Deck 11: Gender and Personality

Question 1

In the meta-analyses of cognitive differences between men and women, the one with the highest d, or effect size, was

A) attitude toward sex in a casual relationship
B) aggression measured by projective tests.
C) electronics knowledge.
D) technology knowledge.

Answer 1

technology knowledge.

Question 2

According to the textbook, which of the following is correct?

A) Men are better than women at mental rotation, and when both practice this ability gap increases.
B) Women are better than men at mental rotation, and when both practice this ability gap increases.
C) Men are better than women at mental rotation, and when both practice this ability gap disappears.
D) Women are better than men at mental rotation, and when both practice this ability gap disappears.

Answer 2

Men are better than women at mental rotation, and when both practice this ability gap disappears.

Question 3

The meta-analytic data presented in the textbook suggests that men have higher rates of all of the following mental disorders

A) substance abuse.
B) bipolar disorder.
C) gender identity disorder.
D) autism.

Answer 3

bipolar disorder.

Question 4

The effect size in meta-analysis uses a statistic called ________.

A) t
B) d
C) F
D) $\sigma$

Question 5

The meta-analytic data presented in the textbook suggests that women have higher rates of all the following mental disorders

A) antisocial personality disorder.
B) depression.
C) borderline personality disorder.
D) panic disorder.

Question 6

The textbook summarizes areas in which there are significant differences between males and females based on meta-analytic studies. The authors suggest that all of the following are areas in which evidence of a significant gender difference has been found

A) Agreeableness: sympathy.
B) Mathematics ability.
C) Aggressiveness.
D) Leadership style.

Question 7

A statistical procedure that combines the results of different experiments to calculate an estimate of how large the effect is across different samples, experimenters, methods, etc., is called

A) multiple-t-test.
B) analysis of variance.
C) ANOVA.
D) meta-analysis.

Question 8

After discussing the evidence from meta-analysis of personality differences between men and women, the authors of the textbook draw the conclusion that when it comes to personality

A) there are not yet the methodological nor statistical tools to draw reliable conclusions about this question.
B) men and women are generally similar, but some areas, such as aggression and psychopathy, show very significant differences.
C) women and men are more dissimilar than similar.
D) men and women are more similar than different.

Question 9

Aronson and colleagues define a __________ as a generalization about a group of people in which attributes are assumed to be true of all members of the group regardless of the actual variation among groups members.

A) prejudice schema
B) stereotype
C) prejudiced belief
D) group assumption

Question 10

The only factory included in the Five-Factor Model to show a large d or effect size is

A) Extraversion: assertiveness.
B) Openness: ideas.
C) Neuroticism: impulsiveness.
D) Psychoticism: depression.

Question 11

Psychological research significance tests, such as a t-test, tell us whether there is a significant difference in average scores between two groups, but _________ size tells us the size of that difference.

A) statistical
B) significance
C) difference
D) effect

Question 12

The distribution of scores of males and females on a test of spatial ability presented in the textbook shows a d of .73 which indicates a size of effect that is considered

A) small.
B) medium.
C) large.
D) very large.

Question 13

With regard to gender differences between men and women on measures of aggression, all of the following are correct

A) One of the most consistent findings, both within the United States and other countries, is that men are more aggressive than women.
B) Men are consistently more physically aggressive than women.
C) Women are more verbally aggressive than men.
D) If women or men have been directly threatened, there is not difference in aggression between men and women.

Question 14

In the summary of meta-analyses of the differences between men and women, all of the following differences were found to have a "trivial" d or effect size

A) guild intensity.
B) leadership effectiveness.
C) SAT verbal score.
D) number of sexual partners in a lifetime.

Question 15

According to the textbook, which of the following statements is correct?

A) Women are better than men at mathematics.
B) Men are better than women at mathematics.
C) Women are better than men at mental rotation.
D) Men are better than women at mental rotation.

Question 16

The textbook summarizes areas in which there are significant differences between males and females based on meta-analytic studies. The authors suggest that all of the following are areas in which evidence suggesting a significant gender difference has NOT been found

A) Neuroticism: impulsiveness.
B) Conscientiousness: order.
C) Verbal ability.
D) Occupational preferences.

