Deck 3: D: Biological Psychology

Question 1

The weight of the brain is

A)1.36 kilograms (3 pounds).
B)unrelated to the density of neurons.
C)dependent upon a person's level of intelligence.
D)altered when a person suffers from any type of mental illness.

Answer 1

1.36 kilograms (3 pounds).

Question 2

Which of the following statements reflects the relationship between the number of neurons in the human brain and the number of neural connections?

A)The number of neural connections is less than the number of neurons because some neurons operate in feedback loops.
B)Neurons connect in a one-to-one fashion with each other,so the number of neurons and neural connections is approximately equal.
C)Most neurons connect to about five other neurons,so the proportion of neural connections in about five times greater than the number of neurons.
D)The number of neural connections far outweighs the number of neurons,as many neurons have tens of thousands of connections.

Answer 2

The number of neural connections far outweighs the number of neurons,as many neurons have tens of thousands of connections.

Question 3

The __________ is the central region of the neuron that manufactures new cell components.

A)cell body
B)axon
C)neuronal membrane
D)dendrite

Answer 3

cell body

Question 4

The brain communicates to other parts of the body via

A)neurons.
B)dendrites.
C)nerve bundles.
D)terminal button.

Question 5

__________ receive messages from other neurons and __________ send messages to other neurons.

A)Axons;dendrites
B)Axons;somas
C)Somas;glial cells
D)Dendrites;axons

Question 6

What term is used to describe a specialized cell that makes up the nervous system and receives and sends messages within that system?

A)Node of Ranvier
B)Neuron
C)Glial cell
D)Reuptake cell

Question 7

All neurons contain

A)cell body,myelin sheath,and axon.
B)dendrites,axon,and nodes of Ranvier.
C)dendrites,cell body,and axon.
D)dendrites,axon,and myelin sheath.

Question 8

Prolonged heavy drinking shrinks brain volume as a result of

A)brain cells being killed off by alcohol.
B)damage or destruction of the dendrites of nerve cells.
C)chemical alteration of brain cells when they interact with ethanol.
D)other factors related to heavy drinking,such as use of drugs like tobacco and methamphetamines.

Question 9

The example in your text of novelist Howard Engel and his loss of the ability to read due to a stroke demonstrates that

A)the brain is highly susceptible to sudden and irreversible damage.
B)new advances in neuroscience can reverse the effects of stroke through medication.
C)the brain can reorganize itself to recover lost functions in some cases.
D)neural fragility is most evident at earlier stages of development.

Question 10

The branch of life sciences that involves the structure and function of the brain and nervous system,while also focusing on the relationship between learning and behaviour,is called

A)bioscience.
B)neuroscience.
C)brain scientology.
D)neurostemology.

Question 11

The function of the __________ is to manufacture and renew neuronal cell components.

A)soma
B)synapse
C)nervous system
D)endorphins

Question 12

Your teacher asks you to describe the sequence of parts of a neuron that the impulse travels during neural conduction.Which of the following sequences will you offer?

A)dendrites,axon,soma,axon terminal
B)terminal buttons,axon,soma,dendrites
C)axon,soma,dendrites,axon terminal
D)dendrites,soma,axon,axon terminal

Question 13

Neurotransmitters are released from the __________ and received or detected by the __________.

A)dendrites;axon terminals
B)presynaptic membrane;postsynaptic membrane
C)cell body;dendrites
D)postsynaptic membrane;presynaptic membrane

Question 14

The part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and keeps the entire cell alive and functioning is the

A)axon.
B)dendrite.
C)soma.
D)terminal button.

Question 15

Which part of the neuron is responsible for maintaining the life of the cell?

A)Axon
B)Dendrite
C)Soma
D)Terminal button

Question 16

Neurotransmitters are to synaptic vesicles as the __________ is/are to the cell body.

A)soma
B)axon
C)nucleus
D)dendrites

Question 17

The brain communicates to other parts of the body via

A)nodes of Ranvier.
B)neurons.
C)glial cells.
D)reuptake.

Question 18

Approximately how many neurons do our brains contain?

