Deck 14: B2: Social Influences

Question 1

Your friend asks you for advice on how he and his spouse should rear their children so they will turn out to be responsible, self-reliant, sociable, and good students in school. You tell him, "From what I've read in my textbook, my advice is to be ________ parents."

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Parental control is most effective when

A) parents explain their expectations and reasons for rules.
B) parents don't insist on enforcing rules every time they are broken.
C) parents don't give children a chance to question their decisions.
D) standards appropriate for adults are set for children to meet.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Christine's parents are warm and caring but exercise little control over her. Christine is most likely to be

A) friendly and get good grades in school.
B) impulsive and have little self-control.
C) aggressive and moody.
D) responsible and self-reliant.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Children of authoritarian parents

A) typically have high grades in school.
B) typically have high levels of self-esteem.
C) are the most likely to be involved in misconduct at school.
D) are often unhappy.

Question 5

Parents who are warm and caring but exert little control over their children have a(n) ________ parenting style.

A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) uninvolved
D) permissive

Question 6

Parents who lay down rules for their children to follow without argument are showing which style of parenting?

A) authoritarian
B) authoritative
C) permissive
D) uninvolved

Question 7

Moonbeam's parents are very loving and accepting of her and believe in letting her "do her own thing" rather than trying to control her life. Moonbeam's parents most closely fit the ________ parenting style.

A) uninvolved
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 8

In many Latin American and Asian countries, ________ is stressed more than ________.

A) individualism; collaboration
B) cooperation; individualism
C) control; warmth
D) cooperation; self-reliance

Question 9

When Dustin asked his mother if he could spend the night at a friend's house on a Thursday night, his mother told him, "No, because that's a school night and you'd be tired at school the next day. Would you like to ask your friend to spend the night at our house on Friday?" Dustin's mother appears to take a(n) ________ approach to parenting.

A) permissive
B) uninvolved
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 10

Who is MOST likely to have low grades and to get in trouble in school?

A) Vern, whose parents have an authoritarian parenting style
B) Bart, whose parents have a permissive parenting style
C) Glenn, whose parents have an authoritative parenting style
D) Owen, whose parents have an uninvolved parenting style

Question 11

The "systems" perspective views

A) parents' actions as all that matter for children's development.
B) the family as a system of interacting elements, with parents and children influencing each other.
C) biological factors as the pivotal elements influencing development.
D) social systems outside the family as having little impact on development.

Question 12

Authoritative parents

A) exert restrictive control over their children.
B) are firm but warm and responsive to their children.
C) exert very little control over their children.
D) are not involved with their children.

Question 13

Which parents would you expect to show the most warmth and the least amount of control?

A) parents in Latin America
B) parents in Taiwan
C) European Canadian parents
D) parents who emigrated from Taiwan to Canada

Question 14

________ parenting combines a fair degree of parental control with being warm and responsive to children.

A) Permissive
B) Uninvolved
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 15

Richard is openly affectionate with his two sons and enjoys spending a great deal of time with them. Richard is high on the ________ dimension of parenting.

A) control
B) authoritarian
C) inhibition
D) warmth

Question 16

Sean and Sybil's parents hear an announcement on TV that asks, "Parents, do you know where your children are?" Their answer is, "No, and we don't really want to know where they are." Sean and Sybil's parents are low on which dimension of parenting?

A) control
B) warmth
C) hostility
D) indifference

Question 17

Miguel's parents have an authoritative parenting style. You would expect Miguel to

A) be self-reliant.
B) be irresponsible.
C) have low self-esteem.
D) have low grades in school.

Question 18

________ parents are neither warm nor controlling.

A) Uninvolved
B) Permissive
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 19

Authoritarian parents exhibit ________ control and ________ warmth.

A) high; low
B) low; high
C) high; high
D) low; low

Question 20

Although Parker's parents provide him with adequate food and shelter, they often are so busy with their own activities that they spend very little time with him and usually leave him to fend for himself. Parker's parents would be described best as

A) uninvolved.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) authoritarian.

Question 21

Counterimitation involves

A) a child being unwittingly rewarded for an undesired behaviour.
B) two children taking turns imitating each other.
C) learning through observation that certain behaviours should not be performed.
D) an increase in all behaviours observed.

Question 22

An action that discourages the reoccurrence of the response that it follows is referred to as

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) modelling.
D) counterimitation.

Question 23

A child argues and whines when his mother asks him to clean his room and then she cleans his room herself. This is an example of

A) disinhibition.
B) counterimitation.
C) reinforcement.
D) a negative reinforcement trap.