Question 17

The d statistic, the result of meta-analysis, is basically a function of ________ divided by ___________.

A) difference in means; average standard deviation
B) standard deviation; difference in average means
C) difference in ANOVAs; average standard deviation
D) average spread; average difference statistic

Question 18

Of the many meta-analyses of differences between men and women, the majority have found small or trivial effect sizes. In terms of general areas where there are significant differences, all of the following are included

A) physical attributes such as height and strength.
B) knowledge of literature.
C) some aspects of sexuality, such as attitudes towards casual sex.
D) qualities desired in a potential mate.

Question 19

American majority culture tends to believe firmly in significant differences between men and women. The contrasting ways of approaching the social world that is part of this cultural belief is known as _____________ and agency.

A) association
B) communion
C) relationships
D) nurturance

Question 20

In the summary of meta-analyses of gender differences, the physical characteristic with the highest effect size, or d value, is

A) throwing distance.
B) height.
C) head circumference.
D) reach.

Question 21

A review of research on the differences between men and women in the textbook suggests that

A) Men are more likely than women to respond aggressively to frustration.
B) Women respond more aggressively to a physical attack.
C) Men respond more aggressively to a physical attack.
D) Women are more likely to respond aggressively to an insult about their intelligence.

Question 22

Meta-analytic research into self-esteem suggests that

A) men and women show no differences in self-esteem.
B) women have slightly higher self-esteem than men.
C) men have slightly higher self-esteem than women.
D) man and women vary dramatically across age ranges with regard to self-esteem.

Question 23

The textbook summarizes evidence indicating trivial effects sizes for gender differences in all of the following risk-taking areas

A) smoking.
B) sexual Activities.
C) drug use
D) intellectual risk taking.

Question 24

One area in which adolescent girls are consistently more aggressive than adolescent boys is in the use of

A) rejection or exclusion to hurt others psychologically.
B) physical aggression in response to a threat to a relationship.
C) subtle threats of physical violence by a second party.
D) aggression in general.

Question 25

Research suggests that all of the following are true across all cultures

A) women's jealousy is triggered by emotional infidelity.
B) men's jealousy is triggered by sexual infidelity.
C) jealousy is triggered by the same things in both men and women.
D) differences in jealousy between men and women are not easily explained by theories other than those of evolutionary psychology.

Question 26

Research findings are presented in the textbook for all of the following statements

A) Women, in self-report studies, report felling anxious more than men.
B) When faced with fearful situations, men are more physiologically reactive.
C) Women demonstrate more effective leadership styles than men.
D) Men engage in more helping behavior than women.

Question 27

Research that looks at differences in self-esteem between men and women across the life-span suggests that the greatest difference between the self-esteem of men and women (with men showing more than women) occurs between ages of

A) 7-10.
B) 15-18.
C) 23-59.
D) 60 and beyond.

Question 28

The textbook summarizes evidence indicating that medium effects sizes for gender differences in the following risk-taking areas have been found for all of the following

A) risky experimentation.
B) drinking/drug use.
C) intellectual risk taking.
D) physical skills.

Question 29

According to evolutionary psychologists (Buss) all of the following are correct

A) mate preference is drive by evolutionary forces.
B) males value indications of health and fertility in potential mates.
C) women are much less in favor of casual sex.
D) men, more than women, value status and ambitiousness in a mate.

Question 30

The textbook suggests that the current best explanation for differences between men and women is evolution for all of the following

A) Sexuality
B) Risk taking.
C) Pink-blue preferences.
D) Mental rotation.

Question 31

Buss has suggested that females have different preferences in mate selection than males due to

A) the pressures of socialization.
B) their experience with adolescent dating.
C) their biological role in reproduction.
D) the dictates of religion and culture.

Question 32

Biological research suggests that in men interaction between ___________ and norepinephrine tends to increase fight-or-fight responses.

