)conformity

Question 13

The main task of the Solomon Asch studies was ____________________.

A)selecting paint colors
B)judging line lengths
C)rating new fashions
D)taste-testing new candies

Question 14

You are a student who has agreed to participate in a research project conducted by Muzafer Sherif in the 1930s.Which of the following would you probably be asked to do?

A)You would be asked to stick your hands into two buckets of water of different temperatures.
B)You would be asked to look at a point of light in a dark room.
C)You would be asked to watch as an adult plays aggressively with an inflatable clown toy.
D)You would be asked to judge the size of lines that were projected onto a screen.

Question 15

In the studies conducted by Muzafer Sherif,participants who were put into a dark room by themselves after being in a dark room with others continued to "see" movement in a stationary point of light even when no movement existed.How was this explained by Sherif?

A)The adoption of the norm of the group continued to exert influence even when a person was alone.
B)The residual effect of sensory memory continued to influence the participants' perception of what they were seeing.
C)Groupthink was taking over,so people became unwilling to give a different answer than they had given in a group setting.
D)Normative conformity was taking place,in that the participant wanted to feel like part of the group even when it meant giving a wrong answer.

Question 16

While sitting at a meeting with his work colleagues one day,Delton is feeling very opposed to a position that most of his peers have endorsed.He wants to raise his point and contradict the others,but he is worried that this will cause the others to think badly of him and refuse to work with him on the project.Because of this,he stays quiet.Which of the fundamental human motivations noted by your authors is swaying Delton's behavior?

A)favorable self-concept
B)informational conformity
C)relationship maintenance
D)accuracy

Question 17

Rules and expectations for how to behave in various situations are called __________.

A)didactic roles
B)patterns
C)laws
D)social norms

Question 18

Social psychology is the scientific study of how a person's behavior,thoughts,and feelings are influenced by _______.

A)cognition
B)mental processes
C)the presence of others
D)psychology

Question 19

It is 1951,and you are required to participate in a perception experiment.You join seven others seated in a room.You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines.The experimenter,Solomon Asch,is studying __________..

A)bystander apathy
B)social loafing
C)groupthink
D)conformity

Question 20

To conform is to yield to __________.

A)group pressure
B)cognitive dissonance
C)secondary processes
D)response cues

Question 21

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research?

A)Individuals easily conform to group norms.
B)The presence of other people makes aggression more likely.
C)People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.
D)Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request.

Question 22

In the Milgram experiment on obedience,the _______ was a confederate of the experimenter.

A)subject
B)female subject
C)learner
D)normal person

Question 23

Sardonicus conducted a study where she examined the likelihood of participants to conform to the opinion of a larger group of individuals.According to the research findings of Solomon Asch,which of the following people would be least likely to demonstrate such conformity?

A)Stavros,who was raised in Canada
B)Mei,who was raised in China
C)Chiumbo,who was raised in Kenya
D)Nakul,who was raised in India

Question 24

Recent replication of the conformity research of Solomon Asch by Mori and Arai (2010)found that:

A)women were more likely to conform to a wrong answer than men.
B)both men and women conformed more now than they did during Asch's time.
C)men were more likely to conform to a wrong answer than women.
D)both men and women conformed less now than they did during Asch's time.

Question 25

Which of the following is an example of obedience,as defined by social psychologists?

A)a soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer
B)people clean their own table in a restaurant that has a sign reading,"Please help keep costs down by cleaning your table"
C)passengers move to the back of the bus to make room for other riders
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style"

Question 26

Following a direct command from an authority figure is referred to as _______ by social psychologists.

A)compliance
B)conformity
C)influence
D)obedience

Question 27

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until _______ confederates were present.

A)three
B)four
C)five
D)six

Question 28

In Solomon Asch's study,which factor increased the rate of conformity?

A)The task difficulty was increased.
B)The confederates were all adults.
C)The number of confederates increased up to a certain point.
D)The participants were given two chances at responding.