Question 24

When Travis teased his younger sister, his parents made him go to his room. His parents were attempting to use ________ to influence Travis's behaviour.

A) counterimitation
B) modelling
C) reinforcement
D) punishment

Question 25

Praising a child for studying is an example of

A) punishment.
B) counterimitation.
C) reinforcement.
D) inhibition.

Question 26

As children grow older, parents

A) become more physically affectionate with their children.
B) become less controlling of their children.
C) become more controlling of their children.
D) do not change their behaviour in terms of either warmth or control.

Question 27

Drew's parents often spank him to correct his misbehaviours. Drew is

A) not likely to repeat his misbehaviours.
B) likely to understand what the punishment was intended to teach him.
C) unlikely to become upset by the punishment.
D) likely to resort to aggression when he has conflicts with others.

Question 28

Sybil wants her daughter to put her dishes in the dishwasher. She shows her how to open the dishwasher, tells her where different items go, and explains that if everyone in the family puts their dishes away, it will be much easier to keep the kitchen clean and pleasant. Sybil is using

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) direct instruction.
D) inhibition.

Question 29

When a parent unknowingly reinforces behaviours she wants to discourage, it results in

A) a negative reinforcement trap.
B) punishment.
C) counterimitation.
D) inhibition.

Question 30

When Daryl's mother asked him to set the table, he complained that he was too tired to do it. After he argued and whined for several minutes, Daryl's mother went ahead and set the table herself just so she wouldn't have to listen to him whine anymore. As a result, Daryl learned that whining is an effective way to get out of doing something. This situation is referred to as the

A) positive reinforcement trap.
B) negative reinforcement trap.
C) punishment trap.
D) parent trap.

Question 31

________ is any action that increases the likelihood of the reoccurrence of the response that it follows.

A) Punishment
B) Counterimitation
C) Modelling
D) Reinforcement

Question 32

Punishment

A) should be administered hours after an undesired behaviour occurs.
B) teaches children new, more acceptable behaviours.
C) often makes children angry so that they ignore why they are being punished.
D) is not related to greater aggression in children.

Question 33

Time out should last for

A) just a few minutes.
B) about 30 minutes.
C) about one hour.
D) several hours.

Question 34

Which of the following descriptions of parent-child relations is most accurate?

A) Parents often influence their children's behaviour, but children rarely influence their parents' behaviour.
B) Children influence their parents' behaviour, but parents rarely influence their children's behaviour.
C) Parents often influence their children's behaviour, and children often influence their parents' behaviour.
D) Neither parents nor children have much influence on the other's behaviour.

Question 35

After Amber saw her parents punish her older sister for using profanity, Amber became less likely to use profanity. This is an example of

A) reinforcement.
B) a negative reinforcement trap.
C) counterimitation.
D) time-out.

Question 36

When parents tell a child what to do, when, and why, they are using

A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) counterimitation.
D) direct instruction.

Question 37

After Josh saw his older brother teasing and taunting their younger sister, Josh started teasing and taunting younger children. This is an example of

A) reinforcement.
B) observational learning.
C) inhibition.
D) counterimitation.

Question 38

When Arnold misbehaves, his parents have him sit alone for a few minutes in the laundry room, which is quiet and away from the rest of the family. Arnold's parents are using

A) reinforcement.
B) time out.
C) disinhibition.
D) the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 39

European Canadian parents are more likely than Chinese parents to believe in the importance of

A) individualism and self-reliance.
B) cooperation and collaboration.
C) parental control.
D) emotional restraint.

Question 40

After a time out occurs, parents should

A) give their child a reward.
B) punish their child.
C) talk to their child about why the punished behaviour was objectionable.
D) let their child resume normal activities without mentioning the misbehaviour.

Question 41

Ruth and Herman rarely see or talk to their grandchildren except on holidays and at family celebrations. Ruth and Herman have a(n) ________ style of grandparenting.

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) detached

Question 42

When Hezron's parents reason with him about complying with their requests, Hezron often does not comply. Hezron's parents are likely to

A) adopt a more authoritarian parenting style.
B) adopt a more authoritative parenting style.
C) adopt a more indulgent-permissive parenting style.
D) continue to use the same parenting style.

Question 43

Studies of the impact of divorce indicate that

A) the overall impact of divorce is greater for girls than for boys.
B) divorce is more harmful when it occurs during the preschool and college years.
C) children whose parents are divorced do not differ from those whose parents stay married.
D) as adults, children of divorce are more likely to experience conflicts in their own marriages.

Question 44

Which statement about the adjustment to having a stepfather is TRUE?

