Deck 31: Plant Structure, Growth, and Reproduction

Question 1

What helps regulate the movement of carbon dioxide into and out of a leaf?

A) guard cells
B) root hairs
C) sieve plates
D) xylem

Answer 1

A

Question 2

What is a characteristic of eudicots?

A) parallel leaf venation
B) vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
C) a flower with six petals
D) a taproot system

Answer 2

D

Question 3

What is the node of a plant stem?

A) the point of leaf attachment
B) the point of apical dominance
C) the area between the shoots and the roots
D) a small pore where gases are exchanged

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What event that occurred around 10,000 years ago led to genetic changes in wheat?

A) domestication of the wheat plant
B) domestication of livestock
C) invention of genetic engineering
D) mass extinction of herbivores

Question 5

Angiosperms consist of the clades

A) cycads and mosses.
B) gymnosperms and angiosperms.
C) monocots and eudicots.
D) cotyledons and roots.

Question 6

Which statement is false?

A) The ground tissue system of a leaf is called the mesophyll.
B) Each vein in a leaf is composed of either xylem or phloem, but not both.
C) The pith of a stem is often important in food storage.
D) Tissues that are neither dermal nor vascular are known as the ground tissue system.

Question 7

In general, plant dermal tissues are found

A) at the outer surface of a plant.
B) near the center of the plant stems and roots.
C) lining the vascular tissue.
D) throughout the plant body.

Question 8

Rhizomes that end in enlarged structures that are specialized for storage are called

A) bulbs.
B) tubers.
C) taproots.
D) runners.

Question 9

Photosynthesis occurs in which type of plant tissue?

A) parenchyma
B) vascular cambium
C) epidermal tissue
D) collenchyma

Question 10

Which substance, by providing strength, allows sclerenchyma cells to provide support and play a role analogous to that of an animal's skeleton?

A) lignin
B) sucrose
C) starch
D) chlorophyll

Question 11

Monocot floral parts usually occur in multiples of

A) five.
B) four.
C) two.
D) three.

Question 12

Sieve-tube elements are food-conducting plant cells that are part of the

A) xylem.
B) tracheids.
C) phloem.
D) sclereids.

Question 13

Which statement is false?

A) Stems and leaves depend on the water and minerals absorbed by the roots.
B) Roots depend upon sugars produced in photosynthetic organs such as leaves.
C) Plant root hairs help to absorb carbon dioxide from the soil.
D) The shoot system of a plant consists of the stems, leaves, and adaptations for reproduction.

Question 14

Which is a function of tracheids?

A) food storage
B) photosynthesis
C) production of sex cells
D) water conduction

Question 15

Which type of vascular tissue cell in a plant is dead at maturity?

A) vessel elements
B) companion cells
C) sieve-tube cells
D) parenchyma cells

Question 16

The chief function of root hairs is to

A) decrease the anchoring power of roots.
B) increase the surface area for efficient absorption of water and minerals.
C) provide a direct passageway from the soil to the vascular cylinder.

Question 17

Which statement is false?

A) Stalks of celery are the petioles of the plant.
B) White potatoes are modified plant roots.
C) A carrot is an example of a taproot.
D) The layers of an onion are actually modified leaves.

Question 18

Removing the terminal bud of a plant that shows apical dominance will cause

A) an increase in the growth of the root system.
B) increased growth of the terminal bud.
C) increased growth of the axillary buds.
D) an immediate flowering of the plant.

Question 19

Which structure is found in both plant and animal cells?

A) chloroplasts
B) mitochondria
C) a large central vacuole containing fluid
D) cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane

Question 20

The cells that store starch in dicot roots are located between the

A) xylem and the phloem.
B) epidermis and the root hairs.
C) epidermis and the vascular cylinder.
D) epidermis and the cortex.

Question 21

How many layers of vascular cambium will there be in the trunk of a 10-year-old tree?

A) one
B) two
C) ten
D) thousands

Question 22

Most trees and shrubs continue to grow year after year. Such plants are known as

A) biennials.
B) perennials.
C) annuals.

Question 23

In a showy flower such as a magnolia or rose, the flower parts that play the main role in attracting the notice of animal pollinators are the

A) petals.
B) sepals.
C) fruits.
D) stigmas.

Question 24

Bark consists of

A) secondary xylem, cork cambium, and cork.
B) secondary phloem, cork cambium, and cork.
C) cork cambium and pith.
D) cork only.

Question 25

The increase in girth associated with production of wood and bark in trees occurs as a consequence of

A) primary growth.
B) secondary growth.
C) apical meristem growth
D) indeterminate growth.

