Deck 30: Fungi: Recyclers, Pathogens, Parasites, and Plant Partners

Question 1

Which statement about dikaryosis is not true?

A) The cytoplasm of two cells fuses before their nuclei fuse.
B) The two haploid nuclei are genetically different.
C) The two nuclei are of the same mating type.
D) The dikaryon stage ends when the two nuclei fuse.
E) Not all fungi have a dikaryon stage.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The body of a multicellular fungus is called a

A) dikaryon.
B) hypha.
C) rhizoid.
D) mycelium.
E) None of the above

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The names of fungal groups are based on structures associated with

A) sexual reproduction.
B) nutrition.
C) ecology.
D) vegetative growth.
E) cell division.

Answer 3

sexual reproduction.

Question 4

Reproductive structures consisting of one or more photosynthetic cells surrounded by fungal hyphae are called

A) ascospores.
B) basidiospores.
C) conidia.
D) soredia.
E) gametes.

Question 5

The fruiting structure of a fungus

A) attracts predators away from the essential underground parts.
B) is an important organ for gas exchange with the atmosphere.
C) is a reproductive organ.
D) always acts as a hallucinogen for mammals.
E) serves as a landing pad for fungal pollinators.

Question 6

Microsporidia

A) lack true mitochondria.
B) are parasites of animals.
C) contain mitosomes.
D) are among the smallest eukaryotes known.
E) All of the above

Question 7

Members of the zygospore fungi

A) have hyphae without regularly occurring septa.
B) produce motile gametes.
C) form fleshy fruiting bodies.
D) are haploid throughout their life cycle.
E) have sexual reproductive structures similar to those of the sac fungi.

Question 8

Club fungi

A) often produce fleshy fruiting structures.
B) have hyphae without septa.
C) have no sexual stage.
D) produce basidia within basidiospores.
E) form diploid basidiospores.

Question 9

Which statement about sac fungi is not true?

A) Some species are yeasts.
B) They form reproductive structures called asci.
C) Their hyphae are segmented by septa.
D) Many of their species have a dikaryotic state.
E) All have fruiting structures called ascomata.

Question 10

An unknown organism can be identified as a fungus if it

A) is multicellular and nonphotosynthetic.
B) has cell walls and reproduces by spores.
C) has filamentous growth and obtains its food by absorption.
D) has prokaryotic cells and cell walls made of chitin.
E) is unicellular and eukaryotic.

Question 11

Which of the following is a synapomorphy for the fungi?

A) Rhizoids
B) Spores
C) Heterotrophism
D) Chitin in the cell walls
E) Presence of DNA

Question 12

Which statement about lichens is not true?

A) They can reproduce by fragmentation of the vegetative body.
B) They are often the first colonists in a new area.
C) They render their environment more basic (alkaline).
D) They contribute to soil formation.
E) They may contain less than 10 percent water by weight.

Question 13

Individual filaments that anchor chytrids to their substrate are called

A) dikaryons.
B) hyphae.
C) rhizoids.
D) mycelia.
E) None of the above

Question 14

Which statement about fungal nutrition is not true?

A) Some fungi are active predators.
B) Some fungi form mutualistic associations with other organisms.
C) All fungi require mineral nutrients.
D) Fungi can make some of the compounds that are vitamins for animals.
E) Facultative parasites can grow only on their specific hosts.

Question 15

The cell walls of fungal hyphae contain the polysaccharide

A) chitin.
B) cellulose.
C) lignin.
D) silica.
E) pectin.

Question 16

The cells of the body of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing individual tubular filaments called

A) dikaryons.
B) hyphae.
C) rhizoids.
D) mycelia.
E) None of the above

Question 17

Which of the following is the sister group to Ascomycota?

A) Basidiomycota
B) Zygomycota
C) Chytrids
D) Lichens
E) None of the above

Question 18

The absorptive heterotrophy of fungi is aided by

A) dikaryon formation.
B) spore formation.
C) the fact that they are all parasites.
D) their large surface area-to-volume ratio.
E) their possession of chloroplasts.

