Deck 6: Genetics

Question 1

A second way of studying heritability, other than the formula h² = 2(r_mz - r_dz) is through the use of

A) dizygotic twins reared apart.
B) monozygotic twins reared apart.
C) factor analysis.
D) a quadratic analysis.

Answer 1

monozygotic twins reared apart.

Question 2

Many twins, however are not representative of the average non-twin; many twins are born with low birth rate for example. This problem results from the

A) assumption of representativeness.
B) assumption of identicalness
C) lack of care by researchers.
D) eugenics assumption.

Answer 2

assumption of representativeness.

Question 3

In the summary chart of Twin, Family, and Adopting Correlations for Neuroticism and Extraversion, the second highest correlation for Neuroticism was found in the case of

A) identical twins reared apart.
B) fraternal twins reared together.
C) fraternal twins reared apart.
D) adoptive parents and offspring.

Answer 3

identical twins reared apart.

Question 4

That is, genes and environment can work separately, together, or they may influence one another.

A) cooperate
B) transact
C) compete
D) interact

Question 5

A specific combination of genes is termed a(an)

A) phenotype.
B) genotype.
C) DNA.
D) allele.

Question 6

Here researchers assume that the adopted families of each twin are different form one another, but twins may be more alike on a certain characteristic due to

A) the impact each twin has on his or her environment.
B) communication between the two families.
C) selective placement.
D) representative placement.

Question 7

Which of the following would be the most accurate conclusion of the Finn Twin Study?

A) For most significant behaviors, environment is the dominant factor.
B) For most significant behaviors, genetics is the dominant factor.
C) The relative importance of genetics and environment varies depending on the question.
D) Modern genetic analysis makes it almost impossible to differentiate between genetic and environmental influence.

Question 8

A fertilized egg splitting into two early in its maturation results in

A) a nonviable zygote.
B) two monozygotic twins .
C) two dizygotic twins.
D) a chimera.

Question 9

The manifestation of complex human traits is defined as the

A) phenotype.
B) genotype.
C) homotype.
D) gene-environment correlation.

Question 10

In the analysis of heritability, one potential problem in the double-the-difference method is that it assumes that twins

A) do not differentially interact with each other.
B) are the same sex.
C) are genetically identical.
D) are reared under equal environments.

Question 11

A synonym for fraternal twins is

A) dizygotic twins.
B) monozygotic twins.
C) allele twins.
D) heterozygotic twins.

Question 12

_______________ estimates the extent to which observed individual differences can be traced in any way to individual differences in environments.

A) Heritability
B) Phenotype
C) Epigenetics
D) Environmentality

Question 13

The textbook defines ___________ environment as those aspects of the family environment that are generally the same for all the children in the household.

A) shared
B) common
C) phenotypic
D) genetic

Question 14

The equation used by some researchers for understanding the manifestations of complex human traits includes all of the following

A) genotype.
B) environment.
C) epigenetics.
D) gene-environment correlation.

Question 15

All of the following are used in the textbook as examples of aspects of the nonshared environment in a family

A) spacing of siblings.
B) differential parental treatment.
C) physical aspects of the home environment.
D) friends.

Question 16

The term for the study of genetic and environmental contributions to individual differences in personality and behavior is

A) eugenics.
B) evolutionary psychology.
C) epigenetics.
D) behavioral genetics.

Question 17

Which of the following relationships between two variables can be proven by a correlational study?

A) Variable A causes variable B.
B) Variable B causes variable A.
C) A third variable (C) causes both variable A and B.
D) None of the above can be proven by a correlational study.

Question 18

One measure of _____________ is to calculate the correlation (r) between twins on a given trait and compare the correlation between MZ twins and DZ twins.

A) environmentality
B) genetic strength
C) genetic similarity
D) heritability

Question 19

There are measures of mice personality characteristics. You can even purchase large numbers of mice that are genetically identical at conception in the form of cloned mice. You have been asked to design a study that looks at the contribution of genetics to anxiety in mice. Which design would best serve your goal?

A) Random mice, raised in identical conditions
B) Two groups of cloned mice raised in identical conditions
C) Two groups of cloned mice each raised under different conditions
D) Four groups of mice - two random, two cloned - each raised under different conditions.

Question 20

The term for the amount of observed individual differences in some characteristic that can be accounted for by genetic differences is ____________.

A) genotype
B) heritability
C) inheritance factor
D) gene-environment co-factor

Question 21

The textbook suggests that the environment - both shared and nonshared - accounts for about _____ to ____% of the variance for the five personality factors discussed in the textbook.

