Deck 7: Stress and Health

Question 1

When the first semester of their freshman year of university begins,most students would be in this phase of the general adaptation syndrome.

A)Alarm
B)Resistance
C)Exhaustion
D)Compensation

Answer 1

Alarm

Question 2

The beneficial effects of social support arise because

A)higher social support is associated with more positive health behaviors.
B)negative emotions decrease as social support increases.
C)with greater social support,there are fewer stress hormones.
D)All of the above are correct.

Answer 2

All of the above are correct.

Question 3

The effects of stress on health are most likely

A)direct.
B)minimal.
C)indirect.
D)similar for all people.

Answer 3

indirect.

Question 4

The general adaptation syndrome is a model to describe the

A)effects of relaxation training on psychophysiological disorders.
B)effects of psychological coping on the body's response to stress.
C)biological reaction to chronic physical stress.
D)effects of autonomic lability on anxiety.

Question 5

One research study of stress and social support found that college women were less stressed during a difficult task if

A)a group of friends cheered them on.
B)a male professor assured them they would do well.
C)they had just spent time with close friends.
D)a friend sat beside them and touched them.

Question 6

Mary discusses her job stress with her partner after work.She specifically discusses how the stress from her job makes her feel.This behavior is referred to as

A)inward-focused coping.
B)outward-focused coping.
C)problem-focused coping.
D)emotion-focused coping.

Question 7

Which of the following is an example of emotion-focused coping as a way to deal with the stress of a really difficult test tomorrow?

A)Remind yourself that one test will not ruin your career.
B)Seek comfort and support from a friend.
C)Develop strategies to prepare for things that might go wrong during the test.
D)Stay up all night studying.

Question 8

People with elaborate social networks are more likely to develop

A)asthma.
B)essential hypertension.
C)coronary heart disease.
D)None of the above;these individuals tolerate stress well.

Question 9

From an objective standpoint,Hilda and Edith have the same number of close friends.However,only Hilda feels that she can call on them in time of need,whereas Edith does not feel this way.What could be concluded,on the basis of this information alone,regarding Hilda and Edith?

A)Hilda will probably not experience physical illness.
B)Hilda will have a better prognosis for recovery from illness than Edith.
C)Edith will have a better prognosis because she is more self-reliant.
D)Edith will be more likely to suffer from chronic illness.

Question 10

The most effective type of coping has been found to be

A)inward-focused coping.
B)problem-focused coping.
C)emotion-focused coping.
D)None of the above is always most effective;it depends on the situation.

Question 11

The general adaptation syndrome is divided into three stages as follows:

A)alarm,resistance,exhaustion
B)stress,coping,recovery vs.disease
C)autonomic reactivity,relaxation,adaptation
D)stressor,arousal,anxiety

Question 12

"Relaxation exercises are the only way I can cope with the stress of graduate school." This person would be using ___________ coping.

A)inward-focused
B)outward-focused
C)problem-focused
D)emotion-focused

Question 13

Charles' hypertension is worsened by chronic anxiety,characterized by tension,palpitations,sweating,and numbness in his limbs.How would his condition be diagnosed in the DSM-IV-TR?

A)psychophysiological disorder
B)asthma
C)psychological factors affecting a medical condition
D)Charles' problem would not be diagnosed in DSM-IV-TR: his anxiety is caused by his asthma,which is a physical condition not covered by the DSM.

Question 14

Theories of the stress-illness link all focus on

A)physiological mechanisms linking stress and illness.
B)differences between desirable and undesirable stress.
C)individual differences in vulnerability to stress.
D)personality factors that mediate the link.

Question 15

"I am stressed when I don't feel able to manage things." This definition of stress conflicts with the definition used by

A)Selye.
B)Lazarus.
C)the Social Readjustment Rating Scale.
D)the Assessment of Daily Experience scale.

Question 16

Which style of coping is least effective among women diagnosed with breast cancer?

A)avoidant
B)active
C)problem-focused
D)use of social support

Question 17

Which of the following types of support is the best for recovery from medical illness?

A)structural social support
B)functional social support
C)general social support
D)familial social support

Question 18

Escape/avoidance coping is generally ineffective,except when

A)responding to a recent cancer diagnosis.
B)coping with the 30^th medical school rejection letter.
C)coping with a chronic illness such as asthma.
D)handling hypertension.

