Deck 2: Section 1: History of Management

Question 1

For most of humankind's history, people have commuted to and from their place of work.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The point of integrative conflict resolution is to have both parties indicate their preferences and then work together to find an alternative that meets the needs of both.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Weber's concept of bureaucratic management supported qualification­based hiring and merit­based promotion.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

One of Taylor's scientific management principles concerned how workers should be selected.

Question 5

According to Weber's bureaucratic management, people should lead by virtue of their rational­legal authority.

Question 6

Frederick Taylor was the father of systems management.

Question 7

According to the principles of scientific management, work and responsibility for the work, should be divided equally between workers and management.

Question 8

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth studied the psychology of groups.

Question 9

A time study allows each task or job to be broken down into separate motions. Once this is done, then unnecessary or repetitive motions can be eliminated.

Question 10

Elton Mayo was one of the first researchers to focus on studying human relations management.

Question 11

According to Chester Barnard, for many managerial requests or directives, there is a zone of indifference in which managers don't really care if the request is met or the directive is performed.

Question 12

A Gantt chart can be used to track informal communication paths.

Question 13

According to Fayol's 14 principles of management, esprit de corps is a source of major organizational conflict.

Question 14

According to bureaucratic management principles, those higher in the chain of command do not have the right to give commands, take action, and make decisions concerning activities occurring anywhere below them in the chain.

Question 15

One of the limitations of bureaucratic management is the resistance of bureaucracies to change.

Question 16

The Hawthorne Studies proved that financial incentives were not necessarily the most important motivator for workers.

Question 17

Henri Fayol classified management functions into five categories.

Question 18

After the Industrial Revolution, jobs mostly occurred in large, formal organizations where hundreds of people worked under one roof.

Question 19

Mary Parker Follett believed that managers could best deal with conflict through compromise.

Question 20

Management ideas and practices have been used from the earliest times of recorded history.

Question 21

____________occurs when workers deliberately slow down their pace or restrict their work outputs.

A) Job loitering
B) Chugging
C) Roadblocking
D) Lagging
E) Soldiering

Question 22

Prior to the introduction of__________ , five workers each given an identical task could use five different methods to perform the task with some methods being significantly more efficient than others.

A) contingency management
B) scientific management
C) bureaucratic management
D) information management
E) systems management

Question 23

How did the Industrial Revolution change jobs and organizations?

A) Managers realized the importance of synergistic tasks.
B) Managers realized the importance of customer relations.
C) Low-paid, unskilled workers running machines began to replace high-paid, skilled artisans.
D) Skilled jobs were performed in homes rather than in factories.
E) Managers learned to use delegation.

Question 24

Prior to the development of scientific management principles, workers whose work pace was significantly faster than the normal pace in their work group were known as____________ and were often unpopular with their fellow workers.

A) pace-setters
B) managerial accommodators
C) actualizers
D) rate busters
E) halo workers

Question 25

Which of the following statements about the beginnings of management is true?

A) Job enrichment was developed during the last half of the twentieth century.
B) Management as a field of study is only about 125 years old.
C) Information management appeared with the first computers.
D) The use of management functions would have made the building of the Egyptian pyramids more efficient.
E) All of the above statements about the origin of management are true.

Question 26

Which of the following is NOT part of the principles of scientific management?

A) Use group dynamics to ensure organizational goals are met.
B) Give employees rest breaks throughout the day.
C) Find the one best way for doing each task.
D) Divide the work and the responsibility equally between management and workers.
E) Scientifically select, train, teach, and develop workers to help them reach their potential.

Question 27

Frank and Lillian Gilbreth are important to management because they____________ .

A) used motion studies to eliminate unnecessary or repetitive motions from the work process
B) proved the effectiveness of nonfinancial motivators in convincing workers to strive for organizational goals
C) realized how the principles of sociology applied to worker performance
D) viewed the organization as a system that influenced its environment and that was influenced by its environment
E) identified the four functions managers perform

Question 28

A contractor was feeling defeated because the job he was working on was so far behind schedule. As he looked at the job site, he saw one worker moving bricks by carrying two at a time from where they were unloaded to where they were needed. He saw another climbing up a ladder with a few shingles, climbing back down to get more, and then repeating the process. Which management process could be used to determine how the workers could perform their tasks more efficiently?

A) Time and motion studies
B) Resource assessments
C) Workload analyses
D) Systems analyses
E) Cost-benefit analyses

Question 29

According to the systems approach to management, an open system can function without interacting with its environment.

Question 30

One of the advantages of a systems view of management is that it forces managers to be aware of how the environment affects specific parts of the organization.

Question 31

Technological management involves managing the production of goods and services.

Question 32

The contingency approach to management holds that there is not one best way to manage an organization.

Question 33

The goal of scientific management is to_________ .

A) make sure workers did not consider their work boring or repetitive
B) decreased wages for individual workers
C) eliminate conflict between workers and management
D) find the one best way to perform each task
E) find different ways to motivate workers

Question 34

A systems approach to management encourages managers to view each division as a separate, vital organism.