A) Preadolescent boys adjust more readily than preadolescent girls to having a stepfather.
B) Preadolescent girls adjust more readily than preadolescent boys to having a stepfather.
C) In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually adjust readily to having a stepfather.
D) In early adolescence, both boys and girls usually have difficulty adjusting to having a stepfather.

Question 45

Research on the impact of divorce on children suggests that

A) children whose parents divorce fare more poorly than children from intact homes in school achievement and adjustment.
B) girls are more likely than boys to have harmful effects.
C) divorce is most harmful when it occurs during children's preschool years.
D) children who are temperamentally emotional are impacted less by divorce.

Question 46

To help children adjust to parental divorce, parents should NOT

A) encourage children to discuss feelings of anger or sadness about the divorce.
B) take out their anger with each other on their children.
C) remain involved in their children's lives if they do not have custody.
D) talk together to children about the divorce.

Question 47

In joint custody,

A) mothers have custody of the children.
B) fathers have custody of the children.
C) both parents have custody of the children.
D) mothers have custody of daughters, and fathers have custody of sons.

Question 48

Parent-child relations are best described as

A) parallel.
B) reciprocal.
C) unchanging.
D) a one-way street.

Question 49

The impact of divorce is likely to be more harmful

A) for girls than for boys.
B) for boys than for girls.
C) if it occurs during the preschool or college years rather than during the elementary through high school years.
D) if it occurs during the elementary through high school years rather than during the preschool or college years.

Question 50

Joe's grandfather is a strict disciplinarian who often disciplines his grandson, but otherwise he doesn't spend a lot of time with Joe. Joe's grandfather has a(n) ________ style of grandparenting.

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of a blended family?

A) two sisters and two brothers
B) a father, mother, son, and daughter
C) a grandfather, father, and son
D) a biological father, stepmother, and two sons

Question 52

Corrina is an adult whose parents divorced when she was a child. Compared to adults from intact families, she is

A) no more likely to divorce.
B) more likely to delay having children.
C) more likely to have high life satisfaction.
D) more likely to become depressed.

Question 53

Tina's grandfather is close to Tina and interested in her activities, but he is not interested in getting involved in her rearing. Which style of grandparenting is Tina's grandfather showing?

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 54

What advice would you give to parents who want to help their children adjust to parental divorce?

A) Expect that your children will sometimes be angry or sad about the divorce and encourage them to discuss their feelings.
B) Do what you can to become your children's favourite parent.
C) Be honest with your children about your feelings toward your ex-spouse, even when it means being critical of him or her.
D) When you and your spouse can't agree on child matters, have your child's opinion settle the issue.

Question 55

Who is likely to suffer the most harmful effects from parental divorce?

A) David, who is an infant
B) Steven, who is a preschooler
C) Kelly, who is in elementary school
D) Madelyn, who is in college

Question 56

What advice would you give to a newly created blended family?

A) Stepfathers should show interest in stepchildren, but avoid getting in the way of established relationships.
B) Mothers should spend more time with the stepfathers and less time with their children than they did before their remarriage.
C) Mothers and stepfathers should have high expectations for the relationships they have with their children.
D) Mothers and stepfathers should realize that their children will probably never adjust to the blended family.

Question 57

One reason parental divorce can be harmful is that

A) children often lose a role model.
B) single parents tend to become overly involved in their children's lives.
C) mothers tend to spend too much money on their children after a divorce.
D) unlike children from intact families, children whose parents divorce are exposed to conflict.

Question 58

When parents have joint custody, they

A) have a custody arrangement that is beneficial for children, if the parents get along.
B) have a confusing and harmful custody arrangement.
C) have the most traditional custody arrangement.
D) are more likely to fall into the negative reinforcement trap.

Question 59

Who is likely to make the best adjustment to parental divorce?

A) Stuart, a boy who lives with his mother
B) Angela, a girl who lives with her father
C) Gabe, a boy who lives with his father
D) Stuart, Angela, and Gabe are equally likely to adjust well to their parents' divorce

Question 60

Children who adjust best to parental divorce

A) have parents who have a lot of conflict.
B) interpret events more positively.
C) suffer economic hardship following the divorce.
D) live with the opposite-sex parent.

Question 61

Which sibling pair is most likely to have a warm, harmonious relationship?

A) Allison and Ashley, whose parents have a "favourite."
B) Ryan and Katie, who are of the opposite sex.
C) Beth and Sarah, whose parents have a good quality relationship.
D) Jacob and Joshua, who both tend to be emotional.

Question 62

When Courtney was 5 and her younger sister Jessica was 3, they got along well with each other. What would you expect their relationship to be like when Courtney is 12 and Jessica is 10?

