Deck 8: Treatments for Depressive and Bipolar Disorders

Question 1

According to a recent survey, more than _____ percent of Americans believe that depression is a serious condition that requires treatment.

A) 30
B) 45
C) 65
D) 80

Answer 1

80

Question 2

Imipramine was the first of the _____ family of antidepressants to be discovered.

A) MAO inhibitor
B) tricyclic
C) SSRI
D) neuroleptic

Answer 2

tricyclic

Question 3

Which form of depression treatment acts most quickly?

A) medication
B) ECT
C) lithium
D) placebo

Answer 3

ECT

Question 4

Compared to other psychological disorders, unipolar depression is considered:

A) among the most successfully treated of all psychological disorders.
B) extremely difficult to treat, often with very poor outcomes.
C) challenging to treat, particularly in Western cultures.
D) unnecessary to treat, because it usually goes away on its own.

Question 5

Which is a well-known side effect of ECT?

A) hair loss
B) paralysis of the legs for two to four weeks
C) temporary memory loss
D) residual tremors and tics of facial muscles

Question 6

MAO inhibitors block the destruction of which neurotransmitter?

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) acetylcholine
D) GABA

Question 7

Which is NOT a goal of behavioral therapy for depression?

A) help clients gain insight into the source of their depression
B) reintroduce clients to pleasurable events or activities
C) reinforce clients' nondepressive behaviors
D) help clients improve social skills

Question 8

Which would NOT be considered a useful goal of adjunctive psychotherapy in the treatment of bipolar disorder?

A) emphasizing the importance of continuing to take medications
B) improving social skills and relationships that are affected by bipolar episodes
C) preventing patients from attempting suicide
D) reintroducing clients who have depression to pleasurable events and activities

Question 9

Paul is set to receive transcranial magnetic stimulation to help alleviate the symptoms of his depression. How many sessions of this treatment should Paul expect to undergo?

A) 5
B) 15
C) 25
D) 50

Question 10

Which statement is true for patients with depression who receive couple therapy?

A) They are more likely than those in individual therapy to be more satisfied with their marriage after treatment.
B) Couple therapy is not effective for unipolar depression because the illness only impacts the patient.
C) Couple therapy and individual therapy address the same issues, except that couple therapy has two people in the room instead of one.
D) Couple therapy takes far longer than individual therapy, and so most patients who receive it stay in therapy for many years.

Question 11

Which of the following is used to put patients to sleep and reduce their terror during ECT?

A) muscle relaxants
B) hypnosis
C) anesthetics (barbiturates)
D) antidepressants

Question 12

The cognitive triad, proposed by Aaron Beck, includes negative views of all but which of the following?

A) one's future
B) one's self
C) one's world
D) one's past

Question 13

Which is a therapy format in which the therapist works with two people who share a long-term relationship?

A) interpersonal psychotherapy
B) couple therapy
C) cognitive therapy
D) behavioral therapy

Question 14

ECT was first used in the treatment of:

A) agoraphobia.
B) psychosis.
C) paranoia.
D) bipolar disorder.

Question 15

Research suggests that behavioral therapy is of less help to people who suffer which kind of depression?

A) mild
B) moderate
C) severe
D) exogenous

Question 16

What impact does the use of lithium have on depressive episodes?

A) Lithium has no effect on depressive episodes.
B) Because lithium completely stops manic episodes, it also stops all depressive episodes.
C) Lithium is an effective treatment for unipolar depression.
D) Lithium helps people with bipolar depression overcome their depressive episodes, though to a lesser degree than it helps with their manic episodes.

Question 17

There is evidence that _____ is especially helpful in depression brought on by social conflicts or changes in careers or social roles.

A) cognitive therapy
B) ECT
C) interpersonal psychotherapy
D) behavioral therapy

Question 18

_____ is a common flower that can be quite helpful in cases of mild depression.

A) The poppy
B) The geranium
C) Saint-John's-wort
D) Rose of Sharon

Question 19

Which celebrity has undergone ECT for treatment of depression?

A) Mike Wallace
B) Dick Cavett
C) William Styron
D) Tom Hanks

Question 20

Which is NOT a problem that interpersonal psychotherapy attempts to address?

A) interpersonal role transition
B) interpersonal loss
C) interpersonal communication problems
D) interpersonal role dispute

Question 21

If a client said to you, "My roommate told me that she has other friends on campus, so I think that she must completely hate me," what sort of cognitive error would this be considered?

A) catastrophizing
B) dichotomous thinking
C) selective abstraction
D) learned helplessness

Question 22

As many as 30 percent of patients with depression who use these two treatment modalities, as well as cognitive-behavioral therapy, are likely to relapse after cessation of symptoms.