Question 19

High stress may result in all of the following except

A)increased smoking.
B)disrupted sleep.
C)altered diet.
D)low socioeconomic status.

Question 20

Which field specifically studies the role of psychological factors in health?

A)health psychology
B)psychiatry
C)clinical social work
D)pediatrics

Question 21

In a study mentioned in the text,the link between optimism and immune functioning in first year law students

A)was only found in women.
B)was partially mediated by appraisal of stress.
C)did not exist once appraisals of stress were considered.
D)indicated that optimistic students actually perceived law school as more aversive than pessimistic students.

Question 22

When oxygen is cut off to the muscles of the heart,resulting in permanent damage to the heart,__________ is said to occur.

A)a myocardial infarction
B)angina pectoris
C)cardiac neoplasm
D)a stroke

Question 23

George was told by his physician that his blood pressure measured 120 over 80.This reading indicates that

A)he has normal blood pressure.
B)he has essential hypertension.
C)he has hypertension,but the type cannot be determined by the blood pressure alone.
D)he should get a new doctor,since such a blood pressure is not possible.

Question 24

Recent studies of the immune system have concluded that

A)a small range of stressors produce problematic changes in the immune system.
B)only severe life stressors produce problematic changes in the immune system.
C)a wide range of stressors produce problematic changes in the immune system.
D)stress is only related to immune functioning when people perceive they have no control over their health.

Question 25

The first to propose that hypertension was caused by "anger-in" was

A)Lazarus.
B)Harburg.
C)Alexander.
D)Rosenman.

Question 26

If a researcher were to examine the effect of induced sadness on problem solving,it would be found that blood pressure would

A)increase.
B)increase followed by a gradual decrease.
C)decrease.
D)not change.

Question 27

In comparison to younger adults,older adults

A)experience more stress.
B)are more likely to have their immune system weakened by stress.
C)are faster to develop antibodies in response to vaccines.
D)experience less stress in reaction to public speaking.

Question 28

Systolic blood pressure is the amount of pressure when

A)the heart is pumping.
B)the heart is resting.
C)the person is in motion.
D)the person is in a relaxed position.

Question 29

Research on the heritability of hypertension

A)suggests that blood-pressure reactivity may be a genetically transmitted diathesis.
B)suggests that family history is unimportant.
C)indicated that heritability estimates are low.
D)suggests that dopamine levels mediate the relationship between family history and heritability.

Question 30

A major factor that influences essential hypertension is

A)physiological mechanisms affected by stress.
B)various identifiable physical conditions.
C)atherosclerosis (clogging of the arteries).
D)chronic overexertion.

Question 31

Psychoneuroimmunology is

A)the study of immune function.
B)the study of treatments for immune dysfunction.
C)the study of how psychological factors impact health behaviors.
D)the study of how psychological factors impact the immune system.

Question 32

The price the body "pays" if it must constantly adapt to stress can be expressed in terms of

A)functional social support.
B)cytokines.
C)allostatic load.
D)stress load.

Question 33

When blood pressure was monitored among paramedics at work,

A)blood pressure rose whenever there was a call.
B)blood pressure only rose when the nature of the call was unknown.
C)there was only a rise in blood pressure among paramedics in their first year of work.
D)blood pressure only rose during high stress calls.

Question 34

For the past two weeks,Gretchen has been working 16 hours per day on her honors thesis.In addition,she has been responsible for caring for her sick grandmother.Consequently,she has had little time for eating well,exercising,sleeping or seeing friends.As a result,Gretchen's immune system has weakened and she feels she is going to get sick.One can view this situation as an effect of

A)poor nutrition.
B)a high allostatic load.
C)hypertension.
D)cytokines.

Question 35

Which aspect of Type A behavior is linked to the development of hypertension in both men and women?

A)competitiveness
B)hostility
C)achievement striving
D)low self-confidence

Question 36

The major biological responses to stress involve activation of

A)the sympathetic nervous system and HPA axis.
B)the parasympathetic nervous system and HPA axis.
C)the amygdala.
D)the HPA axis.

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Type A behavior evaluated by structured interview?