Question 26

How many chromosomes are there in an unfertilized maize (corn) egg cell nucleus as compared to a maize (corn) pollen cell nucleus?

A) half as many
B) twice as many
C) the same number

Question 27

New growth that increases stem length on a plant arises mainly from

A) the base of the stem.
B) apical meristems.
C) the tips of leaves.
D) the vascular cambium.

Question 28

How does the sperm of an angiosperm reach the egg?

A) via the pollen tube that grows from the pollen grain through the carpel tissues to the ovule
B) via the pollen tube that grows from the ovule to reach the pollen grain on the stigma
C) usually via an insect, which places sperm in the ovary while probing for nectar
D) by actively swimming down through the style to the egg

Question 29

If you carve your initials in the trunk of a tree, will they move up as the tree grows?

A) Yes. A tree elongates from the ground up.
B) Yes. Secondary growth will cause them to move up.
C) No. Elongation occurs just below the tips of growing stems in the apical meristems.
D) No. Secondary growth continues in all parts of a plant throughout its life.

Question 30

The growth that pushes a root down through the soil takes place through

A) cell elongation at the tip of the root cap.
B) cell division in the apical meristem.
C) cell elongation behind the root tip.
D) differentiation of xylem cells in the apical meristem.

Question 31

A woody plant lives through 5 years of drought, followed by 5 years of good growing conditions. The ring of xylem cells formed during the 5 good years will

A) be thicker than those formed during the drought years.
B) be living, whereas those formed during the drought years will be dead.
C) be thinner than those formed during the drought years.
D) conduct a higher ratio of sugar to water than those formed during the drought years.

Question 32

The three tissue systems of a mature plant root complete their development in the root zone of

A) elongation.
B) cell division.
C) differentiation.

Question 33

Before it opens up into full blossom, the outer green layer of a rosebud consists of the leaflike

A) sepals.
B) stamen.
C) ovary.
D) petals.

Question 34

In a flowering plant, the cells that give rise to sperm undergo meiosis in the

A) ovaries.
B) sepals.
C) anthers.
D) stigma.

Question 35

The male organ of a flower is the

A) style.
B) stamen.
C) sepal.
D) carpel.

Question 36

A vascular cambium cell divides to produce an inner and an outer daughter cell. Which outcome represents the probable fate of these cells?

A) Both cells continue to divide to produce wood.
B) The inner cell will differentiate into xylem, and the outer cell will divide again.
C) The inner cell will differentiate into phloem, and the outer cell will differentiate into xylem.
D) Both cells will continue to divide without differentiating into specialized cells.

Question 37

What is the difference between the heartwood and sapwood of a tree?

A) Heartwood contains xylem, and sapwood contains phloem.
B) Sapwood contains xylem, and heartwood contains phloem.
C) Heartwood no longer transports water and minerals, and sapwood still conducts xylem sap.
D) Heartwood contains old phloem that no longer functions, and sapwood contains functioning phloem.

Question 38

Multicellular gameotophytes are the product of spores from

A) anthers and stigmas.
B) ovules and anthers.
C) stigmas and sepals.
D) ovules and petals.

Question 39

Flowers bear seeds that develop from ovules housed in protective chambers called

A) stamens.
B) sepals.
C) ovaries.
D) pistils.

Question 40

Which cells provide flexible support to the growing parts of plants?

A) collenchyma cells
B) sieve-tube elements
C) sclerenchyma cells
D) parenchyma cells

Question 41

In Utah there is a clone of aspen trees that covers over 100 acres. Such clones can be considered to be a single plant with many stems. It appears that the first stem of this clone originated over 80,000 years ago, even before there were humans in North America. What likely contributes most to the long-term survival (long life span) of aspens?

A) If parts of the organism (clone) are damaged, there are still other parts that can continue growing.
B) All parts of the clone carry the same genes.
C) A shared root system means that all stems receive the same nourishment.
D) Sexual reproduction can occur more frequently in clones.

Question 42

While cleaning out the attic, you find a packet of seeds that your grandmother gathered from her garden. You plant them outside, and some of them sprout. What was the condition of these germinating seeds while they were in the attic?

A) The endosperm cells were dead; the embryo cells were alive but inactive.
B) They were dead, but the embryo cells revived in response to water.
C) They were alive and very metabolically active.
D) They were alive but dormant.

Question 43

How many chromosomes are there in a maize (corn) embryo cell nucleus as compared to a maize (corn) endosperm cell nucleus?

