Deck 8: Cognition and Perception

Question 1

During a professional ice hockey game,fans from around the world saw Tony Bertram,a professional hockey player,punch an unsuspecting player in the face and throw him onto the ice.Based on what you know about analytic and holistic thinking styles,which of the following do you think is most likely to happen?

A)East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's family problems.
B)East Asians will blame Tony's family problems,and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.
C)East Asians will blame Tony's nasty personality,and Westerners will blame Tony's family problems.
D)East Asians and Westerners will equally blame Tony's nasty personality.
E)East Asians will blame Tony's family problems,and Westerners will blame Tony's teammates.

Answer 1

East Asians will blame Tony's family problems,and Westerners will blame Tony's nasty personality.

Question 2

An American student,Ronald,and his Chinese friend,Rui,are looking up at the clear blue sky,where just a few clouds are visible.Coincidentally,the clouds are all grouped into one cluster just above Ronald and Rui.The two start naming shapes that they see in the clouds.Which of the following is most likely to happen in this scenario?

A)Rui will give more responses that are diagnostic of psychological disorders than Ronald.
B)Rui will give more visual descriptions than Ronald.
C)Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald,who will base his answers more on a single cloud.
D)Rui will give more creative answers than Ronald.
E)Rui will give more descriptive and complex responses than Ronald.

Answer 2

Rui will give answers that are based more on the cluster of clouds than Ronald,who will base his answers more on a single cloud.

Question 3

Which of the following most accurately portrays field dependence?

A)someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task
B)someone who is better at the absolute-line task than the relative-line task
C)someone who is good at both the relative-line and the absolute-line tasks
D)someone who cannot do well on either the relative-line task or the absolute-line task
E)someone who performs inconsistently on the relative-line and absolute-line tasks across trials

Answer 3

someone who is better at the relative-line task than the absolute-line task

Question 4

Research on cultural differences in reasoning reveals that

A)East Asians use analytic reasoning strategies in most math and science problems.
B)Westerners are less likely to use analytic reasoning strategies than East Asians when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions.
C)East Asians are more likely than Westerners to reason on the basis of abstract rules.
D)when there is a conflict between analytic and holistic solutions,Westerners are likely to make judgments based on similarity.
E)East Asians are unable to engage in analytic reasoning strategies.

Question 5

A Chinese art critic,Weiwei,and his American counterpart,William,are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground.If you were to compare the eye gaze of Weiwei and William,what would you find?

A)Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting,but become more similar over time attending to an object.
B)William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei.
C)Weiwei and William describe the painting differently,but they are actually looking at objects quite similarly.
D)William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.
E)The people standing in the background appear blurrier to William than they do to Weiwei.

Question 6

Which of the following examples most accurately portray research on cultural differences in communication style?

A)Hamada and Matsumoto,who are both Japanese,communicate with each other only by complimenting each other,and do not criticize each other.
B)Endo,who's Japanese,can't reach his friend,Tanaka,because Tanaka's cell phone is off,but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voicemail.
C)Yamazaki,who's Japanese,much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing,moreso than his American friend,Claudia.
D)Eric,who's American,is more likely to speak in an indirect,roundabout way with his friends than is Itao,who's Japanese.
E)Tsetsuya,who's Japanese,prefers to write to his friends moreso than does his American friend,Mike.

Question 7

People from cultures that do not have words for numbers beyond 2 or 3

A)can still detect changes in the number of objects in the same way as those who have words for a complete number set.
B)are unable to discriminate between different quantities.
C)are able to discriminate between rough proportions,but not for precise numbers.
D)can still do basic counting,but not basic addition or subtraction.
E)have no conception of what amount is visually greater than or smaller than another.

Question 8

Analytic thinking is argued to be associated with

A)field dependence.
B)family resemblance reasoning.
C)dispositional attributions.
D)high horizons in drawings.
E)None of these answers is correct.

Question 9

Comparisons of Asian-Americans and Euro-Americans in their performance on Raven's Progressive Matrices reveals that

A)Asian-Americans tend to outperform Euro-Americans.
B)Euro-Americans do worse on the task if they are reciting the alphabet.
C)Euro-Americans consistently do better on the task if they are saying something than if they are silent.
D)Asian-Americans do better on the task if they are reciting the alphabet than if they are silent.
E)thinking and talking are largely unrelated for Euro-Americans.

