Deck 52: Salt and Water Balance and Nitrogen

Question 1

Which of the following statements about the function of excretory systems is true?

A) They help regulate osmotic potential and the volume of extracellular fluids.
B) They excrete molecules that are present in excess.
C) They conserve molecules that are valuable or in short supply.
D) They eliminate toxic waste products of phosphorus metabolism.
E) a, b, and c

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Organisms that are ionic regulators maintain an

A) osmotic concentration that may differ from that of the environment.
B) osmotic concentration that is the same as that of the environment.
C) ion concentration that may differ from that of the environment.
D) ion concentration that is the same as that of the environment.
E) ion concentration by diffusion only.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

To osmoregulate in fresh water, a fish must _______ salts and produce _______ amounts of _______ urine.

A) conserve; copious; dilute
B) excrete; copious; dilute
C) conserve; small; dilute
D) excrete; small; dilute
E) absorb; copious; concentrated

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Birds that feed on marine animals ingest a lot of salt, but they excrete most of it by means of

A) Malpighian tubules.
B) rectal salt glands.
C) gill membranes.
D) concentrated urine.
E) nasal salt glands.

Question 5

Marine invertebrates in which the salinity of body fluids changes with the osmotic potential of their environments are known as

A) osmoconformers.
B) osmoregulators.
C) osmoexcretors.
D) hypotonic.
E) hypertonic.

Question 6

Which part of the nephron is responsible for most of the difference in mammals between the glomerular filtration rate and the urine production rate?

A) The glomerulus
B) The proximal convoluted tubule
C) The loops of Henle
D) The distal convoluted tubule
E) The collecting duct

Question 7

A freshwater fish tends to _______ water because its body fluids have _______ osmolarity than fresh water has.

A) gain; a greater
B) gain; a lower
C) lose; a lower
D) lose; a greater
E) gain; the same

Question 8

Which of the following would not be a response stimulated by a large drop in blood pressure?

A) Constriction of afferent renal arterioles
B) Increased release of renin
C) Increased release of antidiuretic hormone
D) Increased thirst
E) Constriction of efferent renal arterioles

Question 9

Excretory systems control the _______ of the extracellular fluids of animals.

A) volume
B) concentration
C) composition
D) temperature
E) a, b, and c

Question 10

How are earthworm metanephridia like mammalian nephrons?

A) Both process coelomic fluid.
B) Both take in fluid through a ciliated opening.
C) Both produce urine more concentrated than the blood.
D) Both employ tubular secretion and reabsorption to control urine composition.
E) Both involve a countercurrent multiplier effect.

Question 11

Which statement is true?

A) Most marine invertebrates are osmoregulators.
B) All freshwater invertebrates are osmoconformers.
C) Marine bony and cartilaginous fishes have similar interstitial osmolarities.
D) Freshwater fishes are ionic regulators.
E) Marine mammals gain water osmotically.

Question 12

For mammals of the same size, what feature of their excretory systems would give them the greatest ability to concentrate their urine?

A) Higher glomerular filtration rate
B) Longer convoluted tubules
C) Increased number of nephrons
D) More permeable collecting ducts
E) Longer loops of Henle

Question 13

The brine shrimp Artemia can live in an extremely high saline environment because it

A) moves salt across its gill membranes by means of active transport.
B) moves water across its gill membranes by means of active transport.
C) excretes salts through its nasal salt glands.
D) osmoconforms with its surroundings.
E) excretes concentrated uric acid and therefore conserves water.

Question 14

What is the role of renal podocytes?

A) They prevent red blood cells and large molecules from entering the renal tubules.
B) They reabsorb most of the glucose that is filtered from the plasma.
C) They control the glomerular filtration rate by changing the resistance of renal arterioles.
D) They provide a large surface area for tubular secretion and reabsorption.
E) They release renin when the glomerular filtration rate falls.

Question 15

Which of the following are not found in a renal pyramid?

A) Collecting ducts
B) Vasa recta
C) Peritubular capillaries
D) Convoluted tubules
E) Loops of Henle

Question 16

The extracellular fluids in our bodies

A) have the same composition as seawater.
B) have a much higher osmotic concentration than fluids in cells have.
C) contain no proteins.
D) have a fixed water concentration.
E) can supply water and nutrients to cells.

Question 17

Which of the following is not a factor in the movement of water into tissues?