A) epinephrine
B) estrogen
C) oxycontin
D) testosterone

Question 33

With regard to gender differences in mental rotation, all of the following are supported by research

A) In tasks of mental rotation the differences between men and women are eliminated if the stimuli become human figures.
B) The region of the brain that is hardwired differently in men than women to allow for superior performance on spatial rotation tasks has been found in the visual cortex.
C) Practice with video games eliminates the advantage that men have over women in mental rotation tasks.
D) How the mental rotation task is described or framed can increase or reduce the differences between men and women.

Question 34

With regard to differences in empathy between the sexes, all of the following are accurate

A) Women score higher on measures of tenderness than men.
B) Women behave more empathically than men.
C) Women score higher on measures of empathy than men.
D) Women are more accurate at judging the emotions of others than men.

Question 35

Research findings with regard to Grade Point Averages (GPA) indicate all of the following

A) Women students tend to underestimate their GPAs in a variety of situations, but almost always have significantly higher GPAs than male students.
B) When men and women college students were asked to publicly predict their next semester's GPA, the women's estimates were lower than men's.
C) When men and women college students were asked to privately predict their next semester's GPA, the estimates of women and men were the same.
D) Women tend to giver lower estimates of their GPA in front of a weaker student.

Question 36

With regard to the experience of emotions, the literature suggests all of the following

A) Women report more emotion in self-reports.
B) Women report more intense feelings of sadness and depression.
C) Men report embarrassment less than women do.
D) Men report disgust more often than women do.

Question 37

The literature on influenceability suggests all of the following

A) Men are more swayed than women in experiments conducted by females.
B) Women are more easily swayed by the conformity pressure of peers.
C) Women conform and change their attitudes more than men when the stimulus materials involve traditionally masculine topics.
D) Men are more easily swayed when it comes to traditionally female topics.

Question 38

Alexander has suggested that humans have evolved sex differences in color and form preferences that prepare them for their adult reproductive roles. He has theorized that ____________ may be responsible for sex differences in color naming and spatial perception.

A) pineal hormones
B) androgens
C) estrogens
D) monoamines

Question 39

Recent biological research suggests that high levels of oxytocin lead to

A) aggression.
B) tend-and-befriend behavior.
C) anxiety.
D) reduced fear responses.

Question 40

All of the following pairings are suggested in the textbook as possible explanations of gender differences

A) Biology; Nonverbal sensitivity
B) Evolution; Sexuality
C) Social context; Empathy
D) Bipsychosocial model; Personality

Question 41

Researchers hypothesized that gender identity was made up of four dimensions that include all of the following

A) Membership Knowledge.
B) Gender Roles.
C) Gender Conformity Pressure.
D) Intergroup Bias.

Question 42

Social construction theory suggests that gender differences have more to do with people's ________ about gender than any innate differences between men and women.

A) religion
B) reinforcement history
C) genetics
D) beliefs

Question 43

Research suggests that all of the following tend to increase gender differences in personality

A) affluence.
B) individualism.
C) enriched environment
D) improved nutrition.

Question 44

Significance tests, such as a t-test or ANOVA, tell us whether there is a significant difference in average scores between two groups. ___________ size tells us the size of that difference.

Question 45

The model presented in the textbook that attempts to integrate a variety of factors into a model of the cause of gender differences is the ____________ model.

A) social learning
B) biopsychosocial
C) evolutionary
D) bio-learning

Question 46

On the BSRI, men and women who score high in both masculinity and femininity are labeled

A) pathological.
B) sex-blended.
C) androgynous.
D) ambivalent.

Question 47

The textbook suggests that some gender stereotypes may become ___________ if many in a society hold beliefs that men and women are different psychologically.

A) imitated
B) reinforced
C) culture bound
D) self-fulfilling

Question 48

In terms of the Five-Factor Model, the factor that shows the largest difference between men and women is

Question 49

The concept of being sex-typed or androgynous comes from Bem's gender

A) schema theory.
B) sex role model.
C) assumptions.
D) role stereotypes.

Question 50

Zimbardo defined a phenomenon he termed _________ when people feel unaccountable and not responsible for their actions.

A) deindividuation.
B) conformity.
C) aresponsibility.
D) amoral.

