Deck 11: Hearing I: Basic Processes and Pitch Perception

Question 1

 When listening to music, which method will help ensure you hear all of the frequencies represented in the piece

A) Hold volume constant throughout the piece.
B) Turn the volume down (e.g., 20 dB) so the music is quiet.
C) Turn the volume up (e.g., 80 dB) so the music is loud.
D) Play white noise in the background to allow better discrimination.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

 The outer ear consists of _____.

A) the pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane
B) the pinnae, the eardrum, and the oval window
C) the tympanic membrane, the oval window, and the eardrum
D) the cochlea

Answer 2

A

Question 3

 A complex tone can be created by starting with a pure tone, called the _____, and adding frequencies that are multiples of this first frequency.

A) fundamental frequency
B) harmonic frequency
C) spatial frequency?
D) audible frequency

Answer 3

A

Question 4

 The speed of sound through air is _____.

A) 50 meters per second
B) 340 meters per second
C) 1500 meters per second?
D) 3000 meters per second

Question 5

 The question "If a tree falls in a forest and no one is there to hear it, would there be a sound
Is useful because it highlights that "sound" can be _____.

A) only a physical stimulus?
B) only a perceptual response
C) both a perceptual response and a physical stimulus
D) only a philosophical construct

Question 6

 Alessandra is at a concert and can "feel" the music. The music is most likely being played at _____ dBs.

A) 66
B) 88
C) 102
D) 130

Question 7

 Adding an 880 Hz tone and a 1320 Hz tone to a 440 Hz tone will result in _____.

A) a pure tone
B) a complex tone
C) a "hissing" sound
D) white noise

Question 8

 The unit of measurement for sound wave frequency is _____.

A) bels
B) decibels
C) Hertz
D) degrees

Question 9

 The range of human hearing is between _____ Hz.

A) 10 and 200
B) 10 and 2000
C) 20 and 20,000
D) 20 and 50,000

Question 10

 As you increase the decibel level from 80 dB to 100 dB, the sound pressure ratio goes from _____ to _____.

A) 80; 100
B) 800; 1000
C) 100; 1000
D) 10,000; 100,000

Question 11

 The sound quality that is related to the sounds clarity, "nasalness" or "reedy-ness" is _____.

A) pitch
B) amplitude
C) timbre
D) frequency

Question 12

 An important difference between vision and hearing is that _____.

A) sound waves can travel around corners but light waves cannot
B) although limited vision can be disabling, limited hearing cannot
C) it is possible to "make up for" limited hearing using vision but not for limited vision using hearing
D) while hearing cannot be used as an indicator of approaching danger, vision obviously can

Question 13

 The wave form pattern of a pure tone is a(n) _____.

A) square wave
B) random wave
C) asymmetrical wave
D) sine wave

Question 14

 Kat wants to buy a "dog whistle" that her dog can hear but she can't. She should get a whistle that emits sounds in the range between ____ and _____ Hz.

A) 100; 900
B) 1,000; 5,000
C) 15,000; 20,000
D) 30,000; 40,000

Question 15

 _____ is the property of increasing pitch that accompanies increases in the tone's frequency.

A) Tone height?
B) Tone chroma
C) Tone octave
D) Equal tonality?

Question 16

 Pitch is primarily determined by the _____ of the sound wave.

A) amplitude
B) clarity
C) decibels
D) frequency

Question 17

 The sound pressure level increases ____ as the decibel level increases from 40 to 80 dBs.

A) 1.5 times
B) 2 times
C) 4 times
D) 10 times

Question 18

 A frequency spectrum shows a tone that is composed of a frequency of 440 Hz, 880 Hz, and 1320 Hz. The 880 Hz and 1320 Hz frequencies are called _____ in this example.

A) fundamental frequencies
B) harmonics
C) tertiary frequencies
D) quadratic frequencies

Question 19

 The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using _____.

A) equal loudness curves
B) timbre resonance curves
C) receiver operating characteristic curves
D) Fourier functions

Question 20

 A piano tone played backwards will sound more likely an organ than a piano because _____.

A) the tone's original decay has become the attack, and vice versa
B) the tone chroma is higher when played backwards
C) the tone height is decreased when played backwards
D) two middle harmonics are eliminated when played backwards

Question 21

 Auditory nerve fibers fire in synchrony with the rising and falling pressure of the pure tone, a phenomenon called _____.

A) motile response
B) place theory
C) phase locking
D) Fourier analysis

Question 22

 Békésy's place theory of hearing proposes that the frequency of a sound is _____.

A) based on how much the inner hair cells are bent?
B) based on how much the outer hair cells are bent
C) based on whether the sound is processed through the round window or the oval window
D) the place along the basilar membrane that vibrates the most

Question 23

 The outer hair cells respond to sound by slightly tilting and changing length. Because of the consequence of this, the action of the outer hair cells is called the _____.

A) the tuning response
B) the cochlear amplifier
C) phase lock mechanism.
D) the traveling wave

Question 24

 When the tip links in the cilia stretch, ion channels open and _____.