Question 29

What percent of subjects in Milgram's experiment on obedience actually completed the shock series?

A)less than 1%
B)between 5% and 10%
C)65%
D)90%

Question 30

_______ found that normal people will often follow orders to hurt innocent people.

A)Solomon Asch
B)Kurt Lewin
C)Carolyn Sherif
D)Stanley Milgram

Question 31

Stanley Milgram's famous research investigated:

A)the authoritarian personality
B)bystander apathy
C)the effects of watching violence on television
D)obedience to authority

Question 32

Asch had subjects judge the length of straight lines after they heard fake "subjects" consistently give the same incorrect length judgment.Under this kind of social influence,the real subjects conformed to a distorted view of reality on about ________ of the judgment trials.

A)one-quarter
B)one-third
C)half
D)two-thirds

Question 33

Milgram's study of obedience to authority has been criticized on the basis of _____________.

A)methodological weaknesses
B)inability to replicate it
C)lack of real-life application
D)ethics

Question 34

Informational conformity is motivated by the desire to be ________.

A)fun
B)correct
C)approved by the social group
D)in touch with your social environment

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of normative conformity?

A)A soldier shoots enemy women and children on orders from his commanding officer.
B)A policeman beats a prisoner to force a confession on orders of his commanding officer.
C)Passengers move to the back of the bus as soon as the driver tells them to.
D)Stan has thrown away all of his old ties and bought new ones to "be in style."

Question 36

The research protocol of Stanley Milgram was recently repeated by psychologist Jerry Burger (2009),with one important adjustment.How did Burger change the procedure to reduced concerns about ethical violations in this research?

A)He reduced the maximum voltage on the "shock box" to 150 volts.
B)He used animals instead of human beings as the "learners."
C)He increased the amount of money that the participants were being paid.
D)He removed the deception from the research and informed the participants ahead of time about the true nature of the study.

Question 37

Normative conformity is based on a group's power because of:

A)informational value.
B)goal achievement.
C)wanting to be approved of.
D)social stability.

Question 38

In which of the following circumstances would Solomon Asch's findings regarding the importance of unanimity on conformity be most salient?

A)when sitting in a psychology class
B)when attending a sporting event party
C)when serving on a jury
D)when undergoing surgery

Question 39

Following the direct orders of someone in a position of higher authority is called:

A)compliance.
B)conformity.
C)obedience.
D)consent.

Question 40

In his replication and adaptation of Stanley Milgram's classic obedience study,what did Burger (2009)find?

A)Obedience levels were much higher for men than for women,but in both cases the levels were higher than Milgram reported.
B)Obedience levels were much higher for women than for men,but in both cases the levels were higher than Milgram reported.
C)Obedience levels were almost non-existent,as participants forcefully refused to be involved in shocking another human being.
D)Obedience levels were only slightly lower than those found by Milgram in the 1960s.

Question 41

A person asks you if you would volunteer to counsel delinquent youths at a detention center for two years.When you refuse,she asks you if you could supervise the youths during a day trip to the zoo.She is attempting to use the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 42

Getting a person to make a small commitment in order to get that person to make a larger commitment later is known as:

A)the door-in-the-face technique.
B)the foot-in-the-door technique.
C)the sleeper effect method.
D)the supersales technique.

Question 43

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request from a person with little or no authority is an example of _______.

A)obedience
B)compliance
C)conformity
D)persuasion

Question 44

______ is a change of behavior in response to a direct request.

A)Conformity
B)Obedience
C)Compliance
D)Deindividuation

Question 45

Your textbook suggests that "forewarned is forearmed" when it comes to being an educated consumer.If you were going to go out and purchase a new vehicle,what would you do to most effectively heed this advice?

A)Ask a friend or two where you can get the best deals.
B)Research the type of car you want to buy and know what you should expect to pay.
C)Dress in cheaper clothing so that you don't give the impression that you can spend more.
D)Drive your old car to the lot so that the salesperson can see what they should try to sell you.

