Deck 11: The Family

Question 1

The process whereby an individual's standards, skills, motives, attitudes, and behaviors are influenced to conform in society is

A) individualization.
B) socialization.
C) specialization.
D) indoctrination.

Answer 1

socialization.

Question 2

Children play a(n) _______ role in their own socialization process.

A) passive
B) active
C) limited
D) None of these

Answer 2

active

Question 3

When parents have close and supportive relationships with each other,

A) their children are more likely to have behavior problems.
B) they spend less time playing with their children.
C) fathers may have trouble bonding with their children.
D) more affectionate parent-child relationships develop.

Answer 3

more affectionate parent-child relationships develop.

Question 4

According to the ecological systems perspective, well-functioning families most likely have

A) rigid boundaries.
B) very few boundaries.
C) flexible boundaries.
D) unclear boundaries.

Question 5

Kim comes from a very rigid and close family. She is having a lot of trouble disengaging from the family and adjusting to life as a college freshman. Based on the ecological systems perspective, one could argue that Kim comes from a family with rigid

A) complexity.
B) boundaries.
C) identities.
D) homeostasis.

Question 6

What distinguishes a well-functioning family from a distressed family according to the ecological systems perspective?

A) The number of problems
B) Financial resources
C) The influence of extended family
D) Adaptability

Question 7

When families try to attain a certain balance or equilibrium in their pattern of functioning, they are trying to establish

A) homeostasis.
B) relativism.
C) morphogenesis.
D) conformity.

Question 8

What is sometimes regarded as the cornerstone of good family functioning and directly or indirectly facilitates effective parenting?

A) Marital satisfaction
B) The age of the parents
C) Mother's educational level
D) Financial stability

Question 9

Family traditions, such as holiday dinner get-togethers, can serve to establish a sense of family history. This is an example of what process, according to the ecological systems perspective?

A) Traditionality
B) Conventionalism
C) Organization
D) Homeostasis

Question 10

Which principle in the ecological family systems perspective deals with the entire family system striving to maintain equilibrium?

A) Wholism
B) Homeostasis
C) Interdependency
D) Co-dependency

Question 11

Which of the following contribute to children's socialization?

A) Parents
B) Peers
C) Schools
D) All of these

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of ecological systems perspective?

A) Organization
B) Boundaries
C) Equifinality
D) Independence

Question 13

Children are indirectly impacted by marital conflict when

A) they witness the conflict.
B) the marital conflict causes parents to change their childrearing practices.
C) they blame themselves for the conflict.
D) their parents involve them in the conflict or put them in the middle.

Question 14

Work by therapists and researchers has shown that, in order to change the behavior of a troubled child, one must also work to make changes in the family because

A) families are interdependent systems.
B) children can't get to the therapist without their parents.
C) parents influence their children.
D) siblings can eliminate the work accomplished in therapy very quickly.

Question 15

Rudy, who is 7 years old, can hear his parents fighting in another room and is upset. He is likely to feel

A) angry.
B) shame
C) self-blame.
D) All of these

Question 16

The principle in the ecological family systems perspective that involves the configuration of patterns of family roles and relationships is

A) interdependency.
B) boundaries.
C) segregation.
D) organization.

Question 17

Socialization within the family is best conceived as a

A) unidirectional process of parents influencing children.
B) process of mutual shaping among its members.
C) unidirectional process of children influencing parents.
D) fixed process with little room to change.

Question 18

Which of the following statements about families is true? Families

A) shape a child's behavior independently from cultural and societal influences.
B) can be conceptualized as isolated systems that are not affected by the larger world around them.
C) are a changing system in which members are interdependent.
D) tend to be static and change very little over time.

Question 19

Parental conflict and angry styles of dispute are related to all of the following child outcomes EXCEPT

A) increased aggressive behavior in childhood.
B) increased depression in childhood.
C) increased crying during infancy.
D) insecure attachment.