Question 19

Fungi that appear to reproduce only asexually are

A) chytrids.
B) Zygomycota.
C) Ascomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) Glomeromycota.

Question 20

Which statement about fungi is not true?

A) A multicellular fungus has a body called a mycelium.
B) Hyphae are composed of individual mycelia.
C) Many fungi tolerate highly hypertonic environments.
D) Many fungi tolerate low temperatures.
E) Some fungi are anchored to their substrate by rhizoids.

Question 21

Which of the following is the favored source of carbon for saprobic fungi?

A) Sugars
B) Carbon dioxide
C) Chitin
D) Calcium carbonate
E) Cellulose

Question 22

A major role of saprobic fungi in terrestrial ecosystems is to

A) trap atmospheric CO₂.
B) break down carbon compounds.
C) parasitize animals.
D) parasitize plants.
E) form symbiotic mutualist relationships with plants.

Question 23

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct term from the list below with the following descriptions of fungal interactions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-A constricting ring formed by Arthrobotrys traps a nematode. Fungal hyphae invade and digest the nematode.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 24

Fungi have a larger surface area-to-volume ratio than do most other multicellular organisms because

A) most hyphae are in close contact with their food.
B) an individual mycelium can grow very large.
C) hyphae grow together to form a mycelium.
D) most fungi are microscopic organisms.
E) chitinous cell walls are more permeable than cellulose cell walls.

Question 25

_______ are organisms that live on dead matter.

A) Parasites
B) Saprobes
C) Anaerobes
D) Aerobes
E) Autotrophs

Question 26

In a jar of jelly in a refrigerator, fungi will be more common than bacteria because fungi have a _______ tolerance for highly _______ environments.

A) lower; hypotonic
B) lower; hypertonic
C) higher; hypotonic
D) higher; hypertonic
E) lower; hypotonic or hypertonic

Question 27

Predatory fungi may trap prey by means of

A) a constricting ring.
B) sticky substances secreted by hyphae.
C) mycorrhizae.
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 28

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct term from the list below with the following descriptions of fungal interactions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Fungi grow in association with the roots of soybeans, providing the plants with more minerals.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 29

Fungi can be parasitic on

A) animals.
B) plants.
C) protists.
D) Both b and c
E) All of the above

Question 30

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct term from the list below with the following descriptions of fungal interactions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Seed germination in most orchid species depends on the presence of a specific fungus species, and the fungus derives nutrients from the seed and seedling.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 31

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct term from the list below with the following descriptions of fungal interactions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Fungi break down a fallen tree.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 32

Which of the following human diseases can be caused by a fungus?

A) Pneumonia
B) Diarrhea
C) Ringworm
D) Thrush (Candida)
E) All of the above

Question 33

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct term from the list below with the following descriptions of fungal interactions. Each term may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Black stem rust draws nutrition from wheat and damages the wheat plant.

A) Saprobic
B) Competitive
C) Predatory
D) Parasitic
E) Mutualistic

Question 34

Mycorrhizae are mutualistic symbiotic associations of a fungus with

A) an alga or a bacterium.
B) plant roots.
C) a lichen.
D) an animal.
E) another fungus.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about how fungi obtain nitrogen is false?

A) Fungi can use atmospheric nitrogen directly.
B) Fungi can use nitrate ions.
C) Fungi can obtain nitrogen directly from protein sources.
D) Fungi can obtain nitrogen from ammonium.
E) All of the above are true; none is false.

Question 36

One adaptation that fungi have for absorptive nutrition, in which nutrients are absorbed across the cell surfaces, is

A) lack of a cell wall.
B) a low surface area-to-volume ratio.
C) a high surface area-to-volume ratio.
D) tolerance of low temperatures.
E) tolerance of high temperatures.

Question 37

Which of the following is not a form of asexual reproduction in fungi?

A) Simple breakage of the mycelium
B) Production of haploid spores
C) Production of conidia
D) Budding and fission
E) Production of a zygospore

Question 38

If all the fungi were to disappear, the _______ cycle would fail.

