Deck 5: The Childs Growth: Brain, Body, Motor Skills, and Sexual Maturation

Question 1

Some researchers suggest that dyslexic children

A) may not have properly developed cerebral lateralization and may possibly be overloading one side of the brain.
B) have underdeveloped right and left brain hemispheres since information is inadequately processed.
C) have probably not had enough environmental stimulation for language development.
D) tend to have lower IQs than children without dyslexia.

Answer 1

may not have properly developed cerebral lateralization and may possibly be overloading one side of the brain.

Question 2

At the time of birth, it is believed that an infant's brain

A) has about all the neurons it will ever have.
B) has 25% of the neurons it will have as an adult.
C) has 50% of the neurons it will have as an adult.
D) has 75% of the neurons it will have as an adult.

Answer 2

has about all the neurons it will ever have.

Question 3

A child who has sustained damage to her right hemisphere would be able to do which task the best?

A) Understand emotional reactions of others
B) Understand speech and language
C) Read a map
D) Recognize familiar faces

Answer 3

Understand speech and language

Question 4

The corpus callosum is a set of nerve fibers that

A) controls the left hemisphere functions of the brain.
B) controls the right hemisphere functions of the brain.
C) connects the right and left hemispheres so that both sides can communicate with each other.
D) allows the brain to alternate which of the two hemispheres has control of functioning.

Question 5

If you are a researcher studying the effects of an enriched environment on the brain, you expect to find which one of the following to be false?

A) Brain weight increases.
B) Number of dendrites increases.
C) Number of neurons increases.
D) Brain biochemistry is altered.

Question 6

Sam was involved in a car accident when he was 7 years old. He sustained damage to his left hemisphere. What would be most difficult for him to do following this accident?

A) Understand emotional reactions of others
B) Understand speech and language
C) Read a map
D) Recognize familiar faces

Question 7

The right hemisphere is to the expression of negative emotion as the left hemisphere is to

A) the processing of visual-spatial information.
B) the processing of music.
C) face recognition.
D) the production of positive emotion.

Question 8

Brain size, weight, and structure

A) are only malleable during early years of development.
B) are malleable throughout life, depending on environmental stimulation.
C) are malleable through most of adulthood but not as old age sets in.
D) are only malleable in utero.

Question 9

Synaptic pruning

A) reases the complexity and speed of neural transmissions.
B) creases the number of a neuron's axons and dendrites.
C) hibits the formation of new synaptic connections.
D) also called programmed cell death.

Question 10

The right hemisphere of the brain controls

A) the right side of the body.
B) the left side of the body.
C) both left and right sides of the body.
D) the corpus callosum.

Question 11

If we know that the left hemisphere of the brain is associated with certain functions, and these abilities are impaired after an accident, we may surmise that

A) the injuries are permanent.
B) the left hemisphere was injured in the accident.
C) the right hemisphere will compensate for the impairments.
D) the ability to recognize facial expressions was impaired following the accident.

Question 12

In the area of lateralization, which develops first?

A) Handedness
B) Footedness
C) Both handedness and footedness develop simultaneously.
D) Lateralization doesn't occur in childhood.

Question 13

Which is the correct statement?

A) The establishment of foot preference begins to be developed in adolescence.
B) Foot preference develops faster than hand preference.
C) The establishment of handedness appears to develop in the womb.
D) There is no such thing as right or left "footedness."

Question 14

The term "lateralization" of brain functions refers to

A) the specificity of certain functions in a specific hemisphere and area of the brain.
B) the ability of the brain to take over functions of one hemisphere after damage in the opposite side.
C) the fact that the brain hemispheres are two identical organs capable of the same functions.
D) the even distribution of function across all areas of the brain.

Question 15

The area of the brain that develops most rapidly in the early stages after birth is the

A) corpus callosum.
B) auditory cortex.
C) primary motor area.
D) language cortex.

Question 16

Hemispheric specialization

A) begins at 6 years of age.
B) is evident early in life.
C) is only evident for speech sounds.
D) is completed by age 1.

Question 17

Experiments recording electrical potentials in infants evoked by spoken words

A) indicated that all infants processed speech syllables faster on one side of the brain than the other.
B) indicated that babies whose brain hemispheres differentiated speech sounds on the left side and non-speech sounds on the right tended to exhibit better language ability at 3 years of age.
C) indicated that babies who processed speech on the left side tended to be left-handed at 3 years of age.
D) indicated that babies who did not process language on the left side were found to be mentally retarded at 3 years of age.