Question 46

Psychologists sometimes study ________ groups,which are those that are formed by attachments to the specific identity of the group.

A)distributed-informational
B)distributed-normative
C)common-identity
D)common-bond

Question 47

The definition of a group includes _____ or more people who define themselves as such and who are so identified by at least one other person.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 48

The tendency of people to comply with a second,larger request after complying with a small request is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)response cue

Question 49

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors.After the customer has agreed to buy the car,the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment.Now the car costs well above the current market rate.This is an example of the ______ technique.

A)low-ball
B)foot-in-the-door
C)primacy
D)bait-and-switch

Question 50

The tendency of people to comply with a second,lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique.

A)lowball
B)door-in-the-face
C)foot-in-the-door
D)foot-in-the-face

Question 51

What actual event could have been predicted based on the results of Milgram's classic study on obedience?

A)the prison break at Attica prison in New York
B)the events in Waco,Texas,in which followers of a cult were killed by government agents
C)the events at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq
D)the attacks on the World Trade Center on September 11,2001

Question 52

Car salesmen often encourage a test drive.According to the ________,if they can get you in the car their chance of making a sale goes up!

A)the door-in-the-face approach
B)low-ball technique
C)the foot-in-the-door tactic
D)that's not all method

Question 53

When two parties negotiating come to an agreement or a contract,and then one of them attempts to change the terms of that agreement in their own favor,they are using the _______ technique.

A)primacy
B)low-ball
C)foot-in-the-door
D)bait-and-switch

Question 54

When you go to purchase a large item - for example,a car or a major kitchen appliance - you want to get the best price possible.According to your textbook authors,which of the following types of salespeople should you be most wary of working with?

A)a quiet salesperson who does not seem "salesy" at all
B)a very loud and boisterous saleswoman who wants to show you all of your options
C)the person who owns the store and is acting as a salesperson just for an afternoon
D)the aggressive salesperson who is dressed in a strange outfit and who tries hard to make you laugh while he shows you the different models

Question 55

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

A)risky shift
B)foot-in-the-door effect
C)door-in-the-face effect
D)polarization phenomenon

Question 56

The ___________ technique may work because,compared to the large first request,the second request seems more reasonable.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)face-in-the-door
C)door-in-the-face
D)guilt by association

Question 57

"Mommy,mommy,mommy," your young son asks frantically."Can we please buy a new PlayStation^®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply,"we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection,your son comes back with,"then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation^®2?" "Okay,I guess so," you answer,not realizing that your precocious son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the __________ technique to get what he wanted.

A)door-in-the-face
B)foot-in-the-door
C)that's-not-all
D)lowball

Question 58

"What would you pay for this amazing product?" the infomercial asks."Wait,don't answer yet! If you call and order now,we'll throw in a whole bunch of other things that you probably don't really need at no additional cost!" This approach that is very common in such commercials is using the ________ tactic to gain compliance.

A)foot-in-the-door
B)door-in-the-face
C)that's not all
D)low-ball

Question 59

Psychologists sometimes study ________ groups,which are those that are formed by attachments between group members.

A)distributed-informational
B)distributed-normative
C)common-identity
D)common-bond

Question 60

Many people hang up on telemarketers,but others will listen politely to their pitches even if they are not interested in the product.Telemarketers know that anyone who agrees to listen to a pitch is more likely to buy the product,thanks to the ________.

A)risky shift
B)polarization
C)foot-in-the-door tactic
D)door-in-the-face technique

Question 61

The social group viewed as the one with which a person identifies is called a(n)________.

A)pariah
B)ingroup
C)threat-group
D)outgroup

Question 62

_______ may result when a person performs in a group in which his or her contribution is not easily observable.

A)Groupthink
B)Social inhibition
C)Deindividuation
D)Social loafing

Question 63

After a person has been recruited into a cult,what will ordinarily occur next?

A)They will sign a legal document professing their willing participation in the cult activities.
B)They will be "required" to donate all of their possessions,including money,to the cult leader.
C)The process of converting them to change their identity and belief system will begin.
D)They will immediately be given the responsibility of recruiting other cult members.