A) half as many
B) two-thirds as many
C) the same number
D) twice as many

Question 44

What is a disadvantage of cloning as a propagation technique?

A) Cloning produces monocultures that can potentially be wiped out by a single disease.
B) Cloning is more expensive and more difficult than growing from seeds.
C) Cloning is time-consuming, with slow results.
D) Cloned organisms are dangerous and unpredictable.

Question 45

What is a function of a fruit?

A) production of food for the developing embryo
B) pollen dispersal
C) seed dispersal
D) pollinator attraction

Question 46

In which situation would plant reproduction most likely be pollinator-limited?

A) a very large field of a single crop covering a large area
B) a field of wildflowers in a very cold region
C) a species of plant with a very long growing season
D) plants that produce large fruits

Question 47

Which structure is the first to emerge from the germinating seed of a eudicot such as the garden bean?

A) the shoot hook
B) cotyledons
C) the embryonic root
D) the ovary

Question 48

One assumption about plant reproduction is that because it requires so much matter and energy, reproductive output is resource-limited. Which statement provides evidence that this assumption may be incorrect?

A) There is a correlation between the amount of sunlight a plant receives and how much fruit it produces.
B) Hand-pollinated plants produce more seeds than naturally pollinated plants.
C) Plants growing in moist conditions produce more flowers than plants growing in dry conditions.
D) Domesticated plants produce more seeds than wild plants.

Question 49

In angiosperms, the process of ________ ensures that the endosperm will develop only in ovules containing a fertilized egg.

A) cytogenesis
B) meiosis
C) double fertilization
D) fragmentation

Question 50

Foreign genes can be inserted into a single plant cell that is then cultured to produce

A) a genetically modified plant.
B) genetically modified seeds.
C) a new plant species.
D) clones of the organisms from which the genes were taken.

Question 51

A seed develops from a(n)

A) pollen grain.
B) fruit.
C) ovary.
D) ovule.

Question 52

The genetically identical organisms that result from asexual reproduction are called

A) clones.
B) seeds.
C) seedlings.

Question 53

What is an advantage of cloning horticultural crops rather than using sexual propagation to grow them?

A) Cloned plants are healthier and less susceptible to disease.
B) Cloning plants allows for large production of plants with minimal effort and expense.
C) Cloned plants grow more slowly but have stronger stems.
D) Cloning provides more variation in flower color and size with minimal effort and expense.

Question 54

Aspen trees are the most widely distributed tree in North America. A forest of many aspen trees, some of which may be tens of thousands of years old, is actually one single clone. What is likely to be the greatest threat to the long-term survival of aspen forests?

A) insects, which may bore holes in the stems of trees
B) climate change, which alters aspen trees' typical moist and cool environment to dry and warm
C) a fungus that is often found associated with roots of some trees in the stand
D) lack of pollinators

Question 55

Which statement about germination is false?

A) The germination of a seed represents the beginning of life.
B) Germination usually begins when a seed takes up water.
C) A hydrated seed expands, rupturing its seed coat.
D) Germination usually takes place after a period of dormancy.

Question 56

A mature ovary, specialized as a vessel that houses and protects seeds, is a

A) fruit.
B) ovule.
C) cotyledon.
D) seed coat.

Question 57

What is the evolutionary advantage of the very long life span of some plants?

A) the ability to adapt to changing environments
B) the ability to develop resistance to many diseases
C) the ability to produce many offspring over many years
D) the ability to grow back after being damaged

Question 58

What happens to the cotyledons of pea and maize (corn) seeds?

A) They remain in the soil and decompose.
B) They form a protective sheath around the developing root system.
C) They surround the base of the shoot to provide additional strength.
D) They immediately begin to use the sun's energy in photosynthesis.

Question 59

Which plant parts commonly contribute to asexual reproduction?

A) seeds
B) roots
C) flowers
D) fruits

Question 60

A number of studies have found that for many plants there is an increase in seed production under conditions of elevated carbon dioxide levels. What is a likely explanation for this phenomenon?

A) The energy needed to produce seeds comes from carbon dioxide.
B) The carbon needed to produce new plant molecules through photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide.
C) Increased carbon dioxide levels cause increased cell respiration, which is needed to produce more seeds.