Question 18

What type of experiences influence brain development?

A) Normal environmental experiences are most important.
B) Normal environmental experiences and unique individual characteristics
C) Unique individual characteristics are most important.
D) Motor coupling interactions.

Question 19

Trauma to the left or right hemispheres of the brain

A) may not have a noticeable effect because the brain has the same functions on both sides.
B) may result in some specific deficits, depending on the extent and area of the trauma.
C) will leave the child unable to use language because language functions are found in both hemispheres.
D) will cause moderate to severe mental retardation.

Question 20

The process of synaptogenesis involves

A) myelinization of neurons.
B) formation of communication between neurons.
C) pruning unnecessary neurons.
D) formation of the four lobes of the brain.

Question 21

Infants who have achieved self-produced locomotion

A) are better able to solve spatial problems.
B) are able to speak at an earlier age.
C) are better able to avoid objects they are not allowed to touch.
D) are generally less fearful than nonlocomoting infants.

Question 22

Studies by Rosenzweig and colleagues on the effects of environmental enrichment on brain development clearly showed

A) that environmental conditions do not affect the biological development of the brain.
B) that lack of brain stimulation increased brain weight.
C) that only the visual system is affected.
D) the influence of environmental stimulation on brain size and development.

Question 23

Studies on the development of locomotion and perception suggest that

A) locomotion and perception are mutually interdependent and develop a sort of "action system."
B) locomotion development occurs independently from perception, which is established first.
C) children who were crawlers were less able to solve a hidden toy problem because they were busy investigating other things.
D) problem solving and locomotion development in children do not keep parents busy.

Question 24

study of stimulation and reaching found that

A) providing visual stimulation for institutionalized infants resulted in earlier reaching behaviors in this population.
B) the timing and amount of visual stimulation did not impact upon reaching behaviors.
C) providing visual stimulation for institutionalized infants resulted in abilities that exceeded peers raised at home.
D) providing visual stimulation for institutionalized infants had little impact upon reaching behaviors.

Question 25

If you were a parent of a blind infant, what would you be encouraged to do?

A) Carry your infant everywhere to prevent injury.
B) Treat the infant the same as a sighted child.
C) Provide your child with a walker since motor development is typically delayed.
D) Talk to your child as you approach and provide noisemaking toys.

Question 26

The fact that infants are capable of using a variety of grips depending on the shape and size of the object they are grasping, and their age, suggests

A) that the infant motor system continues to develop through infancy and childhood.
B) that the infant has fully developed eye-hand coordination.
C) that the infant has developed a more accurate visual system than originally thought.
D) that the infant prefers certain sizes and shapes at certain ages.

Question 27

Research in the area of motor development has found

A) grasp is the same throughout infancy.
B) infants do change the way they grasp an object.
C) vision is always the primary sense guiding grasping.
D) touch is always the primary sense guiding grasping.

Question 28

Which one of the following is NOT correct? Blind infants, when given the opportunity for manual and auditory exploration,

A) still lag behind sighted infants in motor activities.
B) learn to use a combination of sound and touch as a way of identifying their environments.
C) develop motorically sooner than non-stimulated blind infants.
D) are over-stimulated, and motor development is further delayed.

Question 29

If you are a Jamaican mother with an infant, to facilitate development you probably believe in

A) bouncing your infant on your knee to improve head control.
B) swimming regularly with your infant.
C) massaging and stretching your infant's arms and legs.
D) swaddling the infant but leaving the arms free to grasp.

Question 30

The effects of early experience on the biochemistry of the brain in rats has been found to be

A) related to an increase in neurons.
B) related to an increase in dendrites.
C) unrelated to brain enzyme activity.
D) only evident in early development.

Question 31

Providing motor skill experiences/enrichment for infants

A) does not affect the age of onset of these skills.
B) aids general motor development; that is, practice in sitting will strengthen and aid the emergence of stepping/walking.
C) gives the child an advantage later on in life in motor skills areas.
D) can enhance the specific motor skill that is exercised.