A)job involvement
B)time urgency
C)competitiveness
D)hostility

Question 38

Which of the following has been linked to a number of diseases in older adults?

A)Having high levels of secretory immunoglobulin A.
B)Having high levels of Interleukin-6.
C)Having low levels of "anger-in."
D)Having low levels of secretory immunoglobulin A.

Question 39

You feel severe chest pain radiating into your left shoulder and arm.This is a symptom of

A)angina pectoris.
B)hypertension.
C)stroke.
D)stress.

Question 40

In a study where men and women were compared for psychological effects on blood pressure,it was found that ________________________ affected blood pressure.

A)anger expression in both men and women
B)anger suppression in both men and women
C)anger suppression in men but anger expression in women
D)anger expression in men but anger suppression in women

Question 41

A major personality characteristic that predicts coronary heart disease,atherosclerosis and myocardial infarctions is

A)neuroticism.
B)cynicism.
C)depression.
D)hypochondriasis.

Question 42

Angina pectoris is a technical term for

A)chest pain.
B)heart attack.
C)high cholesterol.
D)high blood pressure.

Question 43

What did the follow-up assessments from the Women's Health Initiative (WHI)study suggest about the role of hormones in coronary heart disease?

A)The data suggested that women in the estrogen group had decreased risk for CHD and stroke.
B)The data suggested that women in the progesterone group had decreased risk for CHD and stroke.
C)The data suggested that women in the combined group had decreased risk for CHD and stroke.
D)Women at risk for CHD should consider taking a combination of estrogen and progesterone.

Question 44

In the Western Collaborative Group Study,after traditional risk factors were controlled for,Type A subjects

A)were twice as likely to develop coronary heart disease (CHD)as Type B subjects.
B)had only a slightly increased risk for developing CHD.
C)were actually less likely to develop CHD than other subjects.
D)were more likely to develop CHD only if they also had a parental history of heart attacks.

Question 45

In the year 2006,the most common type of transmission of HIV in the United States was

A)male-to-male sexual contact.
B)female-to-female sexual contact.
C)male-to-female sexual contact.
D)intravenous drug use.

Question 46

A psychological risk factor for coronary heart disease is

A)neuroticism.
B)extraversion.
C)psychoticism.
D)trait anger.

Question 47

Shirley has the metabolic syndrome,while her husband Fred does not.Based on this information,we can conclude that

A)Fred is less likely to die from CHD than Shirley.
B)Shirley is less likely to die from CHD than Fred.
C)Shirley is experiencing angina pectoris.
D)Fred has lower blood pressure than Shirley.

Question 48

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)is studied in abnormal psychology

A)because psychopathology often leads to acquiring the syndrome.
B)because it cannot be prevented by other means.
C)because it can be prevented by psychological means.
D)None of the above choices are correct

Question 49

According to research findings,how should parents deal with an asthmatic child?

A)Invite child to talk openly about feelings.
B)Encourage exercise.
C)Minimize stressors that may provoke attacks.
D)Provide extra emotional support and protection.

Question 50

Social psychological and cognitive- behavioral theories suggest that AIDS prevention efforts should focus on all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)identidy cues to high-risk situations..
B)access to medical tests for HIV.
C)providing accurate information about HIV transmission.
D)providing instruction in condom use and needle exchanges.

Question 51

In the precipitation of an asthma attack,stressful life events

A)may delay the attack.
B)are likely to bring on an attack.
C)appear to be unrelated to asthma attacks.
D)are important only when the person is also depressed or anxious.

Question 52

Recent efforts aimed at reducing the number of AIDS infections have

A)focused upon religious practices.
B)included social skills training to increase sexual assertiveness skills.
C)focused only upon specific at-risk groups.
D)largely relied upon condom-distribution.

Question 53

Which of the following is the best predictor of survival?

A)For cancer,being male and African American.
B)For coronary heart disease,being female and Hispanic.
C)For all diseases,being in high socioeconomic status.
D)For essential hypertension,being male and African American.

Question 54

At the present time,compared with men or white women,women of color

A)have higher rates of HIV
B)are more likely to die in a car crash.
C)have lower rates of diabetes and anemia.
D)have higher rates of mortality.