A) carbon
B) phosphorous
C) sulfur
D) nitrogen
E) water

Question 39

Conidia are

A) spores produced within sporangia.
B) meiotic products.
C) asexual spores formed at the tips of specialized hyphae.
D) encased diploid spores from a basidiomycete.
E) a type of basidium that forms on a specialized stalk.

Question 40

The global decline of amphibians is linked to the spread of _______ fungus.

A) club
B) smut
C) chytrid
D) sac
E) septate

Question 41

Soredia (singular soredium) are reproductive structures found in some

A) Zygomyceta.
B) Ascomyceta.
C) Basidiomyceta.
D) mycorrhizae.
E) lichens.

Question 42

Dikaryotic cells

A) have two hyphae per fruiting body.
B) contain pairs of homologous chromosomes.
C) produce two spores per hypha.
D) contain two nuclei per cell.
E) contain diploid nuclei.

Question 43

In which of the following groups are almost half of the species involved in mutualistic relationships known as lichens?

A) Zygomycota
B) Ascomycota
C) Glomeromycota
D) Blastocladiomycota
E) Basidiomycota

Question 44

Lichens are _______ associations of a fungus with _______.

A) symbiotic; an alga or a bacterium
B) saprobic; an alga or a bacterium
C) parasitic; an alga or a bacterium
D) symbiotic; plant roots
E) parasitic; plant roots

Question 45

Which of the groups below is not monophyletic?

A) Ascomycetes
B) Chytrids
C) Basidiomycetes
D) Zygomycetes
E) Both b and d

Question 46

The chytrids are different from all other fungi in that

A) they reproduce only asexually.
B) their haploid gametes have flagella.
C) they are the only parasitic fungi.
D) they contain a fruiting body.
E) they contain a thallus.

Question 47

Motile gametes are found in

A) Zygomycota.
B) Glomeromycota.
C) chytrids.
D) sac fungi.
E) Basidiomycota.

Question 48

Approximately _______ percent of fungi are associated with lichens.

A) 2
B) 12
C) 20
D) 50
E) 80

Question 49

The fruiting bodies of Ascomycota have _______ hyphae, whereas those in Basidiomycota are _______.

A) dikaryotic and haploid; only dikaryotic
B) dikaryotic; dikaryotic or haploid
C) dikaryotic; dikaryotic
D) haploid; dikaryotic
E) haploid; haploid or dikaryotic

Question 50

The absence of flagellated gametes is a synapomorphy of which of the following fungal groups?

A) Chytrids
B) Ascomycota
C) Basidiomycota
D) Ascomycota and Basidiomycota
E) Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, and Zygomycota

Question 51

Which of the following is likely to promote mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi?

A) Nutrient-poor soils
B) A lack of chlorophyll in the plants
C) High levels of herbivory
D) Both a and b
E) All of the above

Question 52

Many fungi are _______, associating with photosynthetic organisms to form mycorrhizae or lichens.

A) symbiotic
B) parasitic
C) saprobic
D) photosynthetic
E) predatory

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the groups of fungi in the list below with the descriptions that follow. Each group may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Reproduce asexually-no evidence yet of sexual reproduction

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 54

The portion of the fungus that is involved directly in the formation of a lichen is the

A) fruiting body.
B) mycelium.
C) spore.
D) spore case.
E) blue-green bacteria.

Question 55

The fusion of two different mating types forms a dikaryon that is a heterokaryon. The term "heterokaryon" refers to the fact that

A) the hypha is haploid.
B) two nuclei fused in the course of its formation.
C) there are two genetically different nuclei in a single hypha.
D) the two nuclei have fused into a zygote.
E) None of the above

Question 56

Plants with active mycorrhizae

A) benefit nutritionally from this arrangement.
B) display enhanced absorption of water and minerals (especially phosphorus).
C) are heavily parasitized and die.
D) Both a and b
E) None of the above

Question 57

Lichens acquire energy from

A) decaying matter.
B) parasitism.
C) the sun.
D) minerals in the air and precipitation.
E) minerals on rocks.