Question 51

The term for a generalization about a group of people in which attributes are assumed to be true of all members of the group regardless of actual variation among group members is a _________.

Question 52

Janet Spence and here colleagues defined _____________ as a psychological sense of our own maleness and femaleness.

A) sex role
B) gender identity
C) sex
D) sexual identity

Question 53

The theory that suggests that men and women have developed differences due to the different roles they hold in society is called___________ theory.

A) feminist
B) role-playing
C) social role
D) socialist

Question 54

According to social role theory, what appear to be gender differences may really be a(n)___________ difference.

A) genetic
B) status
C) economic
D) socialization

Question 55

Effect size uses a statistic "d" which is equal to the differences in means divided by the average _______ ___________

Question 56

According to Gergen, the idea that we define our own reality is known as

A) social constructionism.
B) the social fallacy.
C) social definition theory.
D) socialism.

Question 57

A recent statistical advance is __________-________ by which researchers can combine the results of several different experiments.

Question 58

If social role theory is correct, then which of the following would most likely produce reductions in observations of gender differences?

A) Reverse prejudice programs that give preference into maths and science courses for females
B) Programs in day care centers that encourage boys and girls to play with similar toys
C) Legislation requiring maternity leave
D) The 1964 Civil Rights Act that outlawed discrimination based on gender

Question 59

A recent report by the American Association of University Women found that the reason there are so few women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics has little to do with ___________ but everything to do with ____________.

A) culture; learning history
B) social learning; status
C) biology; social environment
D) social environment; biology

Question 60

In both self-reports and observer-reports, _____________ cultures show the smallest gender differences in personality compared to ______________ cultures.

A) European and American; Asian and African
B) Asian and African; European and American
C) Individualistic; Collectivistic
D) Religious; Secular

Question 61

Pick one area in which consistent differences have been found between men and women and discuss.

Question 62

The concept that we define and create our own reality is at the heart of __________ ____________ according to Gergen.

Question 63

The hormone ________ leads to a "tend-and-befriend" response in women under stress.

Question 64

The textbook, in table 11.3, provides a summary of many meta-analytic studies that have been conducted looking at the differences between men and women. Summarize the trends of this research.

Question 65

Discuss one example of a difference between males and females that used to be considered "hard-wired" but is now considered to be the result of social factors.

Question 66

The strongest critique of nature theories of gender roles and differences comes from _________ theories which see any differences as the result of power differences in society.

Question 67

The textbook introduces they possibility that many gender stereotypes may become ______________ prophecies.

Question 68

Summarize the basic concept and result of meta-analysis. Mention the statistic used and describe the formula used to calculate it. What advantage does meta-analysis provide researchers in personality theory?

Question 69

There is evidence that color and form preferences are innate in primates. The hormones called ____________ may be responsible for sex differences in color naming and spatial perception, in addition to color and function preferences.

Question 70

Zimbardo coined the term ____________ to describe a phenomenon in which people feel unaccountable and not responsible for their actions when they become an anonymous part of a group.

Question 71

The hormone ______________ interacts with norepinephrine to increase the "fight-or-flight" response in men under stress.

Question 72

Provide a brief overview of the nature vs. nurture spectrum of causes of male vs. female differences in personality.

Question 73

Bandura's ____________ ____________ theory suggests that differences between the genders are not innate, but are socialized in us from our parents, peers, teachers, and society.

Question 74

Summarize the position of evolutionary psychologists with regard to the differences between men and women.

Question 75

Research suggests that men are more physically aggressive than women, but only slightly more ________ aggressive.

Question 76

Discuss the basic principles of a biopsychosocial model of gender differences

Question 77

The textbook presents a model that attempts to integrate a variety of causes, including both nature and nurture, into a single view called the __________________ model.

Question 78

Social role theory suggests that men and women have developed differences due to the different roles they hold in society. What appears to be a gender difference may really be a ________ or status difference.

Question 79

Summarize the logic of feminist theories with regard to differences between men and women in personality and behavior.

Question 80

Summarize the theoretical discussion of differences, or lack of differences, in self-esteem and self-confidence between men and women.