A) 10; 30
B) 25; 50
C) 45; 50
D) 50; 60

Question 22

The conclusion the textbook draws from this research is that

A) a variant of the DAT1 gene is the cause of depression.
B) depression is a genetic disorder.
C) maternal rejection is one of the causes of depression.
D) prolonged exposure to dopamine may lead to depression.

Question 23

_______ is an area of research focusing on genetic, yet noninheritable means by which the environment fundamentally changes human functioning.

A) Eugenics.
B) Epigenetics.
C) Genomics
D) Exonics.

Question 24

This is an example of ___________.

A) Mendelian genetics
B) genomics
C) protiamics
D) epigenetics

Question 25

Research has suggested that the heritability of all of the big five personality factors is about

A) 10 to 30%.
B) 30 to 60%.
C) 40 to 50%.
D) 60 to 75%.

Question 26

Mendelian inheritance is defined as case in which

A) traits are crossed.
B) two recessive traits dominate over a single dominant trait.
C) one trait dominates over another trait.
D) all inheritance patterns are known as Mendelian.

Question 27

A genotype-environment correlation occurs when a genotype ___________

A) and the environment act in parallel.
B) forms a dialectic with the environment.
C) responds differently to an environment.
D) is exposed differently to an environment.

Question 28

Different forms of the same gene are known today as

A) alleles.
B) gene variants.
C) elementals
D) alters.

Question 29

Solid, replicable research findings suggest that all of the following are at least moderately heritable

A) cognitive abilities.
B) social attitudes.
C) psychological interests.
D) essentially all personality variables have some degree of heritability.

Question 30

Research suggests that the heritability of personality traits ranges from ____ to ____.

A) 00; .80
B) .20; .60
C) .40; .60
D) .60; .80

Question 31

The textbook suggests that we could view the nature-nurture debate as a "dialectic", as forces

A) are in opposition to other, and eventually one point of view will prevail.
B) are in different spheres of thought and therefore not related to each other.
C) can be combined or synthesized.
D) are synonymous; they mean the same thing.

Question 32

A recent study, summarized in the textbook, provides evidence that this is effected by differences in

A) the genomes of individuals who are high in cortisol levels.
B) diet that encourages the production of cortisol.
C) gene expression.
D) Mendelian inheritance.

Question 33

A genotype-environment ____________ occurs when a genotype responds differently to an environment.

A) correlation
B) differentiation
C) interaction
D) dialectic

Question 34

Mendel is most famous for his study of the genetics of

A) cattle.
B) human savants.
C) peas.
D) roses.

Question 35

As your lab is working on positional cloning, the next step in the project will be to

A) cross-breed these mice with mice who are less prone to depression.
B) develop a technique for replacing the gene that seems to be a causal factor in the depressive behavior.
C) clone the mouse that shows the least amount of depressive behavior.
D) locate the region of the brain responsible for the depressive behavior and use transcranial magnetic stimulation to increase their activity.

Question 36

Every human being on the planet shares, on average, about what percentage of DNA?

A) 5
B) 50
C) 75
D) 99.9

Question 37

Anxiety, a risk factor for depression, involves a certain region of the _____________ transporter gene.

A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) GABA
D) glucose

Question 38

A _______ is a sequence of DNA that codes for a specific trait.

A) genome
B) introns
C) gene
D) sequence

Question 39

The coding regions of a gene are known as

A) exons
B) introns
C) alleles
D) epigenes

Question 40

The noncoding regions of genes are called

A) introns.
B) exons.
C) alleles.
D) silent sequences.

Question 41

When parents provide both the genes and an environment that is favorable to the development of those genes, we observe a(n) _____________ genotype-environment correlation.

A) active
B) passive
C) coordinated
D) coherent

Question 42

Identical or ________ twins that come from the fertilization of one egg by one sperm.

Question 43

Research reported in the textbook suggests that an example of reactive-genotype-environment correlation is supported by evidence that

A) more aggressive children who are raised by firm but supportive parents are less aggressive as adults.
B) children at risk for antisocial behavior are more aggressive than children not at risk, and they are more likely to elicit negative reactions in their parents.
C) children not at risk for antisocial behavior can exhibit considerable aggressive behavior after only one year in an aggressive family,
D) certain gene variations invariably lead to increased aggression in children.

Question 44

The textbook suggests that the best way to characterize nature-nurture issues is to suggest that the two ____________. That is, genes and environment work both separately and together, and sometimes they influence or change one another.

