Deck 12: The Family

Question 1

The one-child-per-family policy in China served as a _____ for examining the effects of being an only child on children's development.

A) laboratory experiment
B) structured observation
C) natural experiment
D) naturalistic observation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Approximately what percentage of children experience a family structure change as a result of separation, divorce, remarriage, cohabitation, or parental death?

A) 10
B) 20
C) 30
D) 40

Answer 2

B

Question 3

In which part of Canada is a child most likely to be raised primarily by her grandparent instead of by her parent?

A) the Maritimes
B) the North
C) the Prairies
D) Quebec

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which mother is MOST likely to show sensitive behaviour toward her new infant?

A) Eileen, who is 17 years old
B) Ursula, who is 22 years old and has few financial resources
C) Hailee, who is 34 years old and has no other children
D) Andrea, who is 34 years old and has two older children

Question 5

About what percentage of marriages in Canada can be expected to end in divorce?

A) 25
B) 37
C) 50
D) 62

Question 6

The number of and relationships among the people living in a household is referred to as:

A) family structure.
B) family dynamics.
C) internalization.
D) parenting style.

Question 7

Which statement is NOT true regarding grandparents as primary caregivers?

A) Grandparent-headed families tend to be more affluent than households not headed by grandparents.
B) Most grandparents have had a long gap since the last time they parented a child.
C) Grandparents may have a difficult time maintaining a social support network for the child.
D) Children raised by grandparents often experience a range of emotional and behavioural problems.

Question 8

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

A) The rate of adolescent pregnancies increased from the 1990s to 2010.
B) The rate of adolescent pregnancies is significantly lower in the United States than in other industrialized countries.
C) Being involved in school activities reduces the risk for childbearing during adolescence.
D) Getting married greatly improves outcomes for adolescent mothers.

Question 9

Which factor does NOT increase an adolescent's risk of becoming pregnant?

A) living with both biological parents
B) having an older adolescent sibling who is sexually active
C) having a mother who is cold and uninvolved
D) having friends who are sexually active

Question 10

In 2011, about _____% of children under the age of 14 years in Canada lived with a grandparent.

A) 5
B) 10
C) 15
D) 25

Question 11

Which characteristic of families in Canada is NOT one that increased from the 1970s to the 2000s?

A) age at which women had children
B) percentage of children born to unmarried mothers
C) size of families
D) percentage of children living with their grandparents

Question 12

Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding children living with single parents?

A) Indigenous children are more likely to live with only one parent than are nonindigenous children.
B) Single parents are less likely to read to their children than are married or cohabitating parents.
C) Children living with single parents are more likely to experience poverty than are children living with two parents.
D) The rate of children living with single parents has declined in the past 30 years.

Question 13

Which statement about adolescent parents is TRUE?

A) The vast majority of adolescent fathers never see their young children.
B) Adolescents whose mothers are authoritative are at an increased risk for pregnancy.
C) Adolescent mothers tend to provide low levels of verbal stimulation to their children.
D) Adolescents who were born to teenage mothers nearly always experience academic failure and problem behaviour.

Question 14

Recent research has demonstrated that, compared with children with siblings, children without siblings in China have NOT been found to be:

A) more self-interested.
B) less cooperative.
C) more aggressive.
D) overindulged.

Question 15

Compared with younger parents, older parents do NOT tend to have:

A) less stress.
B) more children.
C) greater financial resources.
D) more positivity in their parenting.

Question 16

The one-child policy in China is an example of the link between which two systems of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological model?

A) microsystem and mesosystem
B) macrosystem and mesosystem
C) exosystem and microsystem
D) macrosystem and microsystem

Question 17

Which variable has been found to be an important factor in the adjustment of children of same-sex parents?

A) whether the homosexual parent is male or female
B) whether the child is also gay or lesbian
C) the closeness of the parent‒child relationship
D) the gender of the child

Question 18

Compared with children of heterosexual parents, children of same-sex parents are:

A) more poorly adjusted.
B) less popular.
C) more likely to be gay or lesbian themselves.
D) pretty much the same.

Question 19

Which statement about older fathers, in comparison to younger fathers, is NOT true?

A) They are more likely to be affectionate with their infants.
B) They are more likely to provide a moderate amount of child care.
C) They are more likely to be cognitively stimulating with their infants.
D) They are more likely to have traditional beliefs about the paternal role in parenting.

Question 20

The average number of children per family in Canada:

A) dropped from 2.7 in 1961 to 1.9 in 2011.
B) rose from 2.1 in 1961 to 2.5 in 2011.
C) dropped from 3.1 in 1961 to 2.3 in 2011.
D) stayed the same between 1961 and 2011.

Question 21

Which factor improves children's adjustment to a parent's remarriage?