Question 10

Ayumi is a Japanese student,and Alice is a European-Canadian student.They are both participating in a study in which they are asked to provide some self-descriptions.Which of the following is the likeliest outcome of this study?

A)Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is an introverted person across different situations.
B)Ayumi is likelier than Alice to say that she is both considerate and selfish.
C)Ayumi is likelier than Alice to focus on her individual characteristics,such as intelligence.
D)Ayumi is likelier than Alice to be optimistic over the long term.
E)Ayumi is likelier than Alice to reference her physiological states.

Question 11

According to research by Atran,Medin,and colleagues,Yukatek Maya children

A)are fundamentally anthropocentric.
B)are more anthropocentric than Euro-American children.
C)have a richer understanding of the social world than do Euro-American children.
D)are more likely than Euro-American children to project features from animals to humans.
E)enjoy the social world more than do Euro-American children.

Question 12

Color terms from different cultures around the world

A)vary in arbitrary ways.
B)are pretty much the same everywhere,with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum.
C)vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green,whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.
D)all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.
E)do not consistently contain a word for "black."

Question 13

Anthropocentrism is

A)a cultural universal.
B)something typical of children everywhere,although adults in some cultures no longer demonstrate it.
C)more common among children who grow up in close proximity to many kinds of animals in the wild.
D)more common among holistic reasoners than among analytic reasoners.
E)None of these statements is true.

Question 14

Jade,a European-Canadian real estate agent,and Jing,a Chinese real estate agent,are trying to figure out what to tell their clients about the market's outlook.Compared to Jade,Jing will

A)have predictions that are consistently more pessimistic.
B)have predictions that are consistently more optimistic.
C)have predictions that follow smoothly more from past patterns.
D)have predictions that are less linear given past patterns.
E)not be able to have predictions because multiple alternatives could be possible for East Asians.

Question 15

Analytic thinking is best characterized by

A)taxonomic categorization.
B)thematic categorization.
C)multiple-level categorization.
D)categorical analysis.
E)synthetically integrating theses and anti-theses.

Question 16

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT

A)Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
B)cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.
C)Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error.
D)Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.
E)All of these statements are true.

Question 17

When it comes to analytic reasoning tasks,East Asians

A)choose family-resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments.
B)on average,have much difficulty with them relative to Westerners.
C)typically provide holistic answers.
D)are usually unable to solve them.
E)tend to be poorer at using analytical skills than Westerners.

Question 18

The Department of Chemistry is trying to understand how people solve problems in organic chemistry classes.Students are given a series of complex organic chemistry problems to solve.Which of the following will characterize the students' performance?

A)East Asian students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process;but their performance will be relatively unaffected if they recite their own names repeatedly.
B)Western students will perform worse on the problems if they are asked to verbally articulate their thinking process,or if they recite their own names repeatedly.
C)Verbally articulating their thought process enhances the performance of East Asian students on the problems.
D)Reciting their names repeatedly enhances the performance of Western students on the problems.
E)Any student who verbally expresses anything unrelated to the problems will do poorly on them.

Question 19

People who are especially field dependent tend to be

A)introverted.
B)from Western cultures.
C)hunters or herders.
D)from large,industrialized cities.
E)None of these answers are correct.

Question 20

Horatio and Gil are debating the legalization of marijuana.Horatio is for legalization,while Gil is against it.It has been said that,separately,Horatio's argument is strong,while Gil's argument is weak.Zhang,a Chinese student,is watching the debate.Compared to how Zhang would perceive the arguments if he were to encounter just one argument,how will he perceive the arguments if they are both presented to him?

A)Zhang would be less confident that either argument is true.
B)Zhang would become more convinced that each argument is true.
C)Zhang would become less convinced that Horatio's argument is true,but become more convinced that Gil's argument is true.
D)Zhang would become more committed to his initial position,whatever it may be.
E)Zhang would become more convinced that Horatio's argument is true,but become less convinced that Gil's argument is true.

Question 21

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence.The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left.Which of the following most likely describes the participant?