Question 20

Which principle in the ecological family systems perspective is concerned with the influence of family members and subsystems within the family upon one another?

A) Organization
B) Interdependency
C) Boundaries
D) Equifinality

Question 21

If parents want their children to adopt certain values, behaviors, and beliefs, they should

A) tell their children what they expect from them.
B) consistently model desired behaviors.
C) tell their children one thing and do another.
D) be inconsistent in their practices.

Question 22

Research conducted by Cowan and colleagues on the effects of a parenting intervention program found that

A) positive effects of the intervention were seen for as long as 10 years.
B) fathers in the intervention group were more involved and satisfied parents when compared to controls at the 18-month follow-up.
C) mothers in the intervention group found it more difficult to balance chores and stress throughout the follow-up.
D) both intervention and control couples experienced similar levels of marital discord at the 18-month follow-up.

Question 23

As a result of the findings of a parent intervention program, Cowan and colleagues concluded that

A) families may need intermittent interventions to prevent problems from escalating.
B) families, once provided with intervention, will continue to be strong and effective.
C) family intervention programs are not cost-effective mechanisms for improving family functioning.
D) many families will experience significant problems regardless of participation in intervention programs.

Question 24

The use of reinforcement in the socialization process involves

A) praising or disciplining children according to whether they violate rules.
B) learning to associate positive emotions with socially desirable behavior.
C) ignoring good behavior and physically punishing children for bad behavior.
D) parents demonstrating behaviors that are socially desirable.

Question 25

Where issues of control are concerned, effective family functioning results when

A) children have more control than parents.
B) control is evenly divided between parents and children.
C) control is evenly divided among each of the family members.
D) parents are more in control than the children.

Question 26

Children are more likely to cooperate with parents' wishes when

A) parents use a lot of force to convey their demands.
B) children feel they have little choice in the matter.
C) parents are consistent in their discipline.
D) parents make very few demands on their children.

Question 27

In response to parental conflict children sometimes display

A) internalizing behaviors.
B) externalizing behaviors.
C) both internalizing and externalizing behaviors.
D) neither internalizing nor externalizing behaviors.

Question 28

If parents are loving and warm towards their children, children are likely to

A) want to maintain the parents' love and approval.
B) be indifferent to the threat of punishment.
C) respond better to physical punishment than other forms of punishment.
D) take their parents' affection for granted.

Question 29

Research suggests that marital conflict is associated with

A) distress in children while they witness the conflict, but negative effects that are longer lasting have not been found.
B) negative effects on children regardless of the nature of the conflict.
C) negative effects on children only when the conflict is violent.
D) fewer negative effects on children when the disputes are constructive and resolved.

Question 30

The two dimensions of parental behavior that impact upon parent-child relationships are

A) authoritarianism and authoritativeness.
B) social status and economic stability.
C) emotionality and control.
D) reinforcement and modeling.

Question 31

Tommy is watching his father George closely as he shows his other son, Peter, how to correctly build a dog house for Tramp. Tommy imitates both his father and Peter as he watches. George and Peter are

A) reinforcing behavior for Tommy.
B) modeling behavior for Tommy.
C) classically conditioning Tommy.
D) ignoring and neglecting Tommy.

Question 32

Parents begin to socialize their children starting at birth; however, it becomes more systematic and is implemented more rigorously when children become

A) attached to their parents.
B) adolescents.
C) mobile and able to use language.
D) capable of displaying emotions.

Question 33

What event is most frequently associated with a shift toward more traditional types of family roles?

A) Pregnancy
B) The birth of the first child
C) Marriage
D) Divorce

Question 34

Studies have shown that immediately following the birth of the first child, the most profound decline in marital satisfaction is experienced

A) by mothers who work outside of their home.
B) by fathers.
C) equally by both parents.
D) by neither parent; it is the birth of subsequent children that results in a decline in marital satisfaction.

Question 35

Which of the following statements about the parent-child system is true?