A) cognitive and interpersonal
B) biological and cognitive
C) cognitive and behavioral
D) biological and behavioral

Question 23

Which is a correct statement about treatment for bipolar disorder?

A) Psychotherapy alone is often helpful.
B) Lithium therapy alone is all that is needed.
C) Psychotherapy and behavior modification are needed.
D) Psychotherapy along with lithium therapy work best.

Question 24

About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?

A) 50 percent
B) 33 percent
C) 75 percent
D) almost all

Question 25

Which type of therapy would be associated with preparing a weekly activity schedule that is set up around pleasurable activities?

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) psychodynamic
D) sociocultural

Question 26

One explanation for lithium's effectiveness is that it acts directly on the brain's:

A) serotonin system.
B) second messenger system.
C) caudate nucleus.
D) hippocampus.

Question 27

What percentage of depression patients improve after ECT treatment?

A) 50 to 60 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 60 to 80 percent
D) 90 percent

Question 28

Which would NOT be one of the expectations of a psychodynamic therapist working with a client with depression?

A) that the client will learn to shed all of his or her unconscious defense mechanisms
B) that the client will gain awareness of loss in his or her life
C) that the client will become less dependent on others
D) That the client will learn to cope with loss more effectively

Question 29

Which form of depression treatment lacks strong supportive evidence of its effectiveness in treating unipolar depression?

A) psychodynamic
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) biological

Question 30

A therapist using free association and dream interpretation discovers that as a small child her patient had been left alone by her mother on several occasions and concludes that the patient is experiencing unipolar depression. The therapist is MOST likely from which orientation?

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) behavioral
D) humanistic

Question 31

The oldest of all psychotherapies used to treat unipolar depression is:

A) behavioral therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) sociocultural therapy.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 32

One theory about the mechanism of mood stabilizers in reducing the symptoms of bipolar disorder suggests that it changes _____ ion activity in neurons.

A) potassium and norepinephrine
B) sodium and tyramine
C) potassium and sodium
D) norepinephrine and sodium

Question 33

Among the biological treatments for reducing depression, _____ appears to be somewhat more effective antidepressant drugs.

A) cognitive therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) psychoanalytic therapy
D) electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Question 34

One study found that for a patient who stops taking lithium, the risk of experiencing another manic episode in the future is about _____ times greater than if the patient stayed on lithium.

A) 5
B) 28
C) 50
D) 86

Question 35

_____ is the most effective treatment for bipolar disorder.

A) Prozac
B) Imipramine
C) Haldol
D) Lithium

Question 36

How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

A) mildly effective
B) not at all effective
C) rarely effective
D) almost always effective

Question 37

In 1997 the FDA made changes to direct-to-consumer advertisements of antidepressant medications. Which did the FDA not require those advertisements to include?

A) a drug's important risks
B) where consumers could get further information about the drug
C) a toll-free telephone number or a website
D) the price-per-dose of the drug

Question 38

This type of therapy was developed by Aaron Beck and helps people to identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and ways of thinking that helped cause their psychological disorder.

A) cognitive therapy
B) behavioral therapy
C) psychodynamic therapy
D) interpersonal psychotherapy

Question 39

Most second-generation antidepressants are:

A) tricyclics.
B) MAO inhibitors.
C) benzodiazepines.
D) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Question 40

Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) is a _____ approach to treating unipolar depression.

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic
C) biological
D) family-social

Question 41

Focusing on the addition of positive activities to the life of a patient with depression is a behavioral technique known as:

A) behavioral contingency management.
B) behavioral cognition.
C) behavioral activation.
D) behavioral confrontation.

Question 42

Which is important in using contingency management effectively?

A) Increase the total number of activities, both positive and negative, so the person can learn to tell the difference.
B) Make sure that the person receives reinforcement for engaging in positive activities.
C) Be sure the person receives feedback from a group regarding which activities are positive and which are negative.
D) Develop ways for the person to express depressed feelings through journal writing.

Question 43

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

A) psychodynamic perspective
B) behaviorism
C) interpersonal psychotherapy
D) socioculturalism

Question 44

The contingency management approach is an example of the application of _____ to the treatment of depression.

A) business principles
B) role playing
C) reinforcement
D) imitation (modeling)

Question 45

Current research regarding the effectiveness of behavioral therapy for depression is MOST consistent with which statement?

A) Therapy is most effective when techniques are used one at a time, in isolation.
B) Increasing one's positive activities is more effective than just keeping track of them.
C) Using a combination of behavioral techniques works better than using just one.
D) Behavior therapists usually reject the addition of cognitive techniques to their therapy.