A) They are likely to be more quarrelsome.
B) They are likely to be more competitive.
C) They are likely to continue to get along well together.
D) It is difficult to predict future relationships from past relationships.

Question 63

Carl's is an Aboriginal Canadian child whose mother is a single parent. Carl and his mother live with his grandmother, who has taken on the role of the influential grandparent. Carl

A) would be better off if his grandmother took a less active role in his upbringing.
B) is more likely to become involved in drug use and vandalism than a child living alone with a single-parent.
C) is likely to benefit from his grandmother's influence in his life.
D) is likely to have lower achievement than he would if they did not live with his grandmother.

Question 64

Which of the following is TRUE of firstborn children compared to laterborn children?

A) Firstborns have lower scores on intelligence tests.
B) Firstborns are more willing to conform to parents' and adults' requests.
C) Firstborns are more innovative.
D) Firstborns are more popular with peers.

Question 65

Sarah was reared by her mother and her mother's lesbian companion. Research suggests that Sarah is

A) likely to develop much the same as children reared by heterosexual couples.
B) likely to be homosexual as an adolescent or young adult.
C) unlikely to develop typical gender-based interests, activities, and friends as a preschooler.
D) likely to have a poor self concept.

Question 66

As parents have more children, they tend to

A) increase their expectations for their children.
B) become more affectionate with their children.
C) become more punitive with their children.
D) become more relaxed in their discipline.

Question 67

Compared to children with siblings, research has shown that only children

A) have lower grades.
B) are more immature.
C) are more dependent upon parents.
D) show more leadership.

Question 68

Adopted children

A) tend to lag behind non-adopted children in terms of their cognitive development.
B) are less likely to have a secure mother-infant attachment than non-adopted children.
C) are more likely to have conduct problems if they were adopted at an older age.
D) are at risk for problems solely because they are adopted.

Question 69

While Sheena was at day care, she was fondled in her private parts by one of her teachers. Sheena experienced

A) physical abuse.
B) psychological abuse.
C) sexual abuse.
D) neglect.

Question 70

Jordan's father beat him with a chair, causing a broken arm, cuts, and bruises. Jordan was a victim of

A) psychological abuse.
B) physical abuse.
C) sexual abuse.
D) neglect.

Question 71

Children of lesbian mothers

A) have lower grades in school than children of heterosexual mothers.
B) have more psychological problems than children of heterosexual mothers.
C) are less likely to identify with their own gender.
D) resemble children of heterosexual parents in many domains.

Question 72

Which type of maltreatment occurs when parents do not provide adequate food, clothing, or medical care?

A) physical abuse
B) psychological abuse
C) neglect
D) sexual abuse

Question 73

Danielle is a firstborn child whereas Samantha is a laterborn child. Which of the following is TRUE?

A) Danielle is more likely to go to university.
B) Danielle is likely to be more innovative.
C) Samantha is likely to be more willing to conform to parents' and adults' requests.
D) Samantha is likely to be less popular.

Question 74

When Landon's mother ridiculed and humiliated him, she was committing a form of

A) physical abuse.
B) sexual abuse.
C) neglect.
D) psychological abuse.

Question 75

Children who are adopted

A) more often have a difficult temperament than non-adopted children.
B) are more likely to have problems when their care before adoption was poor.
C) at a younger age have more problems than those who were adopted when older.
D) are more likely than non-adopted children to have attachment problems and cognitive delays.

Question 76

Research on sibling relationships has found that

A) relationships are more harmonious when siblings are of the opposite sex than when they are of the same sex.
B) relationships become worse as the younger sibling enters adolescence.
C) relationships are less harmonious when children believe that their parents have "favourites."
D) conflict between siblings is not related to conflict between the parents.

Question 77

Jade spends much of her time at her grandmother's house, with her grandmother taking care of her daily needs for food, clothing, and attention. Her grandmother is often the one who goes to school to meet with Jade's teacher and to see Jade when she takes part in various school activities. Jade's grandmother would be described best as having which of the following grandparenting styles?

A) influential
B) supportive
C) authority-oriented
D) passive

Question 78

Research suggests that only children are likely to be ________ than children with siblings.

A) more selfish
B) more intelligent
C) less mature
D) more egotistical

Question 79

Sibling relationships are more likely to be harmonious when siblings

A) have different interests.
B) are young children rather than adolescents.
C) are emotional.
D) are of the same sex.

Question 80

The influential style of grandparenting is particularly common in which of the following ethnic groups?

A) European Canadian
B) Asian Canadian
C) African Canadian
D) Aboriginal Canadian