Question 64

A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all group members get the same grade.What social psychological phenomenon might the teacher be concerned about?

A)conformity
B)social loafing
C)social influence
D)social facilitation

Question 65

What is the tendency to exert less effort when working on a group task if individuals' contributions will not be evaluated?

A)social facilitation
B)the goof-off phenomenon
C)social idleness
D)social loafing

Question 66

Which of the following is frequently the purpose of the formation of a cult?

A)to bring wealth and power to the leader of the cult
B)to enhance the well-being of the cult members
C)to advance a political agenda in a public forum
D)to rationally and critically assess specific religious and spiritual belief structures

Question 67

The idea that we often learn about ourselves by comparing our group's performance with that of another group of people is reflective of:

A)social comparison theory.
B)LeBon's view on mob violence.
C)cognitive dissonance.
D)performance comparison theory.

Question 68

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation,they are engaging in what social psychologists call ________.

A)groupthink
B)mass thought
C)consumerism
D)solidarity think

Question 69

When the presence of others enhances one's performance of a well-learned task,we call this effect the _______ phenomenon.

A)social facilitation
B)law-of-numbers
C)spectator
D)self presentation

Question 70

Dan really doesn't feel like riding the stationary bicycle today,but he doesn't want the people around him to think he is a slacker.If he decides to continue exercising,what concept might explain his actions?

A)social productivity
B)social loafing
C)social facilitation
D)social idleness

Question 71

An individual who exerts less effort when working on a group task if individual contributions will not be evaluated is engaging in what is called _____.

A)social loafing
B)social idleness
C)social facilitation
D)the goof-off phenomenon

Question 72

In many "white power" groups,new members have their heads shaved,are given a new name,and are given new clothing to wear.All of this is a part of the process called:

A)conversion.
B)recruitment.
C)enmeshment.
D)biographical reconstruction.

Question 73

When a group exerts such strong pressure to conform that it prevents people from expressing critical ideas,the group is suffering from __________.

A)groupthink
B)polarization
C)risky shift
D)deindividuation

Question 74

From an evolutionary perspective,what is the most salient function of group membership?

A)It provides an opportunity for more ideas to be generated by a group via the mechanism of groupthink.
B)It helps to enhance self-actualization of the group as a whole.
C)It promotes the survival of individual group members.
D)It helps to keep the natural order in check by promoting obedience to a specific group leader.

Question 75

How can a coach get his football team to perform better if he suspects they are exhibiting social loafing?

A)introduce new challenges
B)get the captain to apply pressure
C)grade their individual performances
D)ignore the behavior

Question 76

A very cohesive group,insulated from outside opinion,with a respected leader must make a decision quickly.As they deliberate,this group should be especially aware of the phenomenon called:

A)deindividuation.
B)social facilitation.
C)groupthink.
D)normative compliance.

Question 77

Of the following individuals,who is engaged in the process of "basking in reflected glory?"

A)Jennifer,who is giddy with joy after getting to shake the hand of her favorite country music performer
B)Professor Pensky,who is giving her class a strict lecture about studying harder after they underperformed on an exam
C)Rhea,who is upset that she was not crowned the homecoming queen but is graciously congratulating the girl who was
D)Denair,who is screaming with joy when his favorite football team wins the championship

Question 78

A social group of people viewed as competitors,enemies,or different and unworthy of respect is a(n)______.

A)pariah
B)ingroup
C)threat-group
D)outgroup

Question 79

In 1997 the members of the Heaven's Gate cult in San Diego,California,ingested a combination of cyanide and arsenic.All 39 of these individuals died together in the same house.This would be an example of:

A)parasuicide.
B)culticide.
C)subintentional death.
D)rational suicide.

Question 80

Group discussion tends to move people to believe more strongly in the position that they first held.This is called ________.

A)"risky shift"
B)deindividuation
C)group polarization
D)groupthink