A) Osmotic gradient
B) Fluid pressure
C) Active transport of water
D) Diffusion
E) Salinity gradient

Question 18

Organisms living in a freshwater environment normally

A) excrete copious amounts of dilute urine and retain salts.
B) excrete a small volume of dilute urine and retain salts.
C) excrete copious amounts of concentrated urine.
D) excrete small amounts of concentrated urine.
E) conserve both water and salts.

Question 19

The excretion of nitrogenous wastes

A) by humans can be in the form of urea and uric acid.
B) by mammals is never in the form of uric acid.
C) by marine fishes is mostly in the form of urea.
D) does not contribute to the osmolarity of the urine.
E) requires more water if the waste product is the rather insoluble uric acid.

Question 20

Which statement about angiotensin is true?

A) It is secreted by the kidney when the glomerular filtration rate falls.
B) It is released by the posterior pituitary when blood pressure falls.
C) It stimulates thirst.
D) It increases the permeability of the collecting ducts to water.
E) It decreases glomerular filtration rate when blood pressure rises.

Question 21

What is the origin of the term "flame cells" in Planaria?

A) Early sailors used these animals as kindling because their high ion content makes them extremely flammable.
B) Their high level of salt excretion seems to irritate or inflame the tissue near the site of excretion.
C) The beating of cilia in these cells looks like a flickering flame.
D) The cells have yellow and orange striations that give the appearance of fire.
E) None of the above

Question 22

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Excretory system that actively transports uric acid and ions into blind tubules; found in insects and most terrestrial arthropods

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 23

Which of the following statements about ionic conformers is false?

A) Ionic conformers may also be osmoconformers.
B) Terrestrial herbivores have a pressing need for ionic balance because their food is typically high in salt.
C) Penguins excrete concentrated salt through nasal salt glands.
D) Nasal salt glands drain into an animal's trachea so that the salt can be reclaimed by the animal.
E) All the above are true; none is false.

Question 24

A ureotelic organism excretes most of its nitrogenous waste as

A) ammonia.
B) water.
C) carbon dioxide.
D) uric acid.
E) urea.

Question 25

The brine shrimp Artemia

A) is an osmoconformer.
B) is an osmoregulator.
C) lives entirely in fresh water.
D) is known for having the lowest recorded body salinity.
E) Both a and b

Question 26

Mechanisms for the active transport of water

A) are widespread throughout the animal kingdom.
B) rely on the sodium-potassium pump.
C) are regulated by nerve ganglia on the heart.
D) are controlled by the hormone hydrokinesia.
E) do not exist; the transport of water is accomplished by pressure differences or by osmosis.

Question 27

Which of the following molecules is most toxic to cells?

A) Water
B) Sodium chloride
C) Ammonia
D) Urea
E) Uric acid

Question 28

The terms "ammonotelic," "ureotelic," and "uricotelic" describe

A) the actions of hormones on the excretory system.
B) the types of nitrogenous waste produced by various vertebrates.
C) pathways of kidney evolution.
D) modifications of kidney tubules that enhance excretion.
E) modes of excretory system development.

Question 29

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Excretory system containing cilia; found in flatworms

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 30

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Amphibian excretory system in which capillary beds come into close contact with podocytes, where the transfer of water and small molecules takes place

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 31

Ammonia and urea are waste products derived from the metabolic breakdown of

A) carbohydrates.
B) lipids.
C) sugars.
D) proteins.
E) salts.

Question 32

Terrestrial organisms must conserve water. The least amount of water is lost with the excretion of which nitrogenous waste product?

A) Carbon dioxide
B) Uric acid
C) Ammonia
D) Salt
E) Urea

Question 33

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Structure in insects in which nitrogenous waste solutes are eliminated via the gut

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 34

Which of the following substances is the least soluble in water?

A) Ammonia
B) Uric acid
C) Urea
D) Sodium chloride
E) Amino acids

Question 35

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Annelid excretory system that has ciliated openings (called nephrostomes) in the coelom, which lead to a tubule that opens to the outside of the animal

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 36

Gout results from an accumulation of _______ in the joints.

A) carbon dioxide
B) water
C) ammonia
D) uric acid
E) urea

Question 37

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Type of excretory unit with flame cells; found in Planaria

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 38

Terrestrial animals do not excrete nitrogen as ammonia because

A) it takes more energy to convert nitrogen to ammonia than it does to convert nitrogen to urea.
B) they would lose necessary salts by excreting ammonia.
C) ammonia is very toxic to terrestrial animals.
D) ammonia is not stable and is quickly converted to urea.
E) ammonia is insoluble in water and cannot be excreted as urine.

