Deck 13: Reformations and Religious Wars 1500-1600

Question 1

Why did Protestants allow the dissolution of marriages in divorce?

A)They believed that individuals were responsible for their own salvation and therefore should be allowed the choice to stay in a marriage or not.
B)They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.
C)They believed that the "priesthood of all believers" required that all be treated equally before the law to make decisions about their marriages.
D)They viewed marriage as a temporary arrangement in this world that had no significance for the afterlife.

Answer 1

They viewed marriage as a contract for mutual support, and married partners who failed to provide support endangered their souls and the entire community.

Question 2

How was the choice to embrace or reject the Protestant reform movement made in each territory or region of the Holy Roman Empire?

A)Individual parishes selected their leaders, who would decide whether to reform the parish.
B)Local religious councils determined whether or not to embrace reform.
C)Individual priests decided whether or not to embrace the reform movement and introduce new doctrines and practices.
D)The political leader(s)of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

Answer 2

The political leader(s)of the territory or region determined whether to introduce reforms.

Question 3

The Calvinist doctrine of predestination led to a

A)mood of fatalism among Calvin's followers.
B)withdrawal of Calvinists from the world of business and politics.
C)mass exodus from the city of Geneva.
D)confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

Answer 3

confidence among Calvinists in their own salvation.

Question 4

Why did Elizabeth I have her cousin and heir Mary, Queen of Scots, executed?

A)Mary was implicated in a plot to assassinate Elizabeth.
B)Elizabeth wanted to demonstrate the consequences of supporting Catholicism.
C)Mary had married Philip II of Spain against Elizabeth's wishes.
D)Elizabeth resented Mary's beauty and ability to dominate men.

Question 5

Why did most ordinary Poles oppose the Lutheran reform movement?

A)They were exempt from most church taxes.
B)They saw the Catholic Church as a counterweight to the power of the Polish monarchy.
C)They believed themselves specially selected by God to preserve the Catholic faith.
D)They held strong anti-German feelings.

Question 6

The Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis ended the conflict known as the

A)Wars of the Roses.
B)Hundred Years' War.
C)Habsburg-Valois wars.
D)Thirty Years' War.

Question 7

Luther believed that the church consisted of

A)the entire body of clergy.
B)the elect.
C)all those who supported his views.
D)a spiritual priesthood of all Christian believers.

Question 8

Luther's claim that the papacy was exploiting Germany

A)appealed to the national sentiment of German princes.
B)was met with dismay by the ruling elite.
C)led to administrative reform in the empire.
D)found an audience only among the peasantry.

Question 9

Luther viewed celibacy as

A)opposed to human nature and God's commandments.
B)the ideal act of spiritual devotion.
C)required for all Lutheran pastors.
D)a gift only the spiritually mature could enjoy.

Question 10

Which of the following was a consequence of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

A)The end of Protestant power in France
B)New efforts to bring civil order to France
C)A lengthy civil war
D)An international peace conference

Question 11

John Calvin rejected the idea of free will because he believed it would

A)undermine the idea of human sinfulness.
B)eliminate the idea of the divine right of kings.
C)detract from the sovereignty of God.
D)undermine the need for the crucifixion of Christ.

Question 12

How did the closing of the monasteries and convents affect upper-class women?

A)Upper-class women were freed from the numerous restraints of convent life.
B)Marriage became virtually the only occupation for upper-class women.
C)Upper-class women were able to participate in art and literature, which were denied to them in the convent.
D)Families were forced to take over the care and support of women who had no productive role.

Question 13

How did the Calvinists understand the idea of work or labor?

A)Work was the consequence of sin entering the world; it marked the shame of humankind.
B)Hard work, well done, was pleasing to God, and all work with a religious aspect was dignified.
C)Work marked the duty to which God called the unlearned, freeing the superior minds to contemplation.
D)Hard work was the duty of criminals and non-Christians so that Christians could pursue holiness.

Question 14

In the early sixteenth century, anticlericalism focused primarily on which of the following issues?

A)The immorality of priests who were drunkards and neglected the rule of celibacy
B)Priests who were literate
C)Clerics who dispersed any collected revenues to their parishioners
D)The heresy of priests who preached messages contrary to church doctrine

Question 15

The Colloquy of Marburg

A)failed to resolve the differences among Protestants on the issue of the Eucharist.
B)established the basic tenants of Catholic reform in opposition to the Protestant reform movement.
C)created the basic tenants of Calvinism that could then be adapted to specific national contexts.
D)required all Protestants to adopt a common reformed liturgy and standards for clerical behavior.

