Deck 14: B: Social Influences

Question 1

Young children's play is more likely to be cooperative when

A) children are two years old than when they are six years old.
B) parents are present.
C) parents are not present.
D) children are insecurely attached to their mother.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Parallel play involves

A) pretending.
B) assigning different roles for each child to play.
C) playing alone but maintaining interest in what other children are doing.
D) complex social and cognitive skills so it is not found in toddlers.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

As children go through the preschool years, ________ play becomes less common and ________ play becomes more common.

A) parallel; cooperative
B) cooperative; associative
C) make-believe; parallel
D) cooperative; parallel

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Associative play usually begins at about

A) 15 to 18 months.
B) 2 to 3 years.
C) 4 to 5 years.
D) 6 to 7 years.

Question 5

Four-year-old Mariana has an imaginary friend. Mariana

A) is an unusual preschooler.
B) probably has few real playmates.
C) is likely to adjust better during adolescence than preschoolers who don't have imaginary friends.
D) has a developmental disorder.

Question 6

Make-believe play

A) is not related to the values of a child's culture.
B) is not a common part of preschoolers' play.
C) allows children to explore topics that frighten them.
D) does not involve imaginary companions.

Question 7

When parents attempt to mediate conflicts that arise between two young children who are playing

A) the children will have greater difficulty solving conflicts on their own.
B) the children will become less cooperative with each other.
C) the children will play more cooperatively and longer.
D) it will have no effect on the children's play behaviour.

Question 8

Ricky and Kyle are building a castle of blocks together in their kindergarten class. Ricky is building the turrets and Kyle is building the moat. This interaction illustrates

A) imitation.
B) parallel play.
C) pretend play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 9

Laura and Kyle are sitting next to each other and are drawing pictures. Periodically, they will trade crayons and comment on the other's picture. This is an example of

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) pretend play.

Question 10

________ play is often useful in helping children explore fearful topics.

A) Make-believe
B) Parallel
C) Cooperative
D) Associative

Question 11

Preschoolers with imaginary companions

A) have fewer real friends than other preschoolers.
B) are more sociable than other preschoolers.
C) cannot distinguish fantasy and reality as well as other preschoolers.
D) have developmental problems.

Question 12

Soon after the first birthday, children commonly engage in

A) cooperative play.
B) pretend play.
C) parallel play.
D) role-playing.

Question 13

Interactions with peers begin at approximately ________ of age.

A) 2 months
B) 6 months
C) 18 months
D) 2 years

Question 14

Which of the following is typically the first sign of peer interaction?

A) associative play
B) parallel play
C) pointing or smiling at a peer
D) make-believe play

Question 15

Cooperative play is usually first seen around ________ of age.

A) 1 year
B) 2 years
C) 4 years
D) 5 years

Question 16

When children engage in similar activities, talk or smile at one another, and offer each other toys it is referred to as

A) associative play.
B) parallel play.
C) make-believe play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 17

Nineteen-month-old Arden is likely to spend most of her time in

A) parallel play.
B) make-believe play.
C) associative play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 18

Maleah and Mara are sitting at a table playing with play dough. They are each playing alone, but occasionally look to see what the other is doing. Maleah and Mara are engaged in

A) parallel play.
B) associative play.
C) cooperative play.
D) Make-believe play.

Question 19

Playing "hide-and-seek" is an example of

A) make-believe play.
B) associative play.
C) parallel play.
D) cooperative play.

Question 20

In ________ play, children organize their play around a distinct theme and take on special roles based on the theme.

A) parallel
B) associative
C) cooperative
D) nonsocial

Question 21

Which of the following statements best describes teenage sexual behaviour?

A) Forty-three percent of 15-19 year old Canadians have had intercourse at least once.
B) Most Canadian adolescents have had sexual intercourse.
C) Canadian teens from different provinces or territories are equally likely to become pregnant.
D) The rate of teen pregnancies is higher in Canada than the United States.

Question 22

Solitary play

A) indicates a problem if it consists of wandering aimlessly around the room.
B) is not a problem if children hover and watch other children play.
C) such as drawing, assembling blocks, or solving puzzles is a sign of social maladjustment.
D) is always an indication of unhealthy peer relations.

Question 23

Who is most likely to rely on friends rather than family for emotional support?

A) 7-year-old Adam
B) 10-year-old Abe
C) 14-year-old Damian
D) neither Adam, Abe, nor Damian is likely to rely on friends instead of family

Question 24

Interracial friendships

A) are more common when school classes are large.
B) occur more often when children attend segregated schools.
C) are more common when they are encouraged by teachers.
D) are more common when children's neighbourhoods are ethnically diverse.