Question 61

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The redwood groves in Northern California are one of America's greatest natural resources. Redwoods can live more than 2,000 years and grow taller than 350 feet. When tourism became popular in the late 1800s, large tunnels were cut through the center of several of these giant trees to allow wagons to pass through (and to attract tourists to the location). Even today, visitors wait in line to be photographed driving their cars through a tunnel. When the groves were converted into national parks, the tunneling was discontinued, but several tunneled trees are still alive.
When the redwood tunnels were first constructed, not much consideration was given to the long-term effects of a tunnel on a tree's health. Nevertheless, many trees have survived more than 100 years after a tunnel was cut through their trunks. This is possible because

A) the wood rays run laterally through the trunk, so water and nutrients can still travel to all the tree's tissues.
B) the remaining heartwood is able to transport water and nutrients through the trunk.
C) the secondary xylem and phloem run vertically on either side of the vascular cambium and are not completely disrupted by the tunnel.
D) mature cork cells are dead, so their loss does not disrupt nutrient and water transport.

Question 62

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Plants differ from many animals because they undergo indeterminate (continual) growth. Indeterminate growth is common in clonal plants because a single clone can continually produce new clones without undergoing sexual reproduction, even if the plant is capable of doing so.
Senescence, an inability to undergo cell division as an organism ages, also occurs in many plants and animals. However, scientists have had a difficult time establishing the occurrence of senescence in cloning plants because of their indeterminate growth patterns. Mutations in somatic cells are common during asexual growth, and these mutations lead to a decrease in sexual fitness. Scientists hypothesize that over time, as these mutations accumulate, they may contribute to senescence in clonal plants. To test this theory, scientists studied a naturally growing population of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), a tree species that grows clones from its root system but is capable of sexual reproduction. To determine if trembling aspens senesce, they compared genetic data of estimated tree age with the variable of "diminishing fertility": the amount of pollen released by male aspen trees. Here are the results for this part of the study:
Source: Adapted from Ally, D., Ritland, K., & Otto, S. P. (2010). Aging in a long-lived clonal tree. PLoS Biol, 8(8): e1000454. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000454.
What can the scientists conclude from the data?

A) Male aspen clones show a steady drop in fertility with age.
B) Male aspen clones show a steady increase in fertility with age.
C) Younger clones have lower fertility than older clones.
D) Younger clones have the same fertility as older clones.

Question 63

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structure in the image has a different number of chromosomes than the others?

A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C

Question 64

A florist assembles a bouquet of flowers from the following: 1. lilies, which have long leaves with parallel veins
2) Queen Anne's lace, also known as wild carrot because of its large taproot
3) buttercups, with their five lovely yellow petals
4) new shoots of daisies with two small cotyledons
This bunch of flowers contains

A) one eudicot and three monocots.
B) two eudicots and two monocots.
C) three eudicots and one monocot.
D) all eudicots and no monocots.

Question 65

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

If the leaf is like a solar panel receiving light energy and converting it to another form of energy, structure A is like what part of the solar panel?

A) the clear covering that allows sunlight in where it can be converted to another type of energy
B) the wires leading the transformed energy to the point of energy use or storage
C) the point of attachment of the solar panel to a rooftop
D) the cells in the panel that trap light energy

Question 66

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structures ensure that too much water does not leave the leaf?

A) structures A and B
B) structures B and C
C) structures C and D
D) structures D and A

Question 67

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structure allows exchange of gases between photosynthetic cells and the surrounding air?

A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C
D) structure D

Question 68

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

In which structure will meiosis occur?

A) structure A
B) the petals of the flower
C) structure C

Question 69

Which part of this seed contains stored food that allows the seedling to grow until it can perform photosynthesis?

A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D

Question 70

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structure is the result of a generative cell with a thick wall around it?

A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C

Question 71

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structure can change to regulate the amount of CO2 entering the leaf?

A) xylem
B) structure B
C) lower epidermis
D) structure C

Question 72

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Plants differ from many animals because they undergo indeterminate (continual) growth. Indeterminate growth is common in clonal plants because a single clone can continually produce new clones without undergoing sexual reproduction, even if the plant is capable of doing so.
Senescence, an inability to undergo cell division as an organism ages, also occurs in many plants and animals. However, scientists have had a difficult time establishing the occurrence of senescence in cloning plants because of their indeterminate growth patterns. Mutations in somatic cells are common during asexual growth, and these mutations lead to a decrease in sexual fitness. Scientists hypothesize that over time, as these mutations accumulate, they may contribute to senescence in clonal plants. To test this theory, scientists studied a naturally growing population of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), a tree species that grows clones from its root system but is capable of sexual reproduction. To determine if trembling aspens senesce, they compared genetic data of estimated tree age with the variable of "diminishing fertility": the amount of pollen released by male aspen trees. Here are the results for this part of the study:
Source: Adapted from Ally, D., Ritland, K., & Otto, S. P. (2010). Aging in a long-lived clonal tree. PLoS Biol, 8(8): e1000454. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000454.
With each successive generation of clones, the number of genetic mutations in the aspens' DNA increases, causing disruptions in pollen production. If mutation frequency were graphed per age of clones, what would the graph look like? Assume for each of these graphs that age increases moving from left to right on the x-axis and the total number of accumulated mutations increases from bottom to top on the y-axis.