Question 32

Recent studies on infant grasping capabilities

A) found that infants' grasping is governed by maturation of the brain and not influenced by environmental factors.
B) disagree with earlier studies that suggested that maturational factors are the primary factors affecting grasping.
C) found that varying the size and shape of the object within reach has no effect.
D) found that older children showed clear sensitivity to grasping objects, whereas preschool children did not modify their grasps depending on the object.

Question 33

The current research in the area of locomotor development by Thelen and colleagues supports the view that

A) locomotor development has multiple phases.
B) locomotor development results solely from maturational factors.
C) locomotor development is based upon reflexes.
D) locomotor development is solely a function of the baby's size and weight.

Question 34

Thelen and colleagues' research on the stepping response supports the argument that

A) stepping really doesn't disappear but, because of the baby's size and weight, it is not evident.
B) stepping is a skill that is temporarily lost and reappears after neurological maturation.
C) infants can walk much earlier if they practice on a treadmill.
D) babies are not motorically capable of stepping until around age 1.

Question 35

Cross-cultural data suggest that, in regard to motor development,

A) the rate of motor development is universal across cultures.
B) infant motor development can be altered with specific manipulation.
C) Western cultures do not acknowledge maturational influences.
D) childrearing attitudes do not influence rates of development.

Question 36

Motor development in blind infants typically

A) develops earlier than in sighted children because the blind child is more focused on the areas of touch and movement.
B) develops at a more typical rate when aided by programs maximizing sound and touch experiences.
C) develops at the same rate as sighted children.
D) cannot be facilitated by environmental interventions.

Question 37

Pioneering research by Rosenzweig and colleagues on the effects of stimulation on brain development supports the view that

A) environmental enrichment has very limited effects.
B) environmental enrichment produces no results.
C) environmental enrichment works for humans but not rats.
D) environmental enrichment has a positive outcome on the brain.

Question 38

Which one of the following is not considered a side effect of walking?

A) Increased testing of wills
B) Increased independence
C) Increased parental vigilance
D) Increased language development

Question 39

Infants, when planning to grasp an object,

A) use strategies that are guided by touch at 8 months but not at 4 months.
B) use strategies that are the same at both 4 and 8 months of age.
C) are coordinating eye and hand abilities that are solely determined by maturation.
D) are utilizing abilities resulting from neurological development and environmental activities.

Question 40

Cross-cultural studies in the area of motor skills have concluded that

A) cross-cultural differences do not exist because motor skill development is a function of maturation.
B) practice does not have an effect on emerging motor skills.
C) differences in the age of motor skill onset may be attributed to cultural factors.
D) in some cultures, all children develop motor skills at the same pace and there are very few individual differences.

Question 41

Studies on differences in height and weight between the sexes have shown that, in general,

A) boys grow taller and heavier than girls from age 5 through adulthood.
B) girls who are heavier and taller than boys at age 10 will probably continue to be taller than boys.
C) boys who are shorter and lighter than girls at age 10 will probably continue to be shorter and lighter than girls.
D) girls tend to be taller than boys between the ages of 9 to 13 years.

Question 42

Cross-cultural studies on height and weight have found

A) few variations in adult height across continents.
B) few variations in adult height within continents.
C) considerable variations in Europe but not in Africa.
D) considerable variations across and within cultures.

Question 43

Which of the following statements is correct?

A) A baby's birth weight can predict later size and weight.
B) The mother's size may determine the child's birth weight.
C) Small mothers are unlikely to have a child who may become a linebacker.
D) The mother's size accurately predicts later size and weight of her child.

Question 44

Which of the following statements is not true about breastfeeding?

A) Breastfed children have higher IQs than bottle-fed children if they have a genetic predisposition to benefit from fatty acids.
B) Mothers lose their pregnancy weight faster when they breastfeed their children.
C) In the United States, women of lower socioeconomic status are more likely to breastfeed.
D) Breastfed children are not as likely to have iron deficiencies.

Question 45

The fact that some cultures are continuing to grow taller and weigh more, whereas other cultures have stopped showing such change, suggests that

A) there are limits on both height and weight.
B) changes in growth trends are unpredictable.
C) socioeconomic levels are the primary influence on growth.
D) secular trends do not exist.

Question 46

The principle of development that explains why an infant has head control before it can sit is

A) cephalocaudal.
B) proximal-distal.
C) general to specific.
D) all-or-none.