A) Parents should use the same parenting strategies with all of their children.
B) Individual children may develop differently within the same family.
C) There are some particular parenting styles that are effective with all children.
D) Children are rarely able to remain resilient in adverse family environments.

Question 36

Who is more susceptible to the negative effects of family disharmony?

A) Boys
B) Girls
C) Both boys and girls equally
D) Stepchildren

Question 37

Which one of the following has NOT been given as a reason why parental warmth is important in the socialization process?

A) Children wish to maintain the approval of warm and loving parents.
B) Warm parents often place few demands on their children in order to avoid conflict, resulting in more harmonious homes.
C) The use of reasoning and explanation by warm parents permits internalization of social rules by the child.
D) Loving parents are likely to be responsive parents, which in turn leads to higher self-esteem in children.

Question 38

Mr. and Mrs. Wright are screaming and yelling at each other over the family budget. They are much more likely to continue this fight

A) in front of their stepchildren.
B) in front of their children and not their in-laws.
C) in front of their sons.
D) in front of their daughters.

Question 39

Research suggests that the birth of a difficult child

A) tends to bring a couple closer together.
B) is associated with conflict in already fragile marriages.
C) is associated with more conflict in strong marriages than weak marriages.
D) is usually caused by parental conflict that occurs prenatally.

Question 40

The goal of socialization is

A) parental control of child behavior.
B) appropriate recognition of the authority of adults.
C) socially responsible self-regulation by the child.
D) to make children want to avoid punishment.

Question 41

According to Baumrind's parenting styles classification system, parents who permit their children personal freedom within limits and impose discipline and restrictions without being overly hostile or demanding are labeled

A) authoritative.
B) authoritarian.
C) permissive.
D) uninvolved.

Question 42

According to Baumrind, parents who use discipline in a rather lax and inconsistent manner and encourage the free expression of their children's impulses are

A) democratic.
B) permissive.
C) authoritative.
D) uninvolved.

Question 43

Based on Baumrind's research, which of the following parenting styles are associated with these child behavior patterns?

A) Permissive parent-impulsive, aggressive children
B) Uninvolved parent-fearful, achievement-oriented children
C) Authoritarian parent-energetic, friendly children
D) Authoritative parent-conflicted, irritable children

Question 44

Jack is a spoiled, impulsive, uncontrollable child in Mrs. McKenna's preschool class. From speaking directly to Jack's parents, Mrs. McKenna believes they are too lax and inconsistent in disciplining Jack at home. She thinks they are probably __________ parents.

A) uncaring
B) permissive
C) authoritative
D) authoritarian

Question 45

Which type of parent appears to be motivated to do whatever is necessary to minimize the costs in time and effort in interacting with their children?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Uninvolved
D) Permissive

Question 46

Marie and Nathan have very rigid rules for their children. When the children question their rules, they tell the children they have to follow the rules because "We say so". They are typically unresponsive to their children's needs when using discipline. Baumrind would classify these parents as displaying which parenting style?

A) Permissive
B) Uninvolved
C) Authoritarian
D) Authoritative

Question 47

Power-assertive methods of discipline

A) rely heavily on the superior power of the parent.
B) involve parents' use of reasoning to present alternative courses of action to the child.
C) involve the minimum amount of pressure necessary to change the child's behavior.
D) involve parents giving in to children.

Question 48

Co-parenting patterns during infancy

A) are most effective when one parent limits the other parent's level of participation in parenting.
B) are only effective when there is a strong marital relationship.
C) are unrelated to children's behavior after infancy.
D) that involve hostility and competitiveness between parents are related to behavior problems in the preschool years

Question 49

Children who view themselves as helpless or unworthy are likely to have parents who

A) use power-assertive methods of discipline.
B) try to avoid situations that may cause embarrassment or humiliation for the child.
C) provide reasons when setting limits.
D) give into their child's demands.

Question 50

Which of the following is NOT one of the challenges to the parenting style approach?