A)8 thousand
B)5 million
C)85 billion
D)160 trillion

Question 19

A specialized cell that makes up the nervous system that receives and sends messages within that system is called a

A)node of Ranvier.
B)neuron.
C)glial cell.
D)reuptake cell.

Question 20

The branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons are called

A)axons.
B)dendrites.
C)nerve bundles.
D)mylons.

Question 21

Neurotransmitters are found in the

A)synaptic vesicles.
B)cell body.
C)dendritic spines.
D)mitochondria.

Question 22

What is the term used to describe the branches located at the end of the axon?

A)Axon terminals
B)Synaptic vesicles
C)Synapses
D)Receptor sites

Question 23

The gap into which the neurotransmitters are released is the

A)receptor field.
B)dendritic branch.
C)axon terminal.
D)synaptic cleft.

Question 24

According to the text,__________ work in a manner similar to how gel capsules filled with cold medicine work.

A)synapses
B)synaptic vesicles
C)axon terminals
D)neurotransmitters

Question 25

The fluid-filled space between the synaptic knob of one cell and the dendrites of the next cell is called the

A)synapse.
B)receptor site.
C)axon terminal.
D)synaptic knob.

Question 26

The term neurotransmitter refers to

A)a chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that is released into the synapse.
B)any one of a number of chemical compounds that increase the activity of the endocrine system.
C)the chemical substance found in the cell membrane.
D)the DNA contained in the nucleus of every neuron.

Question 27

The blood-brain barrier,which keeps harmful molecules from entering the brain,is composed of __________ that form a fatty coating around tiny blood vessels.

A)myelin sheath
B)glial cells
C)the Nodes of Ranvier
D)neurotransmitters

Question 28

Unlike __________,__________ are usually very thin at their site of origin near the cell body,because this narrowness creates a trigger zone,a site that's easy to activate.

A)cell bodies;dendrites
B)axons;axon terminals
C)axon terminals;synaptic knobs
D)dendrites;axons

Question 29

The branches at the end of the axon are called

A)axon terminals.
B)synaptic vesicles.
C)synapses.
D)receptor sites.

Question 30

The function of the neuron's axon is to

A)carry messages to other cells.
B)regulate the neuron's life processes.
C)receive messages from neighbouring neurons.
D)insulate against leakage of electrical impulses.

Question 31

What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals?

A)Synaptic vesicles
B)Axons
C)Dendrites
D)Synaptic knobs

Question 32

Which of the following was/were once thought to be about ten times more numerous than neurons?

A)Glial cells
B)Myelin sheath
C)Nodes of Ranvier
D)Axons

Question 33

A chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that,when released,has an effect on the next cell is called a

A)neurotransmitter.
B)glial cell.
C)precursor cell.
D)synapse.

Question 34

Which of the following are tiny sacs in a synaptic knob that release chemicals into the synapse?

A)Synaptic vesicles
B)Synaptic nodes
C)Terminal buttons
D)Synaptic gaps

Question 35

Synaptic vesicles are analogous to

A)the gate in a fence.
B)a gel capsule filled with cold medication.
C)a vacuum cleaning up dirt.
D)the prongs on an electrical plug.

Question 36

The spherical structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals are called

A)axon terminals.
B)synapses.
C)synaptic vesicles.
D)receptor sites.

Question 37

A __________ is a complex arrangement consisting of a gap between the specialized patches of membrane located on the sending and receiving neuron.

A)neuronal membrane
B)synaptic vesicle
C)terminal button
D)synapse

Question 38

The __________ receive information from other neurons and have long extensions.

A)synaptic knobs
B)dendrites
C)axons
D)terminal buttons

Question 39

__________ is/are the most abundant type of glial cells and is/are involved in thought,memory,and the functioning of the immune system.

A)Myelin
B)Oligodendrocytes
C)Astrocytes
D)Neurocytes

Question 40

Oligodendrocytes are to __________ as astrocytes are to __________.