Question 46

Free association, interpretation of associations, and dream interpretation are all techniques used primarily by:

A) interpersonal therapists.
B) cognitive therapists.
C) couples therapists.
D) psychodynamic therapists.

Question 47

Which is an example of an aspect of psychodynamic therapy for depression?

A) A therapist questions a client about losses she may have suffered in her past.
B) Every time the client says anything a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles.
C) The therapist questions a client about the frequency and nature of her daily activities, including those that give her pleasure.
D) The therapist attacks the irrationality of a client's beliefs about himself.

Question 48

A therapist turns on a buzzer when a client speaks slowly and laboriously. She turns it off when the client speaks more rapidly. In other cases the therapist instructs the client's spouse to ignore his mate when she complains or acts in a self-deprecating manner. This is an example of:

A) cognitive therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) humanistic therapy.
D) psychodynamic therapy.

Question 49

If your therapist tried to reintroduce you to pleasurable activities, reinforce nondepressive actions, and improve your social skills, your therapist would be using:

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) sociocultural therapy.

Question 50

If a therapist asked you to say whatever came to mind, then suggested interpretations designed to help you work through grief over real or imagined losses, your therapist would be using:

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) cognitive therapy.
C) behavioral therapy.
D) sociocultural therapy.

Question 51

Which statement about psychodynamic therapy in treating unipolar depression is accurate?

A) Carefully controlled, multiple-participant studies validate the success of this therapy.
B) Not even case studies support the effectiveness of this therapy.
C) Long-term therapy is only occasionally helpful to those with unipolar depression.
D) Short-term therapy is less effective than long-term therapy.

Question 52

Behaviorists would be MOST likely to say that people with depressions must improve their social skills because:

A) the performance of socially unacceptable behavior is irrational.
B) it is important to reinforce the client's depressive behavior.
C) people with depression may be experiencing interpersonal role transition.
D) positive reinforcement is given to people who exhibit positive social behavior.

Question 53

Which treatment would a behavioral therapist be MOST likely to use with a patient with unipolar depression?

A) electroconvulsive treatments
B) praise for engaging in positive activities
C) insight into the underlying problem
D) identification of distorted thinking and negative biases

Question 54

Which is the BEST example of the therapy technique known as behavioral activation?

A) systematically ignoring the patient's depressive behavior
B) asking patients to say whatever comes into their minds
C) adding positive activities to the patient's life
D) asking family members to help reinforce the patient's positive behavior

Question 55

José is depressed. His therapist told him that reading a book each month would help. He should also visit friends, go bowling, do the laundry, mow the lawn, and eat meals with his wife. In short, he should increase his positive activity. His therapist MOST likely reflects the _____ orientation.

A) behavioral
B) psychodynamic
C) humanistic
D) interpersonal

Question 56

Increasing pleasant activities is MOST likely to be a part of a _____ therapy program.

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) interpersonal
D) psychoanalytic

Question 57

Aaron's persistent feelings of sadness and impending doom dominate his life. Every time he says anything even a little positive to his therapist, the therapist smiles. Otherwise the therapist has a stone face. This therapist is probably using some variation of:

A) cognitive therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) psychoanalytic therapy.
D) interpersonal psychotherapy.

Question 58

The best evidence for the effectiveness of the psychodynamic approach comes from:

A) work with people who have severe depression.
B) case study reports.
C) large-scale research projects conducted by the APA.
D) situations when the childhood loss is less obvious.

Question 59

What do psychodynamic therapists believe is the cause of unipolar depression?

A) repression of feelings of inadequacy
B) a biological imbalance in neurotransmitters
C) unconscious grieving over real or imagined loss
D) projection of internal anxiety onto a loved object

Question 60

Behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

A) changing irrational thoughts.
B) altering interpersonal deficits.
C) uncovering conflicts over loss.
D) reinforcing nondepressed behavior.

Question 61

Which statement is MOST consistent with the use of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) for depression?

A) Accepting negative thoughts and working with them is preferable to rejecting them entirely.
B) One must completely eliminate negative thoughts to recover from depression.
C) Negative thoughts are valuable guides for behavior.
D) The behavioral approach alone is preferable to cognitive interventions.

Question 62

Which is the BEST example of interpersonal role transition?

A) taking an important exam
B) going away to college for the first time
C) exploring the spiritual dimensions of one's life
D) planting a garden

Question 63

Which is a correct match of person and approach?