A)

B)

C)

D)

Question 73

A 20-foot-tall tree that seemed to have stopped growing was cut down by the forester who was concerned that it might be diseased. She had planted it 43 years earlier. Measurements over the past 10 years had shown that the tree's height varied only 2 or 3 inches each year, some years with a height increase and some years with a height decrease. Other data indicated that the tree had 41 rings of similar width and had produced similar numbers of nuts every year for the last 30 years. Based on these data, which conclusion was most likely a part of the forester's report on the tree's health?

A) All growth in this tree stopped 10 years ago.
B) This was a healthy tree that had reached its mature height but otherwise continued normal growth.
C) Overactivity of the tree's apical meristems likely caused the stunted growth.
D) The tree did not grow taller because it was putting all of its energy production into nut production.

Question 74

After reading the paragraph below, answer the questions that follow.
The redwood groves in Northern California are one of America's greatest natural resources. Redwoods can live more than 2,000 years and grow taller than 350 feet. When tourism became popular in the late 1800s, large tunnels were cut through the center of several of these giant trees to allow wagons to pass through (and to attract tourists to the location). Even today, visitors wait in line to be photographed driving their cars through a tunnel. When the groves were converted into national parks, the tunneling was discontinued, but several tunneled trees are still alive.
What is the correct sequence of tissues a car would pass as it drives through the tree tunnel (starting from the outer surface of the tree and passing through the central core)?

A) cork, cork cambium, secondary phloem, vascular cambium, sapwood, heartwood
B) epidermis, cortex, primary phloem, primary xylem, heartwood, sapwood
C) heartwood, wood rays, cork cambium, secondary xylem, secondary phloem, vascular cambium
D) bark, wood rays, growth rings, lateral meristems, primary phloem, secondary phloem

Question 75

This figure compares corn yield (how much corn is produced) in relation to the area of land from which the corn was harvested, for the United States and globally. Which statement, according to this figure, is true?

A) The efficiency of corn production (yield per area) in the United States has increased more than global efficiency.
B) The efficiency of global corn production (yield per area) has increased more than efficiency in the United States.
C) Global production efficiency was greater prior to 1980 than since 1980.
D) The efficiency of U.S. production has decreased.

Question 76

Which part of this root tip is the vascular cylinder?

A) part A
B) part B
C) part C
D) part D

Question 77

After reading the paragraphs below, answer the questions that follow.
Plants differ from many animals because they undergo indeterminate (continual) growth. Indeterminate growth is common in clonal plants because a single clone can continually produce new clones without undergoing sexual reproduction, even if the plant is capable of doing so.
Senescence, an inability to undergo cell division as an organism ages, also occurs in many plants and animals. However, scientists have had a difficult time establishing the occurrence of senescence in cloning plants because of their indeterminate growth patterns. Mutations in somatic cells are common during asexual growth, and these mutations lead to a decrease in sexual fitness. Scientists hypothesize that over time, as these mutations accumulate, they may contribute to senescence in clonal plants. To test this theory, scientists studied a naturally growing population of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides), a tree species that grows clones from its root system but is capable of sexual reproduction. To determine if trembling aspens senesce, they compared genetic data of estimated tree age with the variable of "diminishing fertility": the amount of pollen released by male aspen trees. Here are the results for this part of the study:
Source: Adapted from Ally, D., Ritland, K., & Otto, S. P. (2010). Aging in a long-lived clonal tree. PLoS Biol, 8(8): e1000454. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000454.
If you generalize the trends in data to 20,000 years, what can you conclude?

A) The oldest clones will show an increase in fertility.
B) Younger clones will double their fertility.
C) Fertility will no longer be a reasonable measurement of senescence.
D) The oldest clone will likely experience senescence.

Question 78

Use the figure below to answer the questions that follow.

Which structure allows sufficient water to enter the leaf?

A) structure A
B) structure B
C) structure C
D) structure D

Question 79

The part of corn that is used for fuel or food for humans is the

A) fruit.
B) root.
C) zygote.
D) flower.

Question 80

This image represents monocots and eudicots. Which labeled row shows traits that are incorrectly categorized?

A) row A-all eudicots
B) row A-all monocots
C) row B-all eudicots