A) Greater attention should be given to how much a child's temperament influences parenting style.
B) Authoritative parenting style is likely to be even more advantageous in high-risk environments.
C) Baumrind's parenting styles may not generalize to other ethnic or cultural groups.
D) Factors like a parent's social integration into a neighborhood may be important predictors of what parenting style they use.

Question 51

The birth of a second child is related to

A) increased father participation in child care.
B) decreased father participation in child care
C) increased interaction between spouses.
D) increased interaction between parents and firstborn children.

Question 52

One aspect of Chinese upbringing not reflected in Western concepts of authoritative parenting is

A) achievement according to individual wishes.
B) emphasis placed on excelling above members in your peer group.
C) emphasis placed on career choices in medicine.
D) achievement according to family and social norms.

Question 53

Compared to later-born children, firstborn children tend to

A) be more adult-oriented, conscientious, and to excel more academically.
B) have less self-control, less anxiety, and be more light-hearted.
C) be less conforming, less studious, and more likely to support innovative ideas.
D) have higher self-confidence, have lower status jobs, and less guilt.

Question 54

The behavior of uninvolved parents and their relationships with their children can be described as

A) parent-centered.
B) child-centered.
C) mutually interactive.
D) mutually beneficial.

Question 55

Use of immediate rewards or punishments to control behavior

A) is more effective with younger children.
B) is more effective with adolescents.
C) is equally effective with younger children and adolescents.
D) has not been found to be effective for any children.

Question 56

You baby-sit for your neighbor's child who is friendly, cooperative, and self-reliant. These parents are likely to use which parenting style with their child?

A) Authoritarian
B) Authoritative
C) Permissive
D) Neglectful

Question 57

As the child becomes more cognitively and socially competent, one observes a shift in control, the desired outcome being

A) the child's ability to bargain.
B) self-control in the child.
C) parental control that is not questioned.
D) respect for authority.

Question 58

Research findings regarding the characteristics of only children show that

A) only children are likely to be spoiled.
B) only children experience parental demands similar to first-borns.
C) only children are often lonely and have low self-esteem.
D) later-borns and only children show similar characteristics.

Question 59

Baumrind's research in the area of parenting styles has found the most positive outcomes for children who had

A) authoritarian parents.
B) permissive parents.
C) authoritative parents.
D) uninvolved parents.

Question 60

Cross-cultural research indicates that Chinese mothers' parenting style is characterized by

A) harsh and rigid control.
B) a belief that the child can choose what is best.
C) high involvement and devotion.
D) parental rejection and distance.

Question 61

The best predictor of children's adjustment following divorce is

A) the custody arrangement.
B) the degree of parental conflict
C) how soon remarriage occurs.
D) the involvement of the stepparent.

Question 62

The most difficult time, in terms of its impact on children, for a remarriage to occur is

A) the preschool period.
B) middle childhood.
C) adolescence.
D) infancy.

Question 63

One reason why Asian Americans and European Americans may perform better academically is because

A) parents use authoritative parenting more in these groups than in other ethnic groups.
B) they belong to peer groups that encourage engagement in academic activities.
C) teachers prefer these students and give them preferential treatment.
D) they are higher in socioeconomic status; when SES is controlled, academic differences disappear.

Question 64

Your sister Chris was divorced six months ago. She has custody of her two children, Brian and Andrew, ages 7 and 9. Both boys are having difficulties in school and your sister has yet to be her old self. What can you tell your sister about when she should expect things to get better?

A) Usually during the second year following the divorce, most families experience improvements.
B) Most families experience turmoil for several years following a divorce.
C) Life will never really get better; the impact of the divorce will cause ongoing problems.
D) The first year is the worst for all involved and, even though your sister will seem better in a year or so, her sons will continue to have problems.

Question 65

Powerlessness may be one reason why there is considerable psychological distress among

A) the poor.
B) single mothers.
C) children.
D) remarried fathers.