Question 45

Aspects of the family environment that are generally the same for all the children in the family make up the ____________ environment

Question 46

Examples of gene-environment are many and include all of the following

A) adolescents' perceptions of parental warmth.
B) family coherence and psychopathy.
C) physical punishment and misbehavior.
D) memories of childhood environment/

Question 47

____________ (e²) is an estimate of the extent to which observed individual differences are caused by environmental factors.

Question 48

To date, interactions between genes and environment have been found to account for all of the following

A) religious upbringing lessening the impulsiveness of high sensation seekers.
B) parental bonding and family functioning decreasing emotional instability.
C) close family ties increasing the level of empathy in potential psychopaths.
D) the DRD2 gene and stress increasing the chance of alcoholism.

Question 49

It is likely that people treat MS twins in a manner that is quite similar in many aspects. This is an example of the __________ _______________ assumption.

Question 50

The textbook lists several research goals for current genetic research that include all of the following

A) improved in intelligence.
B) medical treatments individually tailored to an individual's DNA
C) cures for cancers and other diseases.
D) a better understanding of evolution.

Question 51

The textbook labels this a_____________ genotype-environment correlation.

A) consistent
B) positive
C) maximal
D) natural

Question 52

Research by Burt suggests that genes

A) can code for a particular behavior, but not the social consequences of that behavior.
B) can code for social consequences of a particular behavior, but not the behavior itself.
C) can code for a particular behavior and for the social consequences of that behavior.
D) can't code either for a particular behavior or social consequences.

Question 53

The manifestation of complex human traits is known as a __________.

Question 54

When parents see something in a child, such as early vocalization, and respond to it with, for example, extra time vocalizing to the child, this is a ____________ genotype-environment correlation.

A) reactive
B) passive
C) logical
D) respondent

Question 55

___________ (h²) is defined as the amount of observed individual differences in some characteristics that can be accounted for by genetic differences.

Question 56

Twins that are the product of the fertilization of two eggs by two sperm often at the same time are called fraternal or ____________ twins.

Question 57

As you are current on the literature focused on the genetics of depression, it is likely that you will be gathering data on

A) genes that correlate with depression.
B) gene environment interactions that correlate with depression.
C) eugenic data combing environmental and genetic issues.
D) the environments that correlate with depressive episodes.

Question 58

In a negative genotype-environment correlation with regard to language development

A) a child has inherited genes that are not favorable for language development.
B) a child has inherited genes that are favorable to language development but the environment he or she has been provided discourages language development.
C) a child has inherited genes that are favorable to language development and opportunities in the environment to practice language development but chooses not to participate.
D) a child has inherited genes that are not favorable for language development and is in an environment that discourages language activities.

Question 59

Genetic research is feared by some people because of the excesses of the _________ movement.

A) progenics
B) eugenics
C) epigentics
D) genomics

Question 60

The general field that looks at questions of how genes and environments work together is known as __________ ____________.

Question 61

Compare and contrast the concepts of shared and nonshared environment with an example relevant to personality development.

Question 62

Compare and contrast a positive genotype-environment correlation with that of a negative genotype-environment correlation.

Question 63

Briefly describe the difference between a human genotype and a phenotype, as well as their relationship.

Question 64

A potential genetic risk factor for depression, anxiety, and other mood disorders involves a certain region of the ___________ transporter gene.

Question 65

Discuss the meaning of epigenetics and its importance for the study of personality.

Question 66

Research has found that children at risk for antisocial behavior are indeed more aggressive than children not at risk, and they are also more likely to elicit negative reactions in their caregivers. This is an example of a _________ genotype-environment correlation.

Question 67

Compare and contrast genotype-environment correlation with genotype-environment interaction.

Question 68

Outline a research project that would follow from the observations and conclusions regarding gene-environment correlations in the work of Burt.

Question 69

Summarize one piece of evidence that supports the genotype-environment correlation model.

Question 70

What does the textbook mean by a "dialectical" synthesis of nature and nurture?

Question 71

Research has established that people who are socially isolated are vulnerable to a host of cardiovascular and infectious diseases due to increased levels of the stress hormone __________.

Question 72

The new field of ___________ has found ways in which the environment can fundamentally change human functioning by altering gene expression without altering what DNA is inherited.

Question 73

When parents provide both the genes and an environment that is favorable (or unfavorable) to the development of those genes, we observe a __________ genotype-environment correlation.

Question 74

Discuss the methodological importance of MZA twins.

Question 75

Discuss how you might investigate one personality problem with an eye to using positional cloning to prevent that problem.