Question 39

Which of the following animals is most likely to excrete mainly urea or uric acid instead of ammonia?

A) Freshwater fishes
B) Saltwater fishes
C) Tadpoles
D) Shrimp
E) Gulls

Question 40

Which of the following molecules contains the most nitrogen?

A) Ammonia
B) Uric acid
C) Urea
D) Both b and c
E) All have the same amount.

Question 41

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of the passage of urine from the kidney?

A) Renal pyramid, ureter, bladder, rectal gland, urethra
B) Ureter, renal pyramid, rectal gland, bladder, urethra
C) Renal pyramid, urethra, bladder, ureter
D) Renal pyramid, ureter, bladder, urethra
E) Rectal gland, renal pyramid, ureter, bladder, urethra

Question 42

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Connect(s) the proximal and distal convoluted tubules

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 43

Analysis of kidney function in simple vertebrates suggests that the earliest vertebrate nephron functioned mainly to

A) remove excess water.
B) remove excess salts.
C) remove excess nutrients.
D) filter nitrogenous wastes.
E) conserve water.

Question 44

During filtration, which of the following does not enter Bowman's capsule from the bloodstream?

A) Water
B) Glucose
C) Ions
D) Amino acids
E) Plasma proteins

Question 45

Blood enters a nephron's vascular component by way of the

A) peritubular capillaries.
B) glomerulus.
C) efferent arteriole.
D) afferent arteriole.
E) renal vein.

Question 46

Which of the following produce urine that is more concentrated than their body fluids?

A) Mammals
B) Catfish
C) Crocodiles
D) Frogs
E) Sharks

Question 47

Which of the following operates by filtering fluids into a tube, and then secreting or reabsorbing specific substances?

A) Flame cells of flatworms
B) Metanephridia of annelid worms
C) Malpighian tubules of insects
D) Vertebrate nephrons
E) All of the above

Question 48

Which of the following structures is found in the inner medulla of the kidney?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Proximal convoluted tubule
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Both a and d

Question 49

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct system or structure from the list below with each description that follows.

-Functional unit of the vertebrate excretory system

A) Protonephridia
B) Metanephridia
C) Malpighian tubules
D) Nephron
E) Aquaporin

Question 50

Which of the following is not a water conservation adaptation of amphibians living in dry environments?

A) Waxy secretions on the skin
B) Estivation during dry periods
C) Production of concentrated urine
D) Burrowing into the ground
E) Large urinary bladders

Question 51

Cartilaginous fishes maintain an osmotic concentration in their tissue fluids that matches that of seawater by

A) excreting large amounts of water.
B) drinking large amounts of seawater.
C) concentrating seawater salts in their blood.
D) concentrating urea in their tissue fluids.
E) excreting salts at their gills.

Question 52

The functional unit of the kidney is

A) Bowman's capsule.
B) a capillary.
C) the glomerulus.
D) the nephron.
E) the renal tubule.

Question 53

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Make(s) up the internal core of the medulla

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 54

Marine bony fishes acquire excess salt when they drink seawater. They handle this salt load by

A) producing very dilute urine.
B) producing very little urine.
C) excreting ions from gills.
D) not absorbing some ions from the gut.
E) b, c, and d

Question 55

In adult humans, urination is controlled by

A) a smooth muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra.
B) the autonomic nervous system.
C) a skeletal muscle sphincter at the base of the urethra.
D) the voluntary nervous system.
E) All of the above

Question 56

The process of filtration from the capillaries into the glomerulus is driven by

A) active transport.
B) arterial blood pressure.
C) venous blood pressure.
D) osmotic pressure.
E) secretion.

Question 57

Which of the following is not a water conservation adaptation of reptiles?

A) Scaly skin
B) Excretion of uric acid
C) Shelled eggs
D) Internal fertilization of gametes
E) Excretion of salts

Question 58

Which of the following statements about Malpighian tubules is false?

A) They make up the excretory system of insects.
B) An individual may have from 2 to 100 Malpighian tubules.
C) They empty into the gut.
D) They filter nitrogenous wastes by means of a pressure gradient.
E) They rely on active transport.

Question 59

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Reside(s) anatomically closest to Bowman's capsule

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 60

Which of the following is not part of a nephron?