Question 25

Who is likely to have the best relationships with peers?

A) Jessie, who has an avoidant attachment relationship with her mother
B) Tyler, who has a resistant attachment relationship with his mother
C) Patrick, who has a disorganized attachment relationship with his mother
D) Shelby, who has a secure attachment relationship with her mother

Question 26

Which of the following is TRUE of the influence that parents have on peer relationships?

A) Parental mediation during play leads to more cooperative play and longer play between children.
B) The quality of the child's attachment to parents is not related to the child's quality of interaction with peers.
C) Parents have a direct influence, but not an indirect influence, on peer interactions.
D) Parents' use of more advanced forms of play usually does not influence their children's level of play.

Question 27

For which pair of friends is intimacy most likely to be an important part of their friendship?

A) Timmy and Jordan, 5-year-old boys
B) Caitlin and Alyssa, 6-year-old girls
C) Lacy and Meredith, 13-year-old girls
D) Brad and Michael, 14-year-old boys

Question 28

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the relation between attachment to the mother as an infant and later peer relationships?

A) Securely attached children tend to have more successful relationships with peers.
B) Insecurely attached children tend to have more emotionally satisfying relationships with peers.
C) Insecurely attached infants tend to form peer relationships earlier than securely attached infants.
D) Security of attachment to the mother is unrelated to relationships with peers.

Question 29

In terms of reducing adolescent sexual behaviour, abstinence programs

A) do not seem to work.
B) are consistently effective.
C) are never discussed in the news.
D) help by teaching the biological aspects of sex.

Question 30

When children playfully chase, punch, kick, shove, fight, and wrestle with peers, it is referred to as

A) cooperative play.
B) simple social play.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) solitary play.

Question 31

Compared to children who lack friends, children with good friends

A) have higher self-esteem.
B) are more likely to be depressed.
C) are more likely to be lonely.
D) are less willing to share and cooperate with others.

Question 32

Friendships during adolescence

A) are no different from those of younger children.
B) are not as important as friendships in younger children.
C) do not place an emphasis on loyalty.
D) are characterized by intimacy and trust.

Question 33

John is an Asian Canadian male who is interested in cars, plays tennis, and does well in school. Who is most likely to be his friend?

A) Julio, an European Canadian male who plays tennis and gets good grades in school
B) Julie, an Asian Canadian female who doesn't do well in school
C) Jules, a European Canadian male who loves cars and does well in school
D) Julius, an Asian Canadian male who likes cars and tennis.

Question 34

Having good friends is associated with

A) lower rates of depression.
B) low self-esteem.
C) greater difficulty coping with stressful situations.
D) lower rates of prosocial behaviour.

Question 35

Which of the following is the most important component of friendships for preschool and younger elementary-school children?

A) loyalty
B) intimacy
C) trust
D) enjoy playing together

Question 36

Lon's parents are worried about him because he doesn't seem to have any good friends. What could you tell them about children without friends?

A) Having friends doesn't have any significant benefits other than occasionally keeping children from being lonely.
B) Children without friends are the same as children with friends in terms of being cooperative and sharing with others.
C) Children without friends have a harder time dealing with life stresses.
D) Children without friends usually have high self-esteem.

Question 37

The activity that school-age children do most frequently with peers is

A) noncontact sports.
B) acting silly.
C) conversing.
D) academic activities.

Question 38

Children typically choose children who are ________ to be their friends.

A) older than they are
B) younger than they are
C) the opposite of themselves
D) like themselves

Question 39

Jennifer and Mike are concerned because their son Stephen has developed friendships only with other European Canadian boys like himself. They would like him to have a more diverse group of friends. What could they do to make it more likely that he would develop interracial friendships?

A) Move to an ethnically diverse neighbourhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
B) Move to a ethnically diverse neighbourhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.
C) Move to a segregated neighbourhood in a school district where classes are small and contain children from different ethnic groups.
D) Move to a segregated neighbourhood in a school district where classes are large and contain children from different ethnic groups.

Question 40

Elly is an African American girl who is 8 years old. Who is most likely to be her friend?

A) John, an African American boy who is 10 years old
B) Leah, an Asian American girl who is 8 years old
C) Sholonda, an African American girl who is 8 years old
D) Lafon, an African American girl who is 10 years old

Question 41

Who is MOST likely to be in the "druggie" crowd?