A) sodium flows into the cell
B) potassium flows into the cell
C) sodium flows out of the cell
D) potassium flows out of the cell

Question 25

 The cochlear implant makes use of _____.

A) phase locking mechanisms in the sound processor
B) the tonotopic map of frequencies on the cochlea
C) artificial ossicles
D) resonance harmonics on the tectorial membrane

Question 26

 The motion of the basilar membrane results in _____.

A) direct stimulation of hair cell cilia
B) only the back-and-forth movement of the organ of Corti
C) only the up-and-down motion of the tectorial membrane
D) movement of both the organ of Corti and the tectorial membrane

Question 27

 As the frequency increases, the place on the membrane that vibrates the most moves from _____.

A) the base at the end of the cochlea toward the apex at the oval window
B) the apex at the oval window toward the base at the end of the cochlea
C) the apex at the end of the cochlea toward the base at the oval window.
D) the base at the oval window toward the apex at the end of the cochlea

Question 28

 The bending of the cilia of the _____ causes a release of small bursts of neurotransmitter.

A) inner hair cells
B) outer hair cells
C) tectorial membrane
D) apex

Question 29

 Hearing loss that occurs as a function of age is called _____.

A) presbyopia
B) presbycusis
C) aural ataxiac
D) anosmia

Question 30

 A guinea pig tonotopic map shows that a receptor close to the apex will respond to a tone of _____ Hz.

A) 60
B) 800
C) 7,000
D) 30,000

Question 31

 The audibility curve of a six-month-old infant _____.

A) is similar to the audibility curve for an adult
B) is the same as the audibility curve for a one-month-old
C) cannot be determined at such a young age
D) shows that localization develops over the first 6 months

Question 32

 A complex tone composed of a 440 Hz tone, an 880 Hz tone, and a 1320 HZ tone is presented. Which part of the basilar membrane will respond

A) the apex
B) the base
C) one intermediate area
D) the three different areas characteristic of each individual component

Question 33

 The role of the middle ear is _____.

A) to localize sounds in the environment?
B) to initiate the process of transduction via hair cells
C) to enable fine-tuned frequency analyses of complex tonal stimuli
D) to amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid

Question 34

 Which of the following does not need an outer or middle ear to hear effectively

A) dogs
B) cats
C) fish
D) horses

Question 35

 The function of the muscles of the middle ear is to _____.

A) intensify sounds at high intensities
B) intensify sounds at high frequencies
C) dampen the ossicles vibrations at high intensities
D) divert high frequencies to the oval window and low frequencies to the round window

Question 36

 At their highest settings, portable music players can reach ____, which is _____ OSHA's recommended maximum.

A) 100; 15 dB higher than
B) 155; 8 dB higher than
C) 85; equal to
D) 76; 20 dB less than

Question 37

 The correct order of the ossicles in the middle ear (from ear drum to oval window) is _____.

A) stirrup; anvil; hammer
B) stirrup; hammer; anvil
C) malleus; incus; stapes
D) stapes; malleus; incus

Question 38

 Békésy discovered the traveling wave motion of the basilar membrane by _____.

A) stimulating the ear of human cadavers
B) using brain imaging techniques in humans
C) using single-cell recordings from live monkeys
D) computer simulations

Question 39

 Bendor and Wang (2005), when presenting a complex tone with a 182 Hz fundamental frequency to a marmoset, found a neuron that responded to a 182-Hz tone when presented alone but not when any of the harmonics were presented alone. The neuron that responded just to 182-Hz tone is an example of a(n) _____ neuron.

A) plasticity
B) amplitude
C) pitch
D) spectral

Question 40

 The function of the auditory canal is to enhance the intensities of some frequency sounds by means of _____.

A) resonance
B) pinnae focusing
C) additive synthesis
D) auditory masking

Question 41

 Define loudness, pitch, and timbre and relate each to the physical sound stimulus.

Question 42

 If a pregnant mother reads the original version of The Cat in The Hat aloud
While pregnant, which version of The Cat in The Hat would the infant prefer after birth?

A) the original version, as it had been read to them prenatally?
B) a version in which the words "cat" and "hat" were replaced with "dog" and "fog"
C) a version in a language different than that read by the mother
D) all versions of the story equally, whether original or modified

Question 43

 Describe how the actions of the cochlea result in transduction.

Question 44

 Briefly describe the major principle of Békésy's place theory of hearing.

Question 45

 Discuss how noise-induced hearing loss can occur, and what can be done to reduce the chances of noise-induced hearing loss.

Question 46

 Describe the methods, results, and implications of research on the infant's ability to recognize the mother's voice.

Question 47

 Research supports that an infant's ability to recognize the mother's voice is due to _____.

A) genetics
B) the mother's diet during pregnancy
C) hearing the mother talk while in the womb
D) a well-developed auditory cortex at birth

Question 48

 Discuss the structures and functions of the middle ear.

Question 49

 DeCasper and Fifer used _____ as the dependent variable to test if two-day-old infants could identify the sound of the mother's voice.

A) eye movements
B) head tilts
C) pattern of nipple sucking
D) eye blinks

Question 50

 What are the major components of a cochlear implant?