Question 35

In the past, battlefield surgery was crude and often ineffective. Which of the following management theorists would most likely have used their understanding of how work is done to help surgeons eliminate unnecessary motions, operate more efficiently, and save more lives by closely studying how surgeries were performed?

A) Henri Fayol
B) Chester Barnard
C) Mary Parker Follett
D) Frederick Taylor
E) Frank and Lilian Gilbreth

Question 36

The Gantt chart ____________.

A) was a precursor to the organizational chart
B) is a chart that shows when and where tasks need to be completed so that a job can be completed in a timely fashion
C) was an early method for breaking jobs down into their smallest common denominator
D) was a major tool of scientific managers and is not widely used today
E) is a method for continuous training of front-line employees

Question 37

One of the most commonly used operations management tools is cognitive mapping which is used to better understand the psychology of the workers.

Question 38

Because of Eli Whitney's ideas for increasing production in a gun­manufacturing operation, most products are manufactured today using standardized, interchangeable parts.

Question 39

Which management theorist would most likely have said, "The greatest waste in the world comes from needless, ill­ directed, and ineffective motions"?

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Frank and Lilian Gilbreth
C) Elton Mayo
D) Henri Fayol
E) Chester Barnard

Question 40

Frederick Taylor is famous for__________ .

A) developing time and motion studies
B) first defining the functions of managers
C) developing the fourteen principles of management
D) creating the principles of scientific management
E) doing all of these

Question 41

Henri Fayol is responsible for developing____________ .

A) bureaucratic management
B) administrative management
C) operations management
D) contingency management
E) human relations management

Question 42

____________is best known for developing the five functions of managers and the fourteen principles of management.

A) Henri Fayol
B) Max Weber
C) Frank Gilbreth
D) Elton Mayo
E) Mary Parker Follett

Question 43

According to human relations management______ .

A) success follows from strict adherence to the chain of command principle
B) effective managers must be able to perform all four managerial functions simultaneously
C) success depends on treating workers well
D) efficiency equals organizational success
E) people are simply extensions of the machines they operate

Question 44

According to Mary Parker Follett, if managers use ___________to settle or reduce conflict, each of the parties involved give up some of what they want.

A) reallocation
B) mediation
C) arbitration
D) negotiation
E) compromise
To settle or reduce conflict, each of the parties involved

Question 45

Mary Parker Follett believed managers typically deal with conflict in one of three ways: ________.

A) domination, compromise, and integration
B) accommodation, mediation, and coercion
C) coercion, mediation, and integration
D) administration, coercion, and negotiation
E) facilitation, mediation, and coercion

Question 46

According to Henri Fayol's fourteen principles of management____________, requires that each employee should report to and receive orders from just one boss.

A) unity of direction
B) centralization
C) vertical authority
D) span of management
E) unity of command

Question 47

According to Mary Parker Follett _______.

A) most things that occur in organizations are interrelated
B) coordination is a continuing process
C) conflict can be beneficial
D) integration is the most effective approach to conflict resolution
E) all of these are true

Question 48

Which of the following management theorists used his own personal experiences as a CEO to create his theory of management?

A) Elton Mayo
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Henri Fayol
D) Max Weber
E) Frank Gilbreth

Question 49

In which of the following situations would a Gantt chart be appropriate to use?

A) building a bridge
B) installing a local area network for a computer system
C) rebuilding communities destroyed by hurricane
D) planning a Mardi Gras parade
E) all of these

Question 50

At about the same time as management theorists were developing scientific management principles in the United States, Max Weber was in Europe developing____________ .

A) human relations management
B) group dynamics theory
C) systems management
D) contingency management
E) bureaucratic management

Question 51

Which management theorist would most likely have said, "The success of an enterprise generally depends much more on the administrative ability of its leaders than on their technical ability"?

A) Henri Fayol
B) Mary Parker Follett
C) Max Weber
D) Chester Barnard
E) Lillian Gilbreth

Question 52

The___________ approach to management focuses on the psychological and social aspects of work.

A) employee
B) human relations
C) reinforcement theory
D) systems
E) operations

Question 53

According to Weber, a bureaucracy_______________ .

A) should be based on the theory of behavioral reinforcement
B) allows political connections to determine an individual's power base within organizations
C) is the exercise of control on the basis of knowledge, expertise, or experience
D) is the exercise of control by virtue of family connections
E) relies on scheduled, periodic corrective actions to operate at its most efficient

Question 54

According to Mary Parker Follett,__________ is an approach for dealing with conflict in which one party satisfies its desires and objectives at the expense of the other party's desires and objectives.

A) resolution
B) integration
C) domination
D) coercion
E) negotiation

Question 55

In a departure from mainstream management thinking, Mary Parker Follett believed ____.

A) rules and procedures should be applied without favoritism
B) group dynamics produces positive peer pressure
C) conflict could be beneficial
D) work specialization was the key to efficiency
E) pay should be performance-based

Question 56

Which of the following is NOT associated with Max Weber's bureaucratic management?

A) merit-based promotion
B) span of management
C) division of labor
D) chain of command
E) qualification-based hiring

Question 57

_____________was the management theorist who said, "As conflict is here in this world, as we cannot avoid it, we should, I think, use it to work for us. Instead of condemning it, we should set it to work for us."