A) Tony, whose parents emphasize achievement
B) Sam, whose parents are neglectful and permissive
C) Greg, whose parents include him in joint decision-making
D) Tony, Sam, and Greg are equally likely to be in the "druggie" crowd.

Question 42

In a group of girls who formed an informal tennis club, the leader of the group is most likely to be

A) Lela, who is the most talkative
B) Casey, who is the best tennis player
C) Jenny, who is the nicest
D) Lacey, who is the strongest

Question 43

Which adolescent is likely to have the highest self-esteem?

A) James, who is in a high-status crowd
B) Evan, who is in a medium-status crowd
C) Derrick, who is in a low-status crowd
D) Dustin, who is not a member of a crowd

Question 44

Peer pressure is most powerful when standards for appropriate behaviour are

A) high.
B) moderate.
C) low.
D) not clear-cut.

Question 45

Ashley is most likely to yield to peer pressure when trying to decide

A) what kind of clothes to buy.
B) whether to shoplift.
C) whether to go to college.
D) what church to attend.

Question 46

In groups of young boys, the leader is most often determined on the basis of

A) physical power.
B) grades in school.
C) attractiveness.
D) creativity.

Question 47

________ children are disliked by many classmates.

A) Popular
B) Rejected
C) Controversial
D) Neglected

Question 48

Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons teens give for failing to use effective birth control?

A) Teens say that they cannot afford contraceptives.
B) Teens often don't know the facts regarding conception.
C) Teens may feel awkward buying contraceptives.
D) Teens often believe that pregnancy "can't happen to them."

Question 49

Current research suggests that sexual orientation is most clearly influenced by

A) having a domineering mother and a weak father.
B) being raised by lesbian or gay parents.
C) being seduced by an older person of the same sex.
D) heredity and hormones.

Question 50

Children whose parents use an ________ parenting style are most likely to be in a crowd that endorses adult standards of behaviour.

A) indulgent-permissive
B) indifferent-uninvolved
C) authoritarian
D) authoritative

Question 51

In what way does a crowd differ from a clique?

A) A crowd is a larger group than a clique.
B) A crowd is a smaller group than a clique.
C) Members of a crowd tend to have similar interests, but members of a clique do not.
D) Crowds are common during adolescence, but cliques are not.

Question 52

Which of the following probably has a role in the development of a homosexual sexual orientation?

A) Sons become gay when they have a domineering mother and a weak father.
B) Heredity and hormones seems to influence sexual orientation.
C) Girls are more likely to become lesbians if their fathers are their primary role models.
D) Children who are raised by gay and lesbian parents usually become homosexual.

Question 53

Dominic is well-liked by many of his classmates. Dominic would best be described as

A) average.
B) controversial.
C) popular.
D) neglected.

Question 54

Blythe, Amy, Candi, and Holly are all 12-year-old European Canadian girls who are good friends. They enjoy spending time together and tend to dress alike and act alike. The four girls would be considered

A) a clique.
B) a crowd.
C) a dominance hierarchy.
D) unusual.

Question 55

A ________ is a large group of older children or adolescents that have similar values and attitudes and are known by a common label.

A) crowd
B) clique
C) dominance hierarchy
D) class

Question 56

What type of program is most effective at reducing adolescent sexual behaviour and teen pregnancy?

A) one that focuses primarily on abstinence
B) a comprehensive program that teaches the biological aspects of sex and emphasizes responsible sexual behaviour or abstaining from premarital sex
C) one that does not tell adolescents about the facts of conception
D) no programs have been found to be effective

Question 57

Class opinion is split about Shannon. Some of her classmates really like her, but others can't stand her. Shannon would be considered

A) rejected.
B) average.
C) popular.
D) controversial.

Question 58

When dominance hierarchies form in girls' groups, the girls at the top of the hierarchy

A) are the smartest.
B) have the skills that are the most valuable to the group.
C) are the most intimidating physically.
D) are the friendliest.

Question 59

Peer groups are most likely to exert influence

A) when the appropriate behaviour is clear and well-defined.
B) in subjective areas such as preferences in music and clothing.
C) on clearly antisocial behaviours such as stealing.
D) in unambiguous situations.

Question 60

In groups with a dominance hierarchy,

A) all members have equal status.
B) there is an increased incidence of conflict.
C) members are usually unsure of their status within the group.
D) there is a leader to whom all other group members defer.