Question 16

How did Luther benefit from his appearance before the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at the Diet of Worms?

A)Luther obtained permission to continue to call for reform as long as he remained loyal to papal authority.
B)Luther gained a larger audience for his reform ideas, and others began to challenge the church's teachings and practices.
C)Luther guaranteed the personal protection of the emperor for the rest of his life as long as he remained within imperial lands.
D)Luther was granted permission to call for church reform of institutional corruption as long as he accepted official papal doctrine.

Question 17

Which of the following contributed to the success of Martin Luther's reform efforts?

A)Luther did not need political support and, therefore, was able to develop his ideas without political interference.
B)Luther understood the power of the new printing press and authorized the publication of his works.
C)Luther led a unified reform movement that was able to coordinate its actions in several different territories and kingdoms.
D)Luther's status as a nobleman brought him respect and legitimacy that he could use to defend his ideas.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes Martin Luther's doctrine of salvation?

A)Salvation came through faith in God and works that demonstrated that faith.
B)Salvation came through the performance of the Holy Sacraments.
C)Salvation came through God's predestined selection of those he chose to save.
D)Salvation came through faith alone as a free gift of God's grace.

Question 19

Martin Luther's first response to the Peasants' War was

A)a call to the nobles to crush the peasants.
B)to undertake penance for the peasants' sins.
C)a call for peasants and nobles to unite in a crusade against the Turks.
D)to side with the peasants.

Question 20

As a result of the Peace of Augsburg, the people of Germany

A)remained Catholics.
B)were able to practice the religion of their choice.
C)converted to Lutheranism.
D)became either Lutheran or Catholic, depending on the preference of their prince.

Question 21

France supported the Protestant princes of Germany in order to

A)spread Protestantism.
B)prevent English influence from increasing in Germany.
C)contain Protestantism east of the Rhine.
D)prevent Holy Roman Emperor Charles V from increasing his power.

Question 22

What was the fate of most people brought before the Inquisition and accused of witchcraft?

A)They were found guilty and executed.
B)They were found innocent and exonerated of any wrongdoing.
C)They were found guilty and their property seized.
D)They were sent home with a warning and ordered to do penance.

Question 23

The Edict of Nantes

A)permitted French Huguenots to worship wherever they wished as long as they continued to pay taxes to the Catholic Church.
B)ordered all French Huguenots to convert to Catholicism or leave France.
C)required all Catholic priests in France to swear an oath of loyalty to the king.
D)granted French Huguenots the right to worship in 150 towns.

Question 24

What new religious order for women emerged in the sixteenth century?

A)Ursuline order
B)Society of Jesus
C)Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office
D)Colloquy of Marburg

Question 25

"To those whom he devotes to condemnation, the gate of life is closed by a just and irreprehensible, but incomprehensible, judgment. How exceedingly presumptuous it is only to inquire into the causes of the Divine will; which is in fact, and is justly entitled to be, the cause of everything that exists." This quote from the writings of John Calvin explains what concept?

A)Self-sufficiency
B)Predestination
C)Self-determination
D)Autonomy

Question 26

In Hungary, Lutheranism was

A)embraced by the high nobility as attacking their clerical rivals.
B)destroyed by Turks when they seized control of the realm.
C)rejected by nearly all people as a heresy of the hated Germans.
D)spread by Hungarian students who had studied at the University of Wittenberg.

Question 27

The Pilgrimage of Grace attested to

A)the continued strength of Catholicism in southern Europe.
B)the popularity of John Calvin.
C)popular opposition, in northern England, to Henry VIII's reformation.
D)popular support of Luther in his conflict with the pope.

Question 28

"[S]o we call Spiritual Exercises every way of preparing and disposing the soul to rid itself of all inordinate attachments, and, after their removal, of seeking and finding the will of God in the disposition of our life for the salvation of our soul." What is Ignatius Loyola discussing in this quote?

A)Methods of supporting the Catholic faith
B)A method to combat the spread of Protestant teachings
C)A training program using structured meditation to develop spiritual discipline
D)Methods used by the Inquisition for trials

Question 29

In religious affairs, Elizabeth I of England followed a policy that

A)supported the efforts of the Puritans.
B)emphasized personal and public religious conformity.
C)was a middle course between Catholic and Protestant extremes.
D)favored Catholics over Protestants.

Question 30

In addition to reforming the church, what was the other goal of the Council of Trent?