A)neurotransmitters;dendrites
B)the myelin sheath;the blood-brain barrier
C)synaptic vesicles;the cell body
D)axons;glial cells

Question 41

The state during which a neuron contains more negatively charged ions inside the cell than outside the cell and is not firing is referred to as the

A)action potential.
B)quiet potential.
C)synaptic potential.
D)resting potential.

Question 42

The __________ is a fatty coating that insulates the axons of some cells in the nervous system.

A)glial cell
B)myelin sheath
C)nodes of Ranvier
D)dendritic spine

Question 43

What is the threshold level needed to trigger an action potential in many neurons?

A)-70 mV
B)-55 mV
C)0 mV
D)+40 mV

Question 44

During action potential,the electrical charge inside the neuron is __________ the electrical charge outside the neuron.

A)more positive than
B)larger than
C)more negative than
D)smaller than

Question 45

Which of the following statements about action potentials is not true?

A)Action potentials operate on an all-or-none principle whether a cell either "fires" or it does not.
B)Action potentials are regenerative and,once started,they continue the length of the axon.
C)Action potentials operate differently than graded potentials.
D)Action potentials are bidirectional and can flow either up or down an axon.

Question 46

A fatty substance that is wrapped around the shaft of axons in the nervous system and whose function is to insulate neurons and speed up the neural impulse is called a

A)synaptic vesicle.
B)dendrite.
C)glial cell.
D)myelin sheath.

Question 47

One purpose of the __________ is to speed up the neural message travelling down the axon.

A)receptor site
B)axon terminal
C)myelin sheath
D)synaptic vesicle

Question 48

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)Action potentials are always the same strength.
B)Action potentials will jump from node to node on myelinated axons.
C)Action potentials are graded in size.
D)Action potentials travel down the axon.

Question 49

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A)To serve as a structure for neurons
B)To monitor neural activity
C)To speed up the neural impulse
D)To produce neurotransmitters

Question 50

A cell in the human nervous system whose primary function is to provide insulation and structure for neurons on which they may develop and work is called a(n)

A)epidermal cell.
B)glial cell.
C)myelin cell.
D)adipose cell.

Question 51

Kristine suffers from __________,which is associated with the myelin sheaths surrounding neurons being "eaten away" and neural messages not fully travelling down axons.

A)multiple sclerosis
B)cystic fibrosis
C)Parkinson's disease
D)Alzheimer's disease

Question 52

When a cell is "at rest," it is in a state called the

A)stopping point.
B)obcipitation junction.
C)resting potential.
D)action potential.

Question 53

Which of the following are responsible for speeding up the transmission of neural impulses?

A)Synapse and axon terminal
B)Myelin sheath and nodes
C)Axon and action potentials
D)Dendrites and cell body

Question 54

Gaps in the myelin sheath are called __________,which help in the conduction of neural impulses.

A)nodes
B)synaptic clefts
C)axonal clefts
D)synapses

Question 55

Scientists have been able to record the electrical activity of neurons using

A)tiny electrodes.
B)single cell stimulation.
C)event related potentials (ERPs).
D)functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRIs).

Question 56

Treatments for difficulties such as chronic pain,inflammation,depression,and schizophrenia may eventually focus on what type of cells in their capacity as "garbage disposals"?

A)Neurotransmitters
B)Inhibitory cells
C)Synaptic cells
D)Glial cells

Question 57

What do we call the state of a neuron when it is not firing a neural impulse?

A)Action potential
B)Resting potential
C)Myelination signal
D)Transmission impulse

Question 58

During an action potential,what changes are evident in the negative ions inside the neuron?

A)Negative ions rush out of the axon to increase the positive charge inside the axon.
B)Negative and positive ions flow into the axon to maintain a balanced proportion.
C)There is little or no net change in the distribution of negative ions.
D)Negative ions trigger the release of neurotransmitters in the axon terminals.

Question 59

The importance of Penfield's research and others like it led to the hypothesis that

A)nerves might use electrical activity to send information.
B)nerves have high temporal resolution.
C)nerves respond to chemical stimulation.
D)nerves have high spatial resolution.