A) all of the children being around the same age
B) the children being older
C) the stepparent being a stepfather
D) supportive relations between the noncustodial parent and the stepparent

Question 22

Mateo has limited contact with his noncustodial father, who lives across the country from him. His father is supportive and authoritative when Mateo does have contact with him. Mateo's peer, Ayden, has frequent contact with his own noncustodial father, who is permissive and disruptive. How are Mateo and Ayden likely to fare in terms of their adjustment and school achievement?

A) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly well adjusted because contact with noncustodial fathers is beneficial for adjustment.
B) Ayden will likely be better adjusted than Mateo because the frequency of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the quality of the contact.
C) Mateo will likely be better adjusted than Ayden because the quality of contact with noncustodial fathers is more important than the frequency of the contact.
D) Mateo and Ayden will likely be similarly poorly adjusted because both high quality and high quantity of contact with noncustodial fathers are necessary.

Question 23

On average, do stepmothers or stepfathers appear to have more difficulty with their stepchildren?

A) Stepmothers appear to have more difficulty.
B) Stepfathers appear to have more difficulty.
C) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with both having a great deal of difficulty.
D) Stepmothers and stepfathers appear to have equal difficulty, with neither having a great deal of difficulty.

Question 24

Which statement about children and stepfathers is TRUE?

A) Relationships between children and stepfathers tend to be better when there are stepsiblings living with the family as well.
B) Children with stepfathers tend to have higher rates of disruptive problem behaviours than do children in intact families.
C) Conflict between children and biological fathers is more common than conflict between children and stepfathers.
D) Stepfathers rarely contribute to supervision of their stepsons.

Question 25

Which result is NOT a consequence of divorce on children?

A) increased delinquency
B) decreased rate of divorce in adulthood
C) decreased income in adulthood
D) decreased social competence

Question 26

The MOST accurate statement about the effects of divorce on children is that divorce has effects on:

A) many child outcomes, both in the short and long term.
B) many child outcomes in the short term, but few in the long term.
C) a few child outcomes in the short term, and many in the long term.
D) a few child outcomes in the short term, but none in the long term.

Question 27

Which child is probably LEAST likely to exhibit adjustment problems?

A) Charlie, whose parents are married and have high levels of conflict
B) Gary, whose parents are divorced and have high levels of conflict
C) Christopher, whose parents are divorced and have low levels of conflict
D) Charlie and Gary are equally unlikely to exhibit adjustment problems.

Question 28

Which child is MOST likely to benefit from remarriage by the mother?

A) Linda, a 6-year-old girl
B) Cathy, an 11-year-old girl
C) Todd, a 14-year-old boy
D) Frank, an 11-year-old boy

Question 29

Which factor is associated with a decreased likelihood of children experiencing negative consequences from their parents' divorce?

A) authoritarian parenting
B) frequent contact with noncustodial father
C) being a young child at the time of divorce
D) low parental conflict

Question 30

In which group are youths' adjustment and problem behaviours MOST negatively affected by their parents' divorce?

A) younger children
B) older children
C) adolescents
D) college-age youth

Question 31

Which statement is NOT true of divorced custodial mothers?

A) They generally have increased financial responsibility.
B) They often experience isolation from social support.
C) They often experience anger or depression.
D) They generally receive full child-support payments.

Question 32

Children whose parents use which parenting style following a divorce are MOST likely to adjust well to the divorce?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 33

Compared with children whose parents do not divorce, children of divorce are:

A) more likely to experience depression.
B) more likely to complete high school.
C) less likely to have behavioural problems.
D) more socially competent.

Question 34

Which statement about parental conflict following divorce is TRUE?

A) Fathers tend to be less involved with their children when there is parental conflict.
B) If adolescents feel that they can act as intermediaries between their parents, they tend to feel empowered, and thus are at decreased risk of engaging in problem behaviours.
C) Conflict tends to decrease soon after the divorce is finalized.
D) When children witness violence between their parents, they are less likely to use violence with their own partners when they are older.

Question 35

The greater frequency of problem behaviours in children of divorced parents is NOT due to:

A) an inherited predisposition to poor self-regulation.
B) conflict surrounding the divorce.
C) transitioning to a new home or school.
D) economic stability.

Question 36

Which variable does NOT influence children's adjustment following divorce?

A) parental conflict
B) stress of custodial mother
C) frequency of contact with noncustodial father
D) quality of contact with noncustodial father

Question 37

Which statement about the impact of divorce on children's functioning is TRUE?

A) The majority of children whose parents divorce suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
B) Although divorce has negative consequences for some children, most children do not suffer long-term problems as a consequence.
C) Although there are some short-term consequences, there are almost no long-term consequences of divorce.
D) There are no short-term or long-term consequences of divorce.

Question 38

Remarriage appears to be the MOST difficult for children in what age group?

