Deck 14: Predation

Question 1

The movement of predators into areas of high prey density is a type of numerical response referred to as a(n)________ response.

Answer 1

aggregative

Question 2

________ mimicry occurs when many unpalatable or venomous species share a similar color pattern.

Answer 2

Müllerian

Question 3

A species that consumes only animal tissue is called a(n)________.

Answer 3

carnivore

Question 4

________ mimicry occurs when a nontoxic species closely resembles a toxic species,both of which are avoided by predators.

Question 5

The increase in a predator's reproduction in response to an increase in the consumption of prey is known as the predator's ________ response.

Question 6

The per capita rate at which predators consume prey is assumed to increase ________ with the number of prey.

Question 7

The costs of foraging can be measured in terms of the time and ________ expended in the act of foraging.

Question 8

________ prey on autotrophs and do not kill the individuals they feed on.

Question 9

A species that consumes both plant and animal tissue is called a(n)________.

Question 10

________ is the consumption of one living organism by another.

Question 11

The recognition of a particular species as potential prey by a predator is called a(n)________ image.

Question 12

The relationship between the per capita rate of consumption and the number of prey is known as the predator's ________ response.

Question 13

A(n)________ is an organism that lives on or within another without killing the host.

Question 14

Most predators are also ________ to other predatory species.

Question 15

The cycle of change in the size of predator and prey populations in response of one to the other is known as ________.

Question 16

________ is a deliberate form of hunting with a quick attack.

Question 17

The trade-off between conflicting demands faced by a predator is described by the ________ foraging theory.

Question 18

________ defenses are not permanently present but,rather,are brought about by the presence or action of predators.

Question 19

Animals that are boldly colored or patterned to warn potential predators possess warning coloration or ________.

Question 20

The concept of ________ energy is the basis for models of optimal foraging.

Question 21

Which of the following is a positive numerical response of a predator in response to an increase in prey density?

A)decrease in predator mortality rate
B)increase in predator survival rate
C)immigration of predators to an area of high prey density
D)decrease in predator reproduction rate

Question 22

A parasitoid

A)is a true predator.
B)actively pursues its prey.
C)attacks the host indirectly by laying its eggs in or on the prey's body.
D)preys only on animals.

Question 23

When predators come together in areas of high prey density,it is referred to as

A)predator satiation.
B)predator preference.
C)a functional response.
D)an aggregative response.

Question 24

An organism that feeds on plant or algal tissues is referred to as a(n)

A)herbivore.
B)omnivore.
C)carnivore.
D)decomposer.

Question 25

This figure shows that

A)lynx populations numerically respond to hare populations.
B)lynx become better able to capture prey over time.
C)lynx become worse at capturing prey over time.
D)hares will go extinct over time.

Question 26

Which of the following is functionally a true predator?

A)parasite
B)planktivore
C)grazer
D)parasitoid

Question 27

In the basic Lotka-Volterra equations that describe predator-prey interactions,the growth rate of the prey population (dNprey/dt)is zero when the density of predators (Nprey)is equal to

A)r/N.
B)N/r.
C)r/c.
D)c/r.

Question 28

In the Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey interactions,population growth is regulated through

A)reproduction for both predator and prey.
B)reproduction for the predator and mortality for the prey.
C)reproduction for the prey and mortality for the predator.
D)mortality for both predator and prey.

Question 29

The maximum number of prey consumed per predator per unit time is limited by

A)Nprey.
B)Npredator.
C)Ts.
D)T/Th.

Question 30

In a simple experiment involving only predator and prey with no refuge,

A)prey will always survive.
B)predators will typically drive their prey to extinction.
C)both populations will oscillate.
D)prey populations will oscillate.

Question 31

When a predator drives down a prey population to a low abundance,it will often

A)switch prey species.
B)consume prey to extinction.
C)go extinct.
D)decrease handling time of prey.

Question 32

In a graph that plots prey population (Nprey)on the x-axis against the number of predator offspring produced per unit of time on the y-axis,the slope represents the

A)efficiency of predation (c).
B)efficiency with which food is converted into predator population growth or reproduction (b).
C)predator population growth rate (r).
D)the rate of increase in prey availability.

Question 33

Huffaker's experiment involving oranges showed

A)predators will always consume prey to extinction.
B)prey will always outlast predators.
C)with enough complexity,predator and prey populations will oscillate.
D)both species use oranges for refuge.

Question 34

A plant may be able to compensate for the loss of leaves by increasing the rate of ________ in the remaining leaves.

Question 35

European kestrels feed on Microtus voles,with the "kill" rate,defined as the number of prey taken during the breeding season,as linearly proportional to the density of Microtus.This type of functional response is referred to as

A)Type I.
B)Type II.
C)Type III.
D)Type IV.

Question 36

The sigmoidal relationship between prey density and per capita predation rate in a Type III functional response can be explained by all of the following factors,except

A)prey access to refuge.
B)predator preference.
C)recognition of prey by predator.
D)predator density.

Question 37

A true predator is a species that

A)feeds upon any part of any organism,not necessarily killing it.
B)feeds only on animals.
C)kills its prey more or less immediately upon capture.
D)feeds on dead or living prey.

Question 38

Many plants use ________ defenses,such as hairy leaves,thorns,or spines,to deter herbivory.

Question 39

The net outcome of predator-prey interactions in the basic Lotka-Volterra models is that

A)the predator drives its prey to extinction and then goes extinct itself.
B)the prey population declines and this causes the predator population to also decline.
C)predator and prey populations eventually converge on equilibrium population sizes that are maintained into infinity.
D)predator and prey populations oscillate,with each predictably increasing and decreasing in response to the other.

Question 40

With a highly abundant prey population size,which component of the functional response is most reduced?

A)handling time
B)prey population
C)search time
D)killing time

Question 41

According to the Red Queen hypothesis,

A)the population density of a predator depends on the population density of its prey.
B)natural selection should favor the most efficient foragers.
C)prey must continually evolve means of avoiding capture to avoid extinction.
D)most predators consume a varied diet in order to meet their nutritional requirements.

Question 42

Coevolution between predator and prey suggests

A)as prey decrease in number,predators will switch prey.
B)as predators become smarter at catching prey,prey will become smarter at escaping predation.
C)as predators feed on prey,prey will become more palatable over time.
D)as predators drive down prey populations,they become worse at catching prey.

Question 43

The profitability of a prey item

A)increases as its handling time (Th)increases.
B)decreases as its search time (Ts)decreases.
C)increases as its energy content (E)decreases.
D)increases as its E/Th increases.

Question 44

Which of the following is considered a nonlethal effect of predation?

A)reduced activity of prey
B)prey consumption
C)reduced competition
D)increased predator mortality

Question 45

Which of the following is an example of cryptic coloration?

A)a brown bird that nests on the ground
B)a deer with a large,white tail
C)skunks with black and white stripes
D)snakes with black,yellow,and red bands

Question 46

Which of the following caused massive declines in U.S.commercial fish populations?

A)recreational anglers
B)freak weather events in the 1980s
C)huge factory trawlers
D)foreign commercial fisherman

Question 47

All three of these species are harmful.This is an example of

A)Müllerian mimicry.
B)Batesian mimicry.
C)optimal foraging theory.
D)functional response.

Question 48

The ideal number of fish to catch to provide the most yield while sustaining fisheries is

A)at K/2.
B)at K.
C)dN/dt.
D)rN(1 - N/K).

Question 49

If you are stranded on a desert island,which prey should you avoid consuming?

A)fast mobile prey
B)large prey
C)cryptic prey
D)brightly colored prey

Question 50

Which of the following is an example of Müllerian mimicry?

A)walking sticks that resemble twigs
B)stinkbugs that produce a noxious odor
C)flounders whose colors resemble the sea floor
D)wasps with black and yellow bands

Question 51

Which of the following is an induced defense?

A)bright coloration of poison dart frogs
B)high-pitched alarm calls by a squirrel
C)background color matching by a chameleon
D)walking sticks resembling twigs

Question 52

Which of the following is not a class of plant secondary compounds?

A)terpenoids
B)phenolics
C)nitrogen-based compounds
D)alkanes

Question 53

Scavengers are heterotrophs.

Question 54

When prey produce so many offspring in a short period of time that predators can attack only a fraction of them,it is referred to as

A)a numerical response.
B)a functional response.
C)predator satiation.
D)cryptic reproduction.

Question 55

In the Lotka-Volterra models of predator-prey interactions,prey density does not influence predator mortality.

Question 56

According to the optimal foraging theory,a predator will select prey 1 (P1)over prey 2 (P2)when

A)E1 < E2.
B)Th1 < Th2.
C)E1/Th1 < E2/Th2.
D)Nprey1 > N prey2.

Question 57

Quantitative inhibitors

A)are produced in small quantities by a plant.
B)are toxic to herbivores.
C)reduce digestibility of plant material.
D)include cyanide and alkaloids.

Question 58

Grazers and browsers are true predators.

Question 59

Which of the following hunting methods has the lowest frequency of success but requires the least amount of energy?

A)satiation
B)ambush
C)stalking
D)pursuit

Question 60

Which animal does not employ protective armor for predator defense?

A)armadillo
B)beetle
C)scorpion
D)porcupine

Question 61

The risk of predation can sometimes have a significant impact on the foraging choices made by animals.

Question 62

Cryptic coloration is a strategy employed only by prey.

Question 63

The response of a predator's consumption rate to prey density is a key factor as to whether a predator can regulate a prey population.

Question 64

One explanation for the shape of the Type II functional response is that predators develop a search image for prey after they have encountered them.

Question 65

It is difficult to quantify the consequences of a specific behavioral choice on the probability of survivorship and reproduction.

Question 66

Most grasses tolerate grazing and actually benefit from it.

Question 67

In the Lotka-Volterra equations that represent predator-prey interactions,predators are a source of density-independent mortality for prey.

Question 68

A Type III functional response is the most commonly reported for predators.

Question 69

Most predator populations grow slowly in comparison to those of their prey.

Question 70

Some animals acquire their toxic chemical compounds from plants that they consume.

Question 71

A Type I functional response leads to regulation of the prey population by the predator.

Question 72

Some plants are able to attract beneficial insects that act as predators on the herbivores of that plant.

Question 73

As prey species evolve more effective means to avoid being caught,predators evolve more effective means to capture them.

Question 74

The Lotka-Volterra model of predator-prey interactions assumes a mutual regulation of predator and prey populations.

Question 75

Acoustic mimicry by some nonvenomous snakes that rattle their tails like rattlesnakes is a form of Müllerian mimicry.

Question 76

Quantitative inhibitors in plants are toxic secondary compounds,often causing herbivores to avoid their consumption.

Question 77

If defoliation of trees is complete,the leaves that regrow are often larger than the original leaves.

Question 78

The amount of time an organism spends foraging must be balanced against other time constraints,such as defense,avoiding predators,searching for mates,or caring for young.

Question 79

Herbivory does not affect a plant's ability to survive.

Question 80

Pursuit hunting requires minimal search time.