Question 60

The __________ speeds up the passage of electrical messages by acting as an insulator of the neuronal signal.

A)terminal button
B)myelin sheath
C)blood-brain barrier
D)dendritic branch

Question 61

If a neurotransmitter stimulates a receptor that permits negatively charged ions to flow in,this can cause a(n)

A)action potential.
B)graded potential.
C)inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
D)excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Question 62

__________ refers to the neural mechanism for memory and increases the ability of a neuron to communicate and fire action potentials.

A)Maximal firing rate
B)Absolute refractory period
C)Long-term potentiation
D)Excitatory postsynaptic potential

Question 63

__________ are holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands that are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

A)Synapses
B)Axons
C)Synaptic vesicles
D)Receptor sites

Question 64

The action potential causes neurotransmitters to be released into the

A)myelin sheath.
B)axon.
C)synapse.
D)synaptic vesicle.

Question 65

If a neurotransmitter stimulates a receptor that permits positively charged ions to flow in,this can cause a(n)

A)action potential.
B)graded potential.
C)inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
D)excitatory postsynaptic potential.

Question 66

A neuron can become hyperpolarized if it receives

A)an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP).
B)a long-term potentiation.
C)too few neurotransmitters binding to receptor sites.
D)an inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP).

Question 67

Reuptake is

A)a chemical that is released into the synaptic gap.
B)a protein molecule on the dendrite or cell body of a neuron that will interact only with specific neurotransmitters.
C)a process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed back into the synaptic vesicles.
D)a chemical that plays a role in learning and attention.

Question 68

During the refractory period,the electrical charge inside the cell is __________ the electrical charge when the cell is in a resting state.

A)more positive than
B)larger than
C)more negative than
D)smaller than

Question 69

Owantu let out an ear-piercing scream when he became frightened.He was unable to stimulate those neurons for a brief time after their firing because of the

A)potential gradation.
B)absolute refractory period.
C)relative refractory period.
D)regenerative timeout.

Question 70

The maximal firing rate,or the fastest rate at which a neuron can fire,is limited by the

A)number of glial cells surrounding the axon.
B)absolute refractory period.
C)number of graded potential inputs received by the cell.
D)postsynaptic potential of the neuron.

Question 71

Which structure is like a locked door that only certain neurotransmitter keys can unlock?

A)Synapses
B)Receptor sites
C)Neural chiasms
D)Response terminals

Question 72

Intracellular communication relies on __________ transmission,whereas intercellular communication relies on __________ transmission.

A)neurotransmitter;chemical
B)chemical;electrical
C)electrical;chemical
D)positive ion;negative ion

Question 73

Graded potentials refer to

A)the strength of the action potential.
B)excitation of the neuron past its resting threshold.
C)the number of times an action potential fires in a cell.
D)excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of the neuron.

Question 74

When a neuron fires,it fires in a(n)__________ fashion as there is no such thing as "partial" firing.

A)all-or-none
B)rapid fire
C)accidental patterned
D)quick succession

Question 75

When the electric potential in a cell is in action versus a resting state,this electrical charge reversal is known as the

A)resting potential.
B)excitation reaction.
C)action potential.
D)permeable reaction.

Question 76

The location that uniquely recognizes a neurotransmitter is called a(n)

A)action potential.
B)reuptake.
C)threshold.
D)receptor site.

Question 77

The voltage of -60 mV is known as the neuron's

A)postsynaptic potential.
B)graded potential.
C)action potential.
D)resting potential.

Question 78

A neuron is less likely to fire if it becomes

A)hyperpolarized.
B)repolarized.
C)depolarized.
D)hypopolarized.

Question 79

"All or none" is the principle stating that

A)a neuron either fires or does not fire.
B)a neuron fires at full strength or not at all.
C)all the dendrites must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all.
D)all somas must be receiving messages telling the neuron to fire or it will not fire at all.

Question 80

Which of the following statements is not true?

A)Graded potentials can be inhibitory.
B)Graded potentials can be excitatory.
C)Graded potentials always become action potentials.
D)Graded potentials are postsynaptic potentials.