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henri Fayol
C) Lillian Gilbreth
D) Henry Gantt
E) Mary Parker Follett

Question 58

According to Mary Parker Follett____________,is the easiest way to deal with conflict for the moment, but it is not usually successful in the long run.

A) coercion
B) domination
C) mediation
D) arbitration
E) compromise
Is the easiest way to deal with conflict for the moment, but it is not usually

Question 59

With integrative conflict resolution_______ .

A) a third party's decision settles the conflict
B) both parties work together to create an alternative solution that includes shared preferences and integrates interests
C) both parties involved agree to give up something
D) both parties in the conflict are coerced into accepting a less-then-optimal solution
E) peer pressure determines the settlement of the conflict

Question 60

Which of the following management theorists helped develop human relations management?

A) Max Weber
B) Mary Parker Follett
C) Henri Fayol
D) Frederick Taylor
E) Henry Gantt

Question 61

During the Bank Wiring Room phase of his Hawthorne Studies, Elton Mayo witnessed behavior reminiscent of the________Frederick Taylor observed.

A) positive effects of employee empowerment
B) group dissonance
C) soldiering
D) rate busting
E) lagging behavior

Question 62

A systems view of management allows managers to____________ .

A) deal with the complex environment in which their companies operate
B) manage employee attendance
C) communicate efficiently
D) store and retrieve all types of information
E) eliminate production bottlenecks

Question 63

Management theorist ___________is best known for his role in the Hawthorne Studies.

A) Elton Mayo
B) Chester Barnard
C) Mary Parker Follett
D) Henry Gantt
E) Frank Gilbreth

Question 64

Which of the following management theorists believed that workers ultimately grant managers their authority?

A) Chester Barnard
B) Max Weber
C) Mary Parker Follett
D) Elton Mayo
E) Frank and Lillian Gilbreth

Question 65

This type of system functions without interacting with their environment.

A) covert systems
B) entropic systems
C) closed systems
D) synergistic subsystems
E) open systems

Question 66

____________occurs when 1 + 1 = 3.

A) An open system
B) Synergy
C) Entropy
D) Reciprocity
E) A closed system

Question 67

Which of the following is NOT an example of a commonly used operations management tool?

A) capacity planning
B) linear programming
C) scheduling systems
D) target marketing
E) Gantt charts

Question 68

What is the term used for the amount and number of raw materials, parts, and finished products that a company has in its possession?

A) supplies
B) material resources
C) distributed materials
D) inventory
E) physical resources

Question 69

Chester Barnard defined a(n)____________ persons."

A) bureaucracy
B) department
C) work unit
D) organization
E) administration
As "a system of consciously coordinated activities or forces of two or more

Question 70

A(n)_________ is a set of interrelated elements or parts that function as a whole.

A) synergistic graph
B) dependency
C) relationship
D) organism
E) system

Question 71

Which management theorist provided managers with a better understanding of the effect group social interactions and employee satisfaction have on individual and group performance?

A) Elton Mayo
B) Chester Barnard
C) Henri Fayol
D) Max Weber
E) Frederick Taylor

Question 72

Who is responsible for the fact that most products are manufactured using standardized, interchangeable parts.

A) Henri Fayol
B) Eli Whitney
C) Chester Barnard
D) Frederick Taylor
E) Elton Mayo

Question 73

According to Chester Barnard, which of the following is an example of an organization?

A) the four authors who co-authored a principles of management textbook
B) a basketball team
C) the crew working on the construction of a new church
D) AT&T
E) all of the above

Question 74

In general, this management theory uses a quantitative approach to find ways to increase productivity, improve quality, and manage or reduce costly inventories.

A) administrative management
B) management science
C) information management
D) communications management
E) operations management

Question 75

___________involves managing the daily production of goods and services.

A) Operations management
B) Resource management
C) Systems management
D) Contingency management
E) Bureaucratic management

Question 76

Nearly all organizations that interact with their environments and depend on them for survival are viewed as__________ .

A) covert systems
B) open systems
C) synergistic subsystems
D) closed systems
E) entropic subsystems

Question 77

Which of the following statements about information management is true?

A) It is a form of management that appeared with the introduction of computers.
B) Two types of information technology are the cash register and the typewriter.
C) Throughout history, organizations have been reticent to adopt new information technologies.
D) Businesses are not typically interested in information technologies that offer speed.
E) All of these statement about information management are true.

Question 78

According to Chester Barnard, for many managerial requests or directives, there is a zone of indifference. A zone of indifference means__________ .

A) needs to be monitored to make sure it does not grow
B) can create apathy
C) requires few resources
D) derives from the concept of personal space
E) appears when the acceptance of managerial authority is automatic

Question 79

In general, people will be indifferent to managerial directives or orders if they _________.

A) are understood
B) are consistent with the purpose of the organization
C) can actually be carried out by those people
D) are compatible with the people's personal interests
E) meet all of the above qualifications

Question 80

The Hawthorne Studies showed how____________ can influence work group performance, for better or worse.

A) organizational codes of ethics
B) group cohesiveness
C) realistic work quotas
D) important work
E) merit-based promotion