A)His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right.
B)He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west.
C)He sees time as going from south to north,and is currently facing west.
D)He uses two spatial markers on his body-his head and his feet-to indicate how time passes.
E)He conceptualizes time as going from east to west,and is facing north.

Question 22

Which of the following is an example of anthropocentrism?

A)Kelly thinks that dogs are able to sniff out food better than humans can.
B)Jonathan thinks that humans can take on the animal nature of wolves.
C)Meredith thinks that cats love to play with their human owners.
D)Joanne thinks that cows have all the emotions that humans have.
E)Ronald thinks that humans are able to trick bears into thinking that they are dead.

Question 23

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall.You think that the person is a clumsy person,but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street.In this situation,which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in?

A)an argument
B)dispositional attribution
C)inferential judgment
D)conclusion making
E)field dependence

Question 24

Your roommate is from a high context culture.As a result,which of the following is most likely to be an exchange between the two of you?

A)You ask your roommate if you can use her hairdryer,and she responds with an uneasy expression and says,"I guess so."
B)Your roommate asks you if she can use your yoga mat,and you reply,"I'll think about it."
C)Your roommate is practicing dancing in the living room even though you want to watch TV.
D)You ask your roommate why she seems upset with you,and she responds by telling you exactly what she's thinking,providing the whole context for you to understand.
E)Your roommate doesn't plan on coming home for dinner,but doesn't call ahead of time.

Question 25

Which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated with?

A)implicit communication
B)explicit communication
C)incremental theory of the world
D)entity theory of the self
E)incremental theory of self

Question 26

After conducting a survey of every culture around the world,you find that only the Iberians say that snakes and tigers cannot be evil and mean-spirited and share no qualities with humans.From these results,what can you conclude?

A)Excluding the Iberians,anthropocentrism would be an accessibility universal or above.
B)Americans engage in anthropocentrism.
C)The Iberians engage in much anthropocentrism.
D)Excluding the Iberians,anthropocentrism would be a functional universal or above.
E)Excluding the Iberians,anthropocentrism would be an existential universal or above.

Question 27

Jeremy and Jason took a test to see how high their individualism and collectivism scores are.Jeremy's individualism score is 9 out of 18,and his collectivism score is 11 out of 18.Jason's individualism score is 12 out of 18,and his collectivism score is 8 out of 18.Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A)Jeremy is likelier than Jason to engage in analytic reasoning.
B)Jason is likelier than Jeremy to engage in field dependence.
C)Jason is likelier than Jeremy to create novel inventions.
D)Both are equally likely to engage in naïve dialecticism.
E)Both are equally likely to engage in anthropocentrism.

Question 28

A human,a giraffe,and a car.Which one doesn't belong?

A)analytic thinker: human;holistic thinker: car
B)analytic thinker: giraffe;holistic thinker: human
C)analytic thinker: car;holistic thinker: giraffe
D)analytic thinker: car;holistic thinker: car
E)analytic thinker: giraffe;holistic thinker: giraffe

Question 29

Two families are claiming to be the family of a lost mystery child.You are a judge who uses holistic reasoning,and must determine which family is the correct one.This is before the days of DNA analysis,so you must use family resemblance as your guide.Based on research about reasoning styles,what do you do to establish a familial relationship?

A)ask the child which group of people look the most familiar,to activate the child's implicit memory
B)focus on one feature that is shared between one family and the child
C)consider what is best for the child and choose the family that looks wealthier
D)look at which family has approximately the same constellation of features as the child
E)decide that the case cannot be determined because the two conflicting claims make them equally convincing

Question 30

You are leading a group of researchers from Japan and the United States to come up with a new invention based on current designs for the car,so that your company can submit a patent.Based on culture and creative thinking,which of the following is the most likely to happen?

A)Japanese researchers' preference for the status quo will lead them to think that current car designs are sufficient;American researchers will focus on making only slight adjustments to make cars more functional.
B)Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs.
C)Japanese researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to current car designs;American researchers will want the status quo and to keep current car designs.
D)Japanese and American researchers will both focus on making minor adjustments to current car designs to make cars more functional.
E)Japanese researchers will focus on making minor adjustments to cars to make them more functional;American researchers will focus on making revolutionizing changes to them.