Question 66

Separating differences in developmental outcomes due to ethnicity and social class

A) is easy to do with modern statistical techniques.
B) is difficult because neither ethnicity nor social class is a well-defined concept.
C) is difficult because they are often confounded.
D) is not important because they are separate issues.

Question 67

Compared to more affluent children, children from poor families are more likely to

A) be placed in high-quality child-care settings.
B) have had adequate prenatal nutrition.
C) have more opportunities for cognitive stimulation.
D) have parents with physical and emotional problems.

Question 68

Father involvement in child care

A) decreases when mothers begin working.
B) is associated with greater social maturity in children in dual- and single-earner families.
C) is only important for dual-earner families.
D) has decreased in recent years.

Question 69

Duncan and colleagues have found that the chances a low-income child will graduate from high school are dramatically increased if

A) there is a $10,000 increase in income during the first five years of life.
B) there is a $10,000 increase in income during middle school.
C) there is a $10,000 increase in income during high school.
D) a family moves to a nicer house at some point during childhood.

Question 70

Which of the following has NOT been found to be a long-term effect of divorce?

A) Higher risk of dropping out of high school
B) Decreased life expectancy
C) Lower divorce rates
D) Teenage pregnancy

Question 71

The risks associated with leaving children unsupervised and allowing them to be latch-key kids can be reduced if

A) parents do distal monitoring
B) mothers stop working and stay home.
C) parents rely on other parents in the neighborhood to check on their children.
D) parents begin leaving them unsupervised when they are very young.

Question 72

Women who are employed outside the home

A) have sons who perceive females as being less competent.
B) have daughters who are traditionally female.
C) have children with more traditional views of sex roles.
D) still tend to do a larger portion of the child care and housework than fathers.

Question 73

found that, compared to other mothers, those mothers who told stories that emphasized achievement and rejection

A) engaged in more turn taking and reciprocal interactions with their children.
B) were more intrusive and directive with their children.
C) took a more active role in their children's academic development.
D) were closer to their children.

Question 74

Economic stress is found

A) mainly in poor families.
B) mainly in middle-class families.
C) mainly in European Americans.
D) in families of various ethnic backgrounds and income levels.

Question 75

Parents who delay parenting until after age 30

A) tend to be more adult-centered.
B) experience more frustration in parenting, especially if they used reproductive technologies to conceive.
C) often experience and display more positive affects when interacting with their children.
D) are more traditional, with mothers doing most of the child care and fathers being less involved.

Question 76

Which patterns of parenting are most likely to be seen when blending families with stepparents?

A) Stepmothers appear to be more involved with discipline than stepfathers.
B) Stepfathers become actively involved in decision making for stepchildren shortly after remarriage occurs.
C) Stepmothers frequently disengage themselves from their stepchildren.
D) Stepfathers show stepchildren more affection than their biological fathers.

Question 77

Which is NOT a trend in the changing nature of the American family in recent years?

A) Increase in average household size
B) Increase in single-parent households
C) Increase in out-of-wedlock births
D) Increase in the number of working mothers

Question 78

Ethnic minority groups such as Latinos and Asian Americans are likely to place greater emphasis than European Americans on

A) interdependence.
B) achievement orientation.
C) self-reliance.
D) peer relationships.

Question 79

Which one of the following findings regarding siblings has NOT been reported?

A) Older siblings often serve as models, teachers, and supervisors of their younger siblings.
B) Older siblings tend to show more antagonistic behavior than younger siblings do.
C) Older siblings tend to show more nurturing behavior than younger siblings do.
D) Older siblings tend to let the younger children dominate them.

Question 80

Following divorce,

A) children experience better outcomes when the noncustodial parent is not involved.
B) mothers and sons are likely to form exceptionally close relationships.
C) mothers are more likely to have trouble dealing with their daughters than their sons.
D) mothers are more likely to have trouble dealing with their sons than their daughters.