Question 47

Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) There are variations in maturational rates among individuals.
B) Girls begin growth spurts in weight and height before boys do.
C) Boys reach their mature height before girls.
D) Girls are heavier than boys between the ages of 9 and 14 years.

Question 48

The rate of growth

A) is consistent throughout childhood and adolescence.
B) is consistent throughout childhood but accelerates in adolescence.
C) varies across the different stages of development.
D) varies across childhood but is consistent in adolescence.

Question 49

Tempo of growth is

A) the tendency for development to vary in rate (e.g., rapid or slow) from child to child.
B) the tendency for development to follow a similar pattern across cultures.
C) the tendency for development to follow a similar pattern across generations.
D) the tendency for development to occur earlier and earlier across generations.

Question 50

The degree to which a child's growth and development may be able to "catch up" or get "back on track" following early deprivation was found to be

A) independent of the duration of the deprivation.
B) dependent on the timing and severity of the deprivation.
C) dependent on the child's gender and genetic factors.
D) independent of the type of treatment available.

Question 51

Which principle of growth states that development proceeds from the head downward?

A) Cephalocaudal
B) Proximal-distal
C) General to specific
D) Top to bottom

Question 52

After birth, the growth rate is fastest

A) during puberty.
B) during the first year of life.
C) during the first 6 months of life.
D) during the preschool period.

Question 53

One can safely conclude that having an infant practice sitting will result in

A) an infant with well-developed motor skills.
B) an infant that can sit longer at an earlier age.
C) an infant that is better at both sitting and walking.
D) an infant that will exhibit motor skills at the same time as his "no practice" peers.

Question 54

Studies on nutritional intake and growth during World Wars I and II indicated that

A) environmental factors contributed to slower growth in children.
B) boys were less affected than girls and more so in weight than height.
C) girls were more affected than boys and more so in height than weight.
D) French girls matured faster during WWII than before the war.

Question 55

The proximal-distal principle of growth states

A) that development occurs from the center outward.
B) that development occurs from the head downward.
C) that development occurs from general to specific structures.
D) that development is an approximation of growth at certain stages.

Question 56

The principle of development that explains why organ systems and individual organs, for example, the liver, develop before skin, fingers, and toes is

A) cephalocaudal.
B) proximal-distal.
C) general to specific.
D) all-or-none.

Question 57

Cross-cultural studies on height and weight have found

A) a positive correlation between income and height.
B) a negative correlation between income and height.
C) a negative correlation between income and weight.
D) no relationship between socioeconomic levels and growth.

Question 58

Which of the following reasons best explains why girls tend to be taller and weigh more than boys at age 12?

A) Girls' peak growth period tends to be at an earlier age than boys.'
B) Girls reach their maximum height at age 12.
C) There are no differences between boys and girls in terms of height and weight at 12 years.
D) Boys' growth spurts tend to last longer and be more gradual than girls'.

Question 59

Studies on secular growth trends suggest that

A) as long as health, nutrition, and living conditions continue to improve, so will growth potential.
B) in the United States, the maximum growth potential has been reached for the upper socioeconomic levels.
C) growth potential probably will not increase in areas where living conditions have improved from bad to better.
D) rate of development is not influenced by the environment.

Question 60

Cross-cultural studies in motor development suggest that

A) motor development is a maturational process with little variation in rate of development.
B) parental expectations influence rate of development through handling techniques.
C) formal handling procedures are maladaptive to development.
D) Western cultures tend to expect development to proceed faster than other cultures.

Question 61

Which one of the following has NOT been associated with early maturation in girls?

A) Early maturers have a poorer body image when compared to on-time or late maturers.
B) The weight gains accompanying sexual maturation violated cultural ideals, resulting in a poorer body image.
C) Girls experiment in more adult behaviors at an earlier age.
D) Early maturers tend to be less depressed and better at impulse inhibition.

Question 62

Studies of the differences between early and later maturation in boys have found that late maturers

A) have parents with higher educational expectations for them than parents of early maturers.
B) are rated by peers as more restless, bossy, talkative, and attention-seeking than early maturers.
C) are more likely to want to complete college than early maturers.
D) are rated by teachers as having higher academic potential than early maturers.