A) Podocyte
B) Flame cell
C) Renal corpuscle
D) Glomerulus
E) Bowman's capsule

Question 61

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Location(s) of microvilli

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 62

The cells lining the proximal convoluted tubule have numerous microvilli and mitochondria. This indicates that these cells

A) are engaged in the rapid diffusion of water.
B) carry out active transport.
C) store salts.
D) produce urea.
E) None of the above

Question 63

Which of the following statements about ADH is true?

A) It is another name for vasopressin.
B) It is another name for antidiuretic hormone.
C) It is released from the posterior pituitary.
D) It is responsible for inhibiting aquaporins.
E) a, b, and c

Question 64

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct physiological response from the list below with each situation that follows.

-The human body's response to ingestion of much more than the recommended daily limit of salt (e.g., an entire bag of potato chips)

A) Release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
B) Rise in blood osmolarity
C) Increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D) Increased Na²⁺ reabsorption stimulated by aldosterone
E) All of the above

Question 65

Valuable molecules such as glucose, amino acids, and vitamins are reabsorbed into the blood at which location in the nephron?

A) Bowman's capsule
B) Collecting duct
C) Glomerulus
D) Loop of Henle
E) Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 66

The effect of antidiuretic hormone is to

A) reduce permeability in the loop of Henle.
B) reduce permeability of the collecting ducts.
C) reduce blood volume.
D) increase urine volume.
E) increase urine concentration.

Question 67

Which of the following responses would not correct for a drop in glomerular blood pressure?

A) Elevation of the body's blood pressure by angiotensin
B) Stimulation of thirst in the brain by angiotensin
C) Constriction of the afferent renal arterioles by angiotensin
D) Cessation of stretch receptor inhibition of antidiuretic hormone release
E) Stimulation of sodium reabsorption by aldosterone

Question 68

Antidiuretic hormone secretion increases when the hypothalamus is stimulated by

A) angiotensin receptors.
B) glucose receptors.
C) osmoreceptors.
D) renin receptors.
E) stretch receptors.

Question 69

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Feature whose length is related to the potential maximum urine concentration

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 70

Which of the following statements about angiotensin is false?

A) It constricts the efferent renal arteries.
B) It stimulates thirst.
C) It leads to release of aldosterone.
D) It leads to decreased central blood pressure.
E) It constricts peripheral blood vessels throughout the body.

Question 71

The kidneys help regulate the acid-base balance by controlling the level of _______ in the blood.

A) CO₂
B) H⁺
C) HCO₃^-
D) Both b and c
E) All of the above

Question 72

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Located principally within the medulla

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 73

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Site(s) of glucose and amino acid reabsorption

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 74

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Site(s) of major water reabsorption

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 75

Which of the following statements about the human kidney is true?

A) Its functional units are called hepatocytes.
B) Nephrons of the kidney consist of proximal and distal convoluted tubules as well as collecting ducts and loops of Henle.
C) Most of the substances and water filtered from the blood in the glomerulus return to the venous blood draining the kidney.
D) All substances entering the kidney come from the renal artery.
E) b, c, and d

Question 76

The loops of Henle are considered to function as a countercurrent multiplier because

A) ascending and descending limbs have different permeabilities.
B) the amount of water conserved is related to the length of the loop.
C) as urine flows in the loop, a concentration gradient is established in the medulla.
D) as urine flows in the loop, it becomes more concentrated in the nephron.
E) active transport in the ascending and descending limbs multiplies the concentration gradient.

Question 77

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Feature(s) whose permeability is/are under the control of antidiuretic hormone

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 78

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the correct physiological response from the list below with each situation that follows.

-The human body's response to dehydration

A) Release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
B) Rise in blood osmolarity
C) Increased permeability of the collecting ducts in the kidney
D) Increased Na²⁺ reabsorption stimulated by aldosterone
E) All of the above

Question 79

Use the following to answer questions:
Match the appropriate anatomical feature from the list below with each description that follows. There may be more than one correct answer.

-Function(s) as a countercurrent multiplier system

A)Renal pyramids
B)Proximal convoluted tubule
C)Distal convoluted tubule
D)Loop of Henle
E)Collecting duct

Question 80

Of the fluid that is filtered into Bowman's capsule, _______ percent is reabsorbed into the blood within the kidney.

A) less than 5
B) about 25
C) about 50
D) about 75
E) more than 95