A)Eliminating the Bohemian church
B)Reinforcing the power of monarchs
C)Recognizing bishops as completely independent of secular rulers
D)Securing reconciliation with the Protestants

Question 31

The overriding goal of the Catholic religious orders established in the sixteenth century was

A)institutional reform.
B)reconciliation with Protestantism.
C)to combat heresy and Protestantism.
D)to uplift the moral condition of both clergy and laity.

Question 32

What was the name given to the Catholic and Huguenot moderates in France?

A)Hussites
B)Anticlerics
C)Flagellants
D)Politiques

Question 33

How effective was the Universal Inquisition established by the papacy in 1542?

A)The Inquisition was filled with internal rivalries and conflicts that prevented it from effectively working outside of a few famous cases.
B)The Inquisition effectively destroyed heresy within the Papal States but had little influence elsewhere.
C)The Inquisition had considerable success in all Catholic lands where political leaders supported it.
D)The Inquisition's success at rooting out heresy was so effective that many Protestant leaders invited it to work in Protestant lands.

Question 34

The Reformation in England was primarily the result of

A)the dynastic and romantic concerns of Henry VIII.
B)the missionary activity of the Lollards.
C)the terrible conditions then existing in the English churches.
D)efforts by Luther and his followers.

Question 35

According to Map 13.2: Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555, where did the French Calvinists (called Huguenots) live?

A)Major cities
B)Rural areas
C)Northern France
D)Southern France

Question 36

What were Lutheran and Calvinist attitudes toward secular rulers?

A)Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular rulers must be obeyed and respected no matter what their religious beliefs.
B)Lutherans taught respect for authority, while Calvinists encouraged opposition to political authorities who were considered ungodly.
C)Lutherans taught opposition to ungodly leaders, while Calvinists taught obedience to all secular authorities.
D)Lutherans and Calvinists believed that secular leaders who violated the laws of nature must be opposed, while all others must be obeyed.

Question 37

The Ursuline order of nuns focused on

A)the promotion of female mystics.
B)the education of women.
C)helping the poorest of the poor.
D)rooting out heretical parishioners.

Question 38

Based on Map 13.1: The Global Empire of Charles V, ca. 1556, what was the only Christian kingdom that opposed Charles V?

A)Scotland
B)Denmark
C)France
D)Ireland

Question 39

The dissolution of the English monasteries

A)resulted from Henry VIII's desire to confiscate their wealth.
B)resulted in a more equitable distribution of land.
C)deeply disturbed the English upper classes.
D)was the result of rebellious activities by the monks.

Question 40

What was the name given to French Calvinists?

A)Augustinians
B)Huguenots
C)Jesuits
D)Carmelites

Question 41

The following is an excerpt from the School ordinance of the duchy of Württemberg, a Lutheran territory in the Holy Roman Empire (Thinking Like a Historian): "In addition, all parents are obliged on the danger of losing their souls to teach the catechism to their children and domestic servants. Ask them also what they remember from last Sunday's sermon, and, if they remember nothing, admonish them to pay closer attention. And if kind words don't help, take the stick to them or give them nothing to eat and drink for supper until they have repeated something from the sermon."
Based on the evidence provided by this passage, one can conclude that Lutherans believed that

A)parents were at least partly responsible for the spiritual education of their children.
B)some children were simply born wicked and could not be changed.
C)corporal punishment of children was never acceptable.
D)parents should leave the education of their children to trained professionals.

Question 42

Describe the process that led Denmark-Norway to become a Lutheran kingdom.

Question 43

According to Martin Luther, how did one achieve salvation?

Question 44

Why did Luther's ideas appeal to many German rulers?

Question 45

Why did Henry VIII want to annul his marriage with Catherine of Aragon?

Question 46

Luther's reforms spread rapidly, in part because the Holy Roman Empire was

A)ethnically and socially homogenous.
B)made up of numerous republics.
C)ruled by a powerful central government.
D)made up of hundreds of independent states.

Question 47

How did Martin Luther's position as a university professor affect the spread of the Reformation?

Question 48

According to Map 13.2: Religious Divisions in Europe, ca. 1555, what region of Europe shown in the map experienced the most diversity in religious faith around 1555?

A)Southern Europe
B)Scandinavia
C)The British Isles
D)Eastern-Central Europe

Question 49

The following excerpt is from a 1587 German account of the testimony at the trial of an accused witch: "Walpurga Hausmännin . . . upon kindly questioning and also torture . . . confessed . . . that the Evil One indulged in fornication with her . . . and made her many promises to help her in her poverty and need. . . . She promised herself body and soul to him and disowned God in heaven. . . . With her devil-paramour and other playfellows she has eaten these [animals and children] and used their hair and their little bones for witchcraft."
The passage provides evidence of which of the following?