Question 63

Studies on obesity in children have shown

A) a relationship in weight between adopted children and their adoptive parents.
B) a relationship in weight between adopted children and their biological parents.
C) a relationship in weight to be stronger between dyzygotic twins than between monozygotic twins.
D) that twins who have been reared apart tended to be more like their respective adoptive parents than each other in weight.

Question 64

Which type of correlation exists between height and foot size?

A) Positive
B) Negative
C) Weak
D) Strong

Question 65

You opened your teenage daughter's backpack and found a box of laxatives. You are concerned because late at night after everyone is in bed, she often binges on cookies and ice cream but never seems to gain any weight. You are suspicious that she is

A) bulimic.
B) anorexic.
C) depressed.
D) getting cavities.

Question 66

Obesity is when a person's weight is _______ or more over the average weight for his or her height and frame.

A) 15%
B) 20%
C) 30%
D) 40%

Question 67

The most effective treatment plans for obesity include

A) self-monitoring and parent involvement.
B) teaching the child to eat at certain times regardless of hunger.
C) learning to depend on cues from parents as to when to stop eating.
D) no programs, since no treatment has been found to be successful in treating obesity with long-term results.

Question 68

Your child is overweight and you are considering a treatment program. After researching different programs, you conclude that the most successful programs

A) focus on exercise.
B) include both parent and child.
C) focus on counting calories.
D) include fasting to learn to control the impulse to eat.

Question 69

Studies on bulimia have shown that

A) it is similar to anorexia nervosa in the time of onset and the type of people it affects.
B) bulimia always accompanies anorexia.
C) treating bulimia is more successful than treating anorexia.
D) individuals with bulimia tend to be socially withdrawn.

Question 70

Parents who encourage children to eat everything on their plate teach children to

A) value food as nourishment for their bodies.
B) serve themselves only what they think they can eat.
C) rely on internal cues.
D) rely on external cues.

Question 71

You notice that your daughter is preoccupied with her weight and being thin. You push her to achieve and watch her closely as she grows up, especially since her father is frequently away on business. Your daughter may be

A) bulimic.
B) anorexic.
C) obese.
D) compulsive.

Question 72

Studies on timing of maturation between boys and girls suggest that

A) early maturation is probably more advantageous for boys than girls.
B) early maturation is probably more advantageous for girls than for boys.
C) timing of maturation has little to do with self-image.
D) most early maturers date, smoke, and drink by about age 14.

Question 73

Early maturation is probably

A) more acceptable and advantageous for girls than for boys.
B) more acceptable and advantageous for boys than for girls.
C) not advantageous or disadvantageous for either sex.
D) detrimental to IQ development.

Question 74

Feelings of loss of control over aspects of one's life have been indicated as a cause of

A) obesity.
B) anorexia nervosa.
C) bulimia.
D) catch-up deficiencies.

Question 75

In the sequence of male sexual development, which changes occur last?

A) Growth of testes and scrotum
B) First ejaculation of semen
C) Voice deepens
D) Onset of growth of mustache and beard hair

Question 76

Adults can influence children's food choices by

A) not encouraging them to "clean their plates."
B) teaching them to know when they're full.
C) modeling good eating habits.
D) All of these

Question 77

longitudinal study concerning social influences and puberty found that

A) parents and their children become closer during puberty.
B) the effects of family relationships on the onset of puberty are probably unidirectional.
C) changes in family systems may affect the timing of the onset of puberty.
D) social development does not really affect biological changes such as maturation.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is NOT true of the secular trend toward greater height and weight?

A) A decline in growth-retarding illnesses and an improvement in nutrition have aided growth.
B) A decrease in child labor has promoted growth.
C) Secular trends can be reversed since they are largely environmentally determined.
D) Secular trends cannot be reversed since they are canalized.

Question 79

If you are a parent, an effective way to encourage healthy eating habits in your children is to

A) allow them more control over the amounts of food they consume.
B) rigidly control the types and amounts of foods they eat through age 5.
C) prevent them from eating all foods that contain processed sugar, such as candy.
D) teach them about foods that contain large amounts of fat, sugar, and preservatives.

Question 80

The median age of menarche

A) is consistent across cultures.
B) continues to increase across cultures.
C) is older in more affluent countries.
D) is younger in more affluent countries.