A) younger children
B) older children
C) younger adolescents
D) college-age youth

Question 39

Which situation is the MOST common custody arrangement following divorce?

A) custody by mothers
B) custody by fathers
C) joint physical custody
D) custody by another family member

Question 40

Most experts agree that children of divorce are at greater risk for a variety of _____ in comparison to those from continuously intact homes.

A) short-term problems
B) long-term problems
C) both short-term and long-term problems
D) neither short-term nor long-term problems

Question 41

Four-year-old Derek is playing with his trucks and does not want to come to the dinner table. In response, his mother storms over to where he is playing, grabs his trucks away from him, and yells, "I told you to come eat dinner! Come to the table right now or I will throw those trucks in the garbage." Derek's mother is rarely affectionate with him, even in situations in which he is complying with her wishes. Derek's mother would likely be classified as:

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) uninvolved.
D) authoritarian.

Question 42

The process through which children acquire the values, standards, skills, knowledge, and behaviours that are necessary for their role in their culture is referred to as:

A) evolution.
B) socialization.
C) bioecology.
D) family dynamics.

Question 43

Which action is an example of psychological control?

A) threatening to take away privileges
B) requiring children to comply with demands without question
C) discounting children's feelings
D) engaging in reasoning

Question 44

Authoritarian parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 45

In her conception of parenting styles, Baumrind does NOT include:

A) psychological control.
B) setting limits.
C) responsiveness to children's emotional needs.
D) discipline.

Question 46

In defining a parent's parenting style, an important dimension is the degree of:

A) socioeconomic health.
B) control.
C) indirect socialization.
D) respect.

Question 47

A recent study that examined the associations between adolescents' reports of externalizing and internalizing problems and their parents' parenting style found:

A) no association between internalizing problems and parenting style.
B) high levels of externalizing problems predicted a decline in authoritative parenting 2 years later.
C) a decrease in authoritative parenting predicted high levels of internalizing problems 2 years later.
D) that the associations are bidirectional.

Question 48

Children of which type of parents tend to be low in social and academic competence, unhappy and unfriendly, and low in self-confidence, but do not tend to be particularly low in self-control or to be particularly high in impulsivity?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 49

Parental use of psychological control tends to be reported most among which type of parents?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 50

Children of which type of parents tend to have disturbed attachment relationships as infants and a wide range of problems in adolescence, including promiscuous sexual behaviour, substance abuse, and depression?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 51

What would NOT be a way that parents socialize their children?

A) direct instruction
B) indirect socialization
C) heredity
D) social management

Question 52

Which scenario is an example of a parent serving as social manager in the socialization of generosity?

A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than they do.
C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighbourhood mother whose husband is ill.
D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 53

Parents who are low in support and low in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 54

Which scenario is an example of a parent's indirect socialization of generosity?

A) Tanya's mother signs her child up for volunteer work at the local hospital after school.
B) Frank's dad explains to his child how important it is to give to people who have less than them.
C) Hannah's mom often makes food for a neighbourhood mother whose husband is ill.
D) Michael's dad tells his children that they need to share their toys when their friends play at their home.

Question 55

Eight-year-old Trina does not want to do her homework and would rather watch TV. Her parents think that Trina can make her own decisions about her schoolwork, and thus they do not get involved. They are affectionate with Trina in other situations, but they do little to try to regulate their daughter's behaviour. Trina's parents would likely be classified as:

A) permissive.
B) authoritative.
C) uninvolved.
D) authoritarian.

Question 56

Authoritative parents are those who:

A) are abusive.
B) are highly demanding and unresponsive.
C) have little interest in disciplining their children.
D) are attentive and consistent in their discipline.

Question 57

Children of which type of parents tend to be the most well-adjusted in terms of competence, antisocial behaviour, and self-confidence?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 58

Family dynamics refers to:

A) how individual family members relate to the child.
B) cultural variability in family structure.
C) the changing nature of parent‒child relationships as children develop.
D) how the family operates as a whole.

Question 59

Which factor is NOT associated with better integration of a stepparent into a family?

A) lack of hostility of noncustodial biological parent toward stepparent
B) support of stepparent's parenting by custodial parent
C) warmth of stepparent
D) active parenting by stepparent

Question 60

Parents who are high in warmth and high in control are considered to exhibit which parenting style?

A) permissive
B) authoritative
C) uninvolved
D) authoritarian

Question 61

Which statement about sibling relationships is TRUE?

A) Siblings with parents who get along well tend to get along better with each other than do siblings with parents who fight with one another.
B) Siblings in divorced families tend to get along better than those in nondivorced families, as they tend to count on each other for support.
C) Perceived differential treatment by parents is typically not problematic in sibling relationships when it is the younger child who receives the better treatment.
D) Although children may be annoyed when parents favour siblings, differential treatment is unlikely to affect sibling relationships.

Question 62

Which statement about how parents behave toward infants is TRUE?

A) Children who are disobedient, angry, or challenging make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting.
B) Children who are compliant and positive in their behaviour make it more difficult for parents to use authoritative parenting.
C) In resisting the demands of their parents, children may become so whiny that parents increase their assertiveness.
D) Parents' use of spanking at age 1 year predicts less child aggression at age 3 years.

Question 63

The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their appearance is _____. The influence that children have on their parents' parenting behaviours because of their own behaviour is _____.

A) passive; passive
B) passive; active
C) active; passive
D) active; active

Question 64

A negative stimulus that follows a behaviour to reduce the likelihood that the behaviour will occur again is called:

A) discipline.
B) punishment.
C) internalization.
D) externalization.

Question 65

Which factor INCREASES the level of support between siblings?

A) marital conflict
B) differential treatment by parents
C) parental support
D) birth order

Question 66

In families living in Western industrialized cultures, mothers spend _____ of their available time playing than do fathers, and/but the type of play tends to be _____ to/from that of fathers.

A) more; similar
B) less; similar
C) more; different
D) less; different

Question 67

Effective discipline that leads to permanent change in the child's behaviour because the child has learned and accepted the desired behaviour is referred to as:

A) externalization.
B) internalization.
C) self-oriented induction.
D) other-oriented induction.

Question 68

The bidirectional nature of hostile parenting behaviours and hostile adolescent behaviours results in:

A) an escalation of these behaviours.
B) a reduction of influence on each other.
C) relationship stability.
D) reduced parental harshness.

Question 69

In which group in Canada do mothers and fathers spend equal amounts of time with their children?

A) Hispanic American families
B) families with mothers who work outside of the home
C) high-SES Euro-American families
D) none of these.

Question 70

Which factor is NOT an example of an active influence children have on the parenting process?

A) temperament
B) perceptions of their parents' behaviour toward them
C) negative behaviour that is reinforced by parents
D) appearance

Question 71

Which of the following is effective at promoting internalization?

A) externalization
B) internalization
C) self-oriented induction
D) other-oriented induction

Question 72

When is parental discipline considered to be effective?

A) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehaviour
B) when the child engages in a preferred behaviour.
C) when the child stops engaging in an undesirable misbehaviour and engages in a preferred behaviour
D) when the child neither stops engaging in an undesirable misbehaviour nor engages in a preferred behaviour

Question 73

The use of other-oriented induction can teach children:

A) empathy for others.
B) social competence.
C) both empathy for others and social competence.
D) neither empathy for others nor social competence.

Question 74

Which form of punishment is NOT considered negative?

A) spanking
B) love withdrawal
C) yelling
D) disapproving look

Question 75

Imagine that researchers interested in the possible bidirectional influence of children's aggression and parental use of punitive discipline examined these two variables when a group of children was at each of three ages: 4 years, 8 years, and 12 years. Which finding would be the BEST support for the bidirectional influence of these variables?

A) Greater punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
B) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.
C) Greater aggression at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater punitive discipline at age 12.
D) Less punitive discipline at age 4 was associated with greater aggression at age 8, which was associated with greater aggression at age 12.

Question 76

Which statement about children's characteristics and behaviour and the parenting process is TRUE?

A) Parenting behaviours are rarely influenced by children's characteristics or behaviour, as parents tend to have a core style that changes in only minor ways.
B) Although children's early temperamental characteristics influence the parenting style that parents adopt, children have little influence on parenting behaviours after infancy.
C) Parents may be influenced by children's extreme behaviours, but their parenting practices are rarely influenced by any other characteristics of their children.
D) Children's characteristics and behaviour can have a substantial influence on the parenting process.

Question 77

The set of strategies and behaviours parents use to teach children how to behave appropriately is called:

A) discipline.
B) punishment.
C) internalization.
D) externalization.

Question 78

Which statement about the effect of parents' differential treatment of siblings on the siblings' relationships with each other is TRUE?

A) Children rarely detect true differences in parental treatment, and thus it has little effect on their relationships with their siblings.
B) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early and middle childhood than in early adolescence, when adolescents can view it as justified.
C) Differential treatment is more likely to be a problem in early adolescence than in early and middle childhood because adolescents' relationships are more emotionally charged than are the relationships of younger children.
D) Children can detect differential treatment, and it is equally problematic for children of all ages.

Question 79

Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of spanking as a form of punishment?

A) Spanking does not improve children's behaviour.
B) Spanking increases children's risk for a range of negative outcomes.
C) Spanking is linked with negative outcomes across cultural groups.
D) Spanking is an advised form of discipline in all countries around the world.

Question 80

Reasoning that is focused on the effects of a behaviour on other people is referred to as:

A) externalization.
B) internalization.
C) self-oriented induction.
D) other-oriented induction.