Question 58

Which component would one expect to find as part of the fungal partner in lichen?

A) Chitin
B) Chlorophyll
C) Reverse transcriptase
D) Silica
E) Cellulose

Question 59

The algal partner in a lichen symbiosis is responsible primarily for

A) respiration.
B) food production.
C) defense.
D) reproduction.
E) water storage.

Question 60

Lichens obtain organic carbon

A) by photosynthesis.
B) by engulfing other organisms.
C) by absorption from the environment.
D) from decaying organic material.
E) by parasitizing flowering plants.

Question 61

The body of a multicellular fungus is called a _______.

Question 62

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the groups of fungi in the list below with the descriptions that follow. Each group may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Asci are contained within a specialized fruiting structure (ascoma); includes molds, parasites such as the Dutch elm disease fungus, and epicurean delights such as morels and truffles

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 63

Which of the following statements about the economic usefulness of fungi is false?

A) Some species are used commercially to flavor foods.
B) Some species are edible.
C) Some species produce alcohol via fermentation.
D) Some species produce oxygen via fermentation.
E) Some species produce antibiotics.

Question 64

Common morels are classified as

A) Basidiomycota.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Zygomycota.
D) mycorrhizae.
E) lichens.

Question 65

Fungi are heterotrophic organisms, with absorptive nutrition, that contain _______ in their cell walls.

Question 66

A sexually produced spore that buds from the surface of a basidium is a(n)

A) zygospore.
B) ascospore.
C) sporangiophore.
D) basidiospore.
E) zoospore.

Question 67

Reduced parasitic fungi are likely to belong to the _______ group.

Question 68

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the groups of fungi in the list below with the descriptions that follow. Each group may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Perforated cross-walls; found in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater habitats; includes baker's, or brewer's, yeast

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 69

The sister groups to the fungi are the _______ and the _______.

Question 70

The body cells of a multicellular fungus are organized into rapidly growing, individual tubular filaments called _______.

Question 71

The cell walls of all fungi consist of the polysaccharide _______, which is also found in some animals.

Question 72

The gills of a mushroom are specialized for

A) respiration.
B) food production.
C) defense.
D) reproduction.
E) water storage.

Question 73

Unicellular forms of three types of fungi (sac, zygospore, and club fungi) are known as _______.

Question 74

Cereal grains are parasitized by rusts and smuts, which are classified as

A) mycorrhizae.
B) Ascomycota.
C) Basidiomycota.
D) Microsporidia.
E) lichens.

Question 75

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the groups of fungi in the list below with the descriptions that follow. Each group may be used once, more than once, or not at all.


-Common name is club fungi; complete cross-walls; includes puffballs, mushrooms, wheat rust, smut fungi, mycorrhizae

A) Zygomycota
B) Chytrids
C) Ascomycota
D) Basidiomycota
E) Glomeromycota

Question 76

Fungi play important roles in the fermentation of many different human foods. Which of the following is not one of these foods?

A) Beer
B) Bread
C) Soy sauce
D) Cheese
E) Yoghurt

Question 77

Baker's yeast is classified as

A) Ascomycota.
B) Microsporidia.
C) Blastocladiomycota.
D) Basidiomycota.
E) mycorrhizae.

Question 78

Which of the following is a Basidiomycota?

A) Dutch elm disease fungus
B) Chestnut blight fungus
C) Powdery mildew
D) Green fruit mold
E) Smut fungus

Question 79

Rhizopus is a type of mold that has coenocytic hyphae and only one diploid cell (the zygote) during its life cycle. It is therefore likely to belong to which of the following groups?

A) Zygomycota
B) Ascomycota
C) Glomeromycota
D) Blastocladiomycota
E) Microsporidia

Question 80

Which of the following fungi are included in the same taxonomic group?

A) Cup fungi and bracket fungi
B) Truffles and morels
C) Amanita and powdery mildew
D) Black bread mold and pink bread mold
E) Dutch elm disease fungi and smut fungi