Question 55

Studies of the incidence of asthma in children indicate that

A)it is higher in more industrialized areas.
B)it has been on the rise.
C)it has been decreasing as medications improve.
D)it is more prevalent in girls than in boys when the onset is in childhood.

Question 56

Psychological factors in the development of asthma are

A)almost always implicated.
B)rarely a primary cause.
C)a topic of debate
D)most important for very young children.

Question 57

Myocardial infarction can be predicted by

A)obesity.
B)high blood pressure.
C)cigarette smoking.
D)All of the above.

Question 58

According to the text,one possible reason for the decreasing gap in mortality of men and women is

A)improved health services for men.
B)men and women living more similar lifestyles.
C)more dangerous/demanding careers for women.
D)women are more susceptible to infectious diseases.

Question 59

Mr.Presto is considered by his wife to be a "workaholic." He is competitive about his work,always in a hurry,and hostile toward people who get in his way.Which psychophysiological disorder is Mr.Presto most prone to develop?

A)migraine headaches
B)asthma
C)coronary heart disease
D)cancer

Question 60

Compared to those with emphysema,asthma sufferers

A)experience less anxiety.
B)have periods of normal breathing between symptomatic episodes.
C)are less likely to be children.
D)All of the above are correct

Question 61

Mental health and medical professionals alike recognize that most drug interventions do not address the fact that

A)the person is reacting to psychological stress.
B)people don't like taking medications.
C)physiological disorders are often caused by psychopathology.
D)most medications work through the placebo effect.

Question 62

Essential hypertension is best treated by

A)medical advice concerning diet,weight loss,and other risk factors.
B)systematic desensitization.
C)a regular exercise regimen.
D)assertion training.

Question 63

Compare psychological interventions that are aimed at improving physical health.As part of this discussion,describe the role of different psychological paradigms.

Question 64

For CHD,stress management is most effective when the intervention focuses on

A)changing maladaptive cognitions.
B)behavioral targets,such as quitting smoking,exercising regularly,and reducing blood pressure
C)relaxation training and biofeedback.
D)All of the above choices are correct

Question 65

What are some of the major factors that contribute to essential hypertension?

Question 66

Discuss barriers to preventing the spread of AIDS.Include socioeconomic factors in your discussion.

Question 67

Describe interventions for essential hypertension.How do these differ from treatments for chronic and acute pain?

Question 68

What are some psychological factors associated with asthma?

Question 69

Which of the following individuals is likely to have the poorest health?

A)Jim,who is an executive and works 60 hours per week
B)Andrea,who is homeless
C)Sam,who works at a gas station and lives with his parents
D)Edith,who has high marital stress and lives in a suburban area

Question 70

What are the distinctions between effective and ineffective coping?

Question 71

Imagine that you are a psychologist treating children with asthma.Based upon your reading of the text,how might you begin to help these children with psychological interventions?

Question 72

A conceptual framework for psychosocial interventions designed to help cancer patients cope comes from research showing that

A)coping skills are generally diminished in people with cancer.
B)convincing a patient that they will be fine improves outcome.
C)an optimistic,upbeat attitude can be important in combating illness.
D)None of the above.

Question 73

Discuss some possible reasons for the differences in mortality and morbidity rates between men and women.

Question 74

Findings based on data from the National Cancer Institute include all of the following EXCEPT:

A)African Americans have the highest rates of cancer overall,as a result of very high rates of lung and prostate cancer among men
B)Although African American women have lower breast cancer rates than do white women,their mortality rates 5 years after diagnosis are the same because their survival rates are lower
C)Latino men and women have low rates of cancer in general,but Latina women have high rates of cervical cancer
D)Asian Americans have high rates for all cancers except stomach cancer

Question 75

Years of research on SES and health indicate

A)a curvilinear relationship between SES and health.
B)a curvilinear relationship between morbidity/mortality and SES.
C)that the relationship between SES and health is mediated by behavior patterns.
D)a linear relationship between morbidity/mortality and SES.

Question 76

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the text as a stress management technique?

A)cognitive restructuring
B)relaxation training
C)environmental-change approaches
D)talk therapy

Question 77

Discuss the personality types that lead to essential hypertension.

Question 78

Describe the current status of research on Type A personality,and its role in physical health.