Question 61

________ children are neither liked nor disliked by classmates.

A) Popular
B) Controversial
C) Average
D) Neglected

Question 62

Which of the following is NOT one of the characteristics usually associated with popular children?

A) aggressive
B) friendly
C) cooperative
D) helpful

Question 63

Being ________ is characteristic of popular children in North America and in most other cultures around the world.

A) socially skilled
B) assertive
C) direct
D) shy

Question 64

Seth is a high school student who has recently begun working 20 hours per week. How is this experience likely to affect him?

A) His grades are likely to go down.
B) His self-esteem is likely to increase.
C) He will probably develop realistic money-management strategies.
D) He is less likely to use drugs.

Question 65

Rejected children

A) often have parents who model effective social skills.
B) often have parents who are inconsistent in their discipline.
C) often have effective social skills but are rejected for other reasons.
D) are rejected because they are smarter than their classmates.

Question 66

Average children are

A) ignored by classmates.
B) liked and disliked by some classmates, but not with a high level of intensity.
C) liked by many classmates.
D) disliked by many classmates.

Question 67

When adolescents are employed over 15 or 20 hours per week during the school year, they

A) improve their organizational skills and they get better grades in school.
B) are more likely to experience anxiety and depression.
C) save their money for long-term goals (e.g., a car, college tuition).
D) learn the value of money.

Question 68

Your young neighbour looks up to you as an older, wiser person and asks you what she can do to be popular with other children. You tell her,

A) "Be aggressive."
B) "Be friendly and cooperative."
C) "Don't get good grades in school."
D) "Wait for other children to initiate social interactions."

Question 69

Popular children are

A) not skilled at initiating social interactions.
B) less skillful at communicating.
C) unskilled at assessing and monitoring their own social impact.
D) good at integrating themselves into an ongoing conversation or play session.

Question 70

Peer rejection is more common when parents

A) have ineffective social skills.
B) are friendly and cooperative with others.
C) consistently discipline their children.
D) are loving and affectionate with their children.

Question 71

School-age children who care for themselves at home alone after school

A) are often fearful.
B) become more non-compliant.
C) tend to have high levels of dependency.
D) can care for themselves safely in the right circumstances.

Question 72

Who is most likely to be popular with other children?

A) Allan, who is aggressive
B) Sean, who often breaks rules
C) Darby, who is socially skilled
D) Elana, who has poor self-control

Question 73

Economically advantaged neighbourhoods are more likely to have positive effects on children's development because

A) children have less access to good schools in these neighbourhoods.
B) children in these neighbourhoods are monitored less by neighbours.
C) these neighbourhoods are less likely to contain libraries.
D) parents in these neighbourhoods may have less stress and, therefore, more effective parenting.

Question 74

As a rejected child, Tyler is

A) more likely to drop out of school.
B) likely to do well academically.
C) no more likely than popular children to suffer from psychopathology.
D) more likely to conform to adult standards of behaviour.

Question 75

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of nonparental childcare on children is TRUE?

A) Nonparental childcare is associated with an increased risk of insecure attachment, even with high quality childcare.
B) When children receive high-quality childcare, their cognitive and language development is more advanced.
C) Children in nonparental childcare, regardless of the quality, are likely to be less ready for school.
D) Multiple sources of nonparental childcare are better than one.

Question 76

Rejected children are

A) less likely than other children to be aggressive.
B) less disruptive in school.
C) more likely to commit juvenile offenses.
D) less likely than other children to drop out of school.

Question 77

Grant's father often responds to interpersonal conflict with intimidation or aggression. If Grant imitates his father's behaviour, Grant is likely to be

A) popular with other children.
B) rejected by other children.
C) ignored by other children.
D) intensely liked by some children and intensely disliked by other children.

Question 78

Latchkey children

A) are likely to engage in antisocial behaviour.
B) tend to show high levels of anxiety.
C) are more dependent than children who are cared for by their mothers.
D) need to be mature enough to handle the responsibility.

Question 79

Aggressive behaviour is often characteristic of ________ children.

A) popular
B) rejected
C) average
D) neglected

Question 80

Which of the following statements about the ways in which neighbourhoods affect children and adolescents is TRUE?

A) Economically advantaged neighbourhoods are more likely to be close-knit and provide more monitoring of neighbourhood children.
B) Adults in economically advantaged neighbourhoods have more stress, which leads to less effective parenting.
C) Children growing up in economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods have access to more resources.
D) Children who live in economically disadvantaged neighbourhoods do as well in school as children in economically advantaged neighbourhoods.