A) Lewinsohn and psychodynamic therapy
B) Beck and cognitive therapy
C) Seligman and behavioral therapy
D) Weissman and learned helplessness

Question 64

Which is MOST consistent with a contingency management approach?

A) providing sympathy when the person talks about depressed feelings
B) praising the person for engaging in nondepressive activities
C) limiting the contact family members have with the person
D) analyzing the person's irrational thoughts

Question 65

Many of today's cognitive-behavioral therapists would agree that:

A) Beck's approach to therapy should continue to be followed without modification.
B) negative cognitions should be accepted, not necessarily eliminated.
C) acceptance and commitment therapy is outdated and no longer useful.
D) therapy needs to be individualized, not delivered in a group setting.

Question 66

Which statement is true about research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy for treating unipolar depression?

A) Research studies show its effectiveness.
B) It is no more effective than placebo therapy.
C) A majority of those who undergo this treatment-80 to 90 percent-show almost total elimination of symptoms.
D) Although people become less depressed, their thought patterns don't change.

Question 67

A person experiencing unipolar depression writes in an activity schedule, "Go to store; doctor's appointment; visit museum; read novel; clean room." What treatment approach is this person MOST likely receiving?

A) psychodynamic therapy
B) cognitive therapy
C) interpersonal therapy
D) adjunctive therapy

Question 68

Clients who test their assumptions about what is causing their depression are working in which phase of Beck's treatment program?

A) changing primary attitudes
B) challenging automatic thoughts
C) identifying negative thinking and biases
D) increasing activities and elevating mood

Question 69

A therapist treating a patient for depression first finds out what activities the client once found pleasurable. These activities are then reintroduced into the patient's daily schedule. Which type of therapy is this therapist using?

A) behavioral therapy
B) humanistic therapy
C) interpersonal therapy
D) psychodynamic therapy

Question 70

If you are a member of a minority, you are:

A) more likely to receive antidepressant medication.
B) likely to receive therapy with a culturally sensitive focus.
C) likely to benefit from culturally sensitive therapy.
D) unlikely to be impacted by economic pressures and a minority identity.

Question 71

An individual with depression who is receiving therapy is told that many, even most of the negative thoughts that an individual experiences and records have no basis in fact. MOST likely, the therapist is:

A) changing primary attitudes.
B) challenging automatic thoughts.
C) training the individual in dichotomous thinking.
D) negatively reinforcing verbal avoidance responses.

Question 72

Clients who tend to see everything that occurs as either all right or all wrong, with nothing in between, need to focus on which phase of Beck's treatment for depression?

A) increasing activities and elevating mood
B) challenging automatic thoughts
C) identifying negative thinking and biases
D) changing primary attitudes

Question 73

Which is NOT a goal of the cultural-sensitive therapy movement?

A) therapy for minority clients delivered exclusively by minority therapists
B) an awareness of the impact of the dominant culture on the self-views of the minority client
C) special cultural training for majority therapists
D) efforts to help minority clients establish a bicultural balance in their lives

Question 74

Which is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive therapy for unipolar depression?

A) encouraging people to become more active and confident
B) education about what automatic thoughts are
C) discussion with family members about their maladaptive thoughts
D) prompting people to test their attitudes and thoughts

Question 75

If your therapist concentrated on helping you recognize and change negative thoughts and thus improve your mood, your therapist would be using:

A) psychodynamic therapy.
B) behavioral therapy.
C) cognitive therapy.
D) sociocultural therapy.

Question 76

What kind of unipolar depression is behavioral treatment MOST effective in treating?

A) severe depression
B) depression of sudden onset
C) depression of gradual onset
D) mild depression

Question 77

Which statement is true about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive therapy in treating unipolar depression?

A) It is less effective than placebo treatments.
B) The research has not provided consistent results on this issue.
C) It is more effective in group than in individual therapy sessions.
D) It nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of the cases.

Question 78

Which would a cognitive therapist be LEAST likely to say to you?

A) Please prepare a detailed schedule of your activities for the week.
B) Write down your automatic thoughts as they occur to you.
C) Try to evaluate what happens to you in "black and white" terms.
D) Let's do a little experiment to test that attitude.

Question 79

"I do not know why you think you are a terrible surgeon. You have not lost a patient during an operation in two years. No one else in the city has that kind of record." Which orientation is MOST likely to describe the therapist who made this statement?

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) humanistic
D) interpersonal

Question 80

The "increasing activities and elevating mood" phase of Beck's treatment for depression:

A) requires the use of antidepressant medication to be effective.
B) is the phase most related to cognitions.
C) makes the therapy cognitive-behavioral rather than purely cognitive.
D) deals with the problem of dichotomous thinking.