A)The belief that witches were indirectly carrying out God's will
B)The belief that only women could be witches
C)The belief that the essence of witchcraft was a pact with the Devil
D)The belief that all witches would eventually betray themselves

Question 50

How did the Council of Trent deal with the problem of clerical ignorance?

Question 51

The Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was

A)uninterested in matters of religion.
B)a disciple of John Calvin.
C)a vigorous defender of Catholicism.
D)a committed Lutheran.

Question 52

How did Martin Luther and Ulrich Zwingli understand the ritual of the Eucharist?

Question 53

The most important second-generation Protestant reformer was

A)Ulrich Zwingli.
B)Erasmus of Rotterdam.
C)John Calvin.
D)Ignatius Loyola.

Question 54

Why was the pope unable to grant Henry VIII of England the annulment he desired?

A)The pope was on his death bed.
B)Church teachings clearly banned such annulments.
C)The pope was essentially the prisoner of Emperor Charles V.
D)The College of Cardinals opposed the annulment.

Question 55

Early-sixteenth-century critics of the clergy concentrated on three problems: clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, and clerical

A)pluralism.
B)malfeasance.
C)celibacy.
D)errors.

Question 56

The following is an excerpt from the 1563 Decrees of the Council of Trent: "That the faithful may approach the sacraments with greater reverence and devotion of mind, the holy Council commands all bishops that not only when they themselves are about to administer them to the people, they shall first, in a manner adapted to the mental ability of those who receive them, explain their efficacy and use, but also that they shall see to it that the same is done piously and prudently by every parish priest, and in the vernacular tongue."
What important change in Catholic religious practice is described in this passage?

A)The decision to end the participation of monks and nuns in public religious services
B)The shift away from the exclusive use of Latin in Catholic religious services
C)The new emphasis on the authority of Scripture
D)The decision to include lay people in the Catholic religious hierarchy

Question 57

Who were the politiques, and what role did they play in France?

Question 58

Early-sixteenth-century Europeans were, for the most part,

A)deeply skeptical of Christian teachings.
B)deeply pious.
C)reluctant to criticize the Roman Catholic Church.
D)uninterested in religion.

Question 59

How did the Council of Trent reform the priesthood?

Question 60

What was an indulgence, and how did Luther's theology of salvation reject indulgences?

Question 61

Answer the following questions:
Union of Utrecht

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 62

Answer the following questions:
politiques

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 63

What were the political motivations for European rulers to join the Protestant Reformation? Give specific examples of the links between politics and the reform movement.

Question 64

How did the established Catholic Church, headquartered in Rome, respond to the challenge presented by Luther and subsequent Protestant reformers? How successful was this response?

Question 65

According to some historians, Luther did not ask new questions but offered new answers to old questions. What were these questions, and what were Luther's answers?

Question 66

Answer the following questions:
predestination

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 67

Answer the following questions:
indulgence

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 68

Answer the following questions:
The Institutes of the Christian Religion

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 69

Answer the following questions:
anticlericalism

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 70

Answer the following questions:
Spanish Armada

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 71

Answer the following questions:
Holy Office

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 72

The Christian Church had experienced periodic calls for reform prior to Martin Luther's rebellion. Why did Luther's challenge to the sale of indulgences spark such a startling revolution in European history?

Question 73

Although the Protestant Reformation is usually interpreted as a religious movement, it had a profound impact on European civilization in general. Discuss the political, social, and economic consequences of the Reformation. How did the Reformation affect women?

Question 74

Answer the following questions:
Jesuits

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 75

Answer the following questions:
Protestant

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 76

How do the actions of both Protestant and Catholic leaders exemplify the basic political creed of uniformity prevalent in Europe in the sixteenth century?

Question 77

Answer the following questions:
Huguenots

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.

Question 78

Answer the following questions:
Edict of Nantes

A)John Calvin's formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism.
B)The name originally given to Lutherans, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups.
C)A document issued by Henry IV of France in 1598, granting liberty of conscience and of public worship to Calvinists, which helped restore peace in France.
D)Sent by Spain's Philip II in 1588, this fleet constituted a religious crusade against English Protestantism; the English fleet and bad weather defeated it.
E)The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy.
F)The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands.
G)A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time in purgatory, widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins.
H)Opposition to the clergy.
I)Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was the spread of the Roman Catholic faith.
J)The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works.
K)French Calvinists.
L)Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse.