Deck 13: Signal Transduction Pathways

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Question
________________ binds to β-andrenergic receptors.
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Question
The ________________ receptor undergoes dimerization and cross-phosphorylation when activated.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The enzyme that becomes active when bound to cAMP is ____________.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
Ras is a member of the ____________ family of proteins.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The inactive form of protein kinase A is ____________.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ molecule functions as a secondary messenger.
Question
The cytosolic side, or β subunit, of the insulin receptor is a ________________ kinase.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The ɑ and subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins are anchored to the cell membrane by being covalently linked to these types of molecule.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: A gene that leads to the transformation of susceptible cell types into cell types with cancer-like characteristics.
Question
The ________________ is a calcium-binding unit in many proteins and is characterized by a helix-loop-helix structure.
Question
________________ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
Question
________________ is a secondary messenger and is abbreviated IP3.
Question
The binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor results in the release of ________________ from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Question
When activated, the insulin receptor results in the mobilization of ________________ transporters to the cell surface.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ enzyme becomes active when bound to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol.
Question
Protein kinase A phosphorylates serine and ________________ residues.
Question
7TM is an abbreviation for ________________ receptors.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of PIP2.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The primary messenger responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
Question
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ protein binds to calcium ions and serves as a Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotic cells.
Question
What are some of the common structural features of the receptors to which signal molecules bind?
Question
What happens when signaling paths are not terminated properly?
Question
______________ may be effective anticancer drugs.

A) Monoclonal antibodies against offending receptors
B) EGF mimics
C) Protein kinase inhibitors
D) All of the above.
E) Both A and C.
Question
What is the general mechanism for signal transmission by 7TM receptors?
Question
Most signal molecules:

A) easily diffuse through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
B) bind to membrane receptors and transmit information across a membrane without traversing the membrane.
C) carry out functions in the nucleus after binding to a receptor in the cell membrane.
D) A and C.
E) A, B, and C.
Question
Which of the following amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A) tyrosine, serine, threonine
B) tyrosine, serine, tryptophan
C) serine, threonine, asparagine
D) histidine, serine, phenylalanine
E) tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan
Question
When insulin binds to its receptor, which of the following occurs?

A) A PIP2-dependent kinase is activated.
B) Calmodulin binds Ca2+.
C) Sos stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
Why is bound GTP considered a "clock"?

A) It behaves in specific time intervals.
B) GTP is exchanged for GDP after binding to adenylate cyclase.
C) The Gɑ receptors have intrinsic GTPase activity, hydrolyzing GTP to GDP and Pi.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
Examples of second messengers include:

A) cAMP.
B) calcium ion.
C) diacyl glycerol.
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C.
Question
How many 7TM membranes are there? What are some of their functions?
Question
The enzyme responsible for induction of the phosphoinositide cascade is:

A) phospholipase C.
B) phospholipase A.
C) C-dependent protein (CDP).
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
Which form of the guanyl nucleotide is bound in the unactivated state?

A) GTP
B) GDP
C) GMP
D) dGTP
E) None of the above.
Question
Example(s) of disease(s) caused by altered G-protein activity include:

A) whooping cough.
B) cholera.
C) diabetes.
D) A and B.
E) B and C.
Question
What is a disadvantage of using common molecules for signaling paths?
Question
The mechanism by which insulin-signaling processes might be terminated include:

A) change in temperature.
B) the aggregation of all protein subunits.
C) protein dephosphorylation by phosphatases.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
Cross-phosphorylation is possible when two receptor proteins with kinase domains:

A) are cleaved.
B) form dimers.
C) are internalized into organelles.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
How is calmodulin activated?

A) by binding of both calcium and potassium
B) by binding Ca2+ when the cytosolic concentration is raised
C) by binding to a positively charged helix on another protein
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
What are the two messenger products formed by cleavage of PIP2?

A) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
B) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,3,5-triphosphate
C) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,3-diphosphate
D) diacylglyercol phosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
E) None of the above.
Question
How does the binding of a hormone to receptor activate a G-protein?

A) It causes an exchange of GTP for bound GDP.
B) It causes the γ subunit to be released from binding to the β subunit.
C) It causes an exchange of GDP for bound GTP.
D) A and B.
E) None of the above.
Question
Advantages of second messengers include that:

A) the signal can be amplified by making many second messengers.
B) second messengers can freely diffuse to other sites within the cell.
C) a few common second messengers can be used in multiple signaling pathways.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Question
What steps lead from the activation of a cross-phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase to an activated small G protein such as Ras?
Question
What is the difference between heterotrimeric G proteins and small G proteins?
Question
What is meant by an EF hand? Draw or describe the structure.
Question
Describe the role of phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in insulin signal transduction.
Question
How does binding of epinephrine initiate the cAMP production? Discuss briefly in terms of receptor structure and function.
Question
How is the hormone-bound activated receptor reset after activation?
Question
What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
Question
What are receptor tyrosine kinases? Provide an example.
Question
Describe how phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate is converted into two secondary messengers.
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Deck 13: Signal Transduction Pathways
1
________________ binds to β-andrenergic receptors.
Epinephrine or adrenaline
2
The ________________ receptor undergoes dimerization and cross-phosphorylation when activated.
EGF
3
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The enzyme that becomes active when bound to cAMP is ____________.
a
4
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
Ras is a member of the ____________ family of proteins.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
5
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The inactive form of protein kinase A is ____________.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
6
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ molecule functions as a secondary messenger.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
7
The cytosolic side, or β subunit, of the insulin receptor is a ________________ kinase.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
8
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The ɑ and subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins are anchored to the cell membrane by being covalently linked to these types of molecule.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
9
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: A gene that leads to the transformation of susceptible cell types into cell types with cancer-like characteristics.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
10
The ________________ is a calcium-binding unit in many proteins and is characterized by a helix-loop-helix structure.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
11
________________ is the membrane protein that catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP.
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k this deck
12
________________ is a secondary messenger and is abbreviated IP3.
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13
The binding of IP3 to the IP3 receptor results in the release of ________________ from the endoplasmic reticulum.
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14
When activated, the insulin receptor results in the mobilization of ________________ transporters to the cell surface.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
15
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ enzyme becomes active when bound to Ca2+ and diacylglycerol.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
16
Protein kinase A phosphorylates serine and ________________ residues.
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k this deck
17
7TM is an abbreviation for ________________ receptors.
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
18
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of PIP2.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
19
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
____________: The primary messenger responsible for the "fight or flight" response.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
20
Use the following to answer questions
Choose the correct answer from the list below. Not all of the answers will be used.
a) protein kinase A (PKA)
b) calmodulin
c) fatty acids
d) proto-oncogene
e) R2C2
f) R1C2
g) cAMP
h) phospholipase C
i) protein kinase C (PKC)
j) epinephrine
k) oncogene
l) small G proteins
The ____________ protein binds to calcium ions and serves as a Ca2+ sensor in eukaryotic cells.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
21
What are some of the common structural features of the receptors to which signal molecules bind?
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k this deck
22
What happens when signaling paths are not terminated properly?
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
23
______________ may be effective anticancer drugs.

A) Monoclonal antibodies against offending receptors
B) EGF mimics
C) Protein kinase inhibitors
D) All of the above.
E) Both A and C.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
24
What is the general mechanism for signal transmission by 7TM receptors?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
25
Most signal molecules:

A) easily diffuse through the membrane and bind to a receptor in the cytoplasm.
B) bind to membrane receptors and transmit information across a membrane without traversing the membrane.
C) carry out functions in the nucleus after binding to a receptor in the cell membrane.
D) A and C.
E) A, B, and C.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
26
Which of the following amino acids can be phosphorylated?

A) tyrosine, serine, threonine
B) tyrosine, serine, tryptophan
C) serine, threonine, asparagine
D) histidine, serine, phenylalanine
E) tyrosine, methionine, tryptophan
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
27
When insulin binds to its receptor, which of the following occurs?

A) A PIP2-dependent kinase is activated.
B) Calmodulin binds Ca2+.
C) Sos stimulates the exchange of GTP for GDP.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
28
Why is bound GTP considered a "clock"?

A) It behaves in specific time intervals.
B) GTP is exchanged for GDP after binding to adenylate cyclase.
C) The Gɑ receptors have intrinsic GTPase activity, hydrolyzing GTP to GDP and Pi.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
29
Examples of second messengers include:

A) cAMP.
B) calcium ion.
C) diacyl glycerol.
D) A and B.
E) A, B, and C.
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
30
How many 7TM membranes are there? What are some of their functions?
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k this deck
31
The enzyme responsible for induction of the phosphoinositide cascade is:

A) phospholipase C.
B) phospholipase A.
C) C-dependent protein (CDP).
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
32
Which form of the guanyl nucleotide is bound in the unactivated state?

A) GTP
B) GDP
C) GMP
D) dGTP
E) None of the above.
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
33
Example(s) of disease(s) caused by altered G-protein activity include:

A) whooping cough.
B) cholera.
C) diabetes.
D) A and B.
E) B and C.
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
34
What is a disadvantage of using common molecules for signaling paths?
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
35
The mechanism by which insulin-signaling processes might be terminated include:

A) change in temperature.
B) the aggregation of all protein subunits.
C) protein dephosphorylation by phosphatases.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
36
Cross-phosphorylation is possible when two receptor proteins with kinase domains:

A) are cleaved.
B) form dimers.
C) are internalized into organelles.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
37
How is calmodulin activated?

A) by binding of both calcium and potassium
B) by binding Ca2+ when the cytosolic concentration is raised
C) by binding to a positively charged helix on another protein
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
38
What are the two messenger products formed by cleavage of PIP2?

A) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate
B) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,3,5-triphosphate
C) diacylglyercol and inositol 1,3-diphosphate
D) diacylglyercol phosphate and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
39
How does the binding of a hormone to receptor activate a G-protein?

A) It causes an exchange of GTP for bound GDP.
B) It causes the γ subunit to be released from binding to the β subunit.
C) It causes an exchange of GDP for bound GTP.
D) A and B.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
40
Advantages of second messengers include that:

A) the signal can be amplified by making many second messengers.
B) second messengers can freely diffuse to other sites within the cell.
C) a few common second messengers can be used in multiple signaling pathways.
D) All of the above.
E) None of the above.
Unlock Deck
Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
41
What steps lead from the activation of a cross-phosphorylated receptor tyrosine kinase to an activated small G protein such as Ras?
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Unlock Deck
k this deck
42
What is the difference between heterotrimeric G proteins and small G proteins?
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k this deck
43
What is meant by an EF hand? Draw or describe the structure.
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k this deck
44
Describe the role of phosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) in insulin signal transduction.
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k this deck
45
How does binding of epinephrine initiate the cAMP production? Discuss briefly in terms of receptor structure and function.
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Unlock for access to all 49 flashcards in this deck.
Unlock Deck
k this deck
46
How is the hormone-bound activated receptor reset after activation?
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k this deck
47
What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?
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k this deck
48
What are receptor tyrosine kinases? Provide an example.
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49
Describe how phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate is converted into two secondary messengers.
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