Deck 2: The Evolution of Humanity and Culture

Question 1

Gorillas live in what type of social group?

A)single-male, multi-female
B)male only
C)fission-fusion
D)solitary
E)female only

Answer 1

single-male, multi-female

Question 2

The most recently discovered species of Homo, a dwarfed form found on an island in the Pacific, has been named __________.

A)H. erectus
B)H. baliensis
C)H. sapiens
D)H. rudolphensis
E)H. floresiensis

Answer 2

H. floresiensis

Question 3

The only great ape found in Asia is the __________.

A)chimpanzee
B)orangutan
C)baboon
D)bonobo
E)gorilla

Answer 3

orangutan

Question 4

__________ are bifacial stone tools dating to about 1.7 million years ago and named for a site in France.

A)Riviera spearpoints
B)Acheulian handaxes
C)Loire axes
D)Marseille handaxes
E)Mousterian choppers

Question 5

According to the textbook, __________ were the first modern humans in Europe.

A)Homo floresiensis
B)Homo habilis
C)Cro-Magnon
D)Archaic Homo
E)none of the above

Question 6

A main difference between chimpanzees and bonobos is that _________.

A)chimpanzees are more social than bonobos
B)chimpanzees are more bipedal than bonobos
C)bonobos use sexual interactions to prevent conflict
D)bonobos are genetically much closer to humans than chimpanzees
E)none of the above: chimpanzees and bonobos are very similar in behavior

Question 7

Current paleoanthropological evidence indicates that the human ancestral line diverged from that of the living great apes ________.

A)1-2 million years ago
B)2-3 million years ago
C)4-8 million years ago
D)8-15 million years ago
E)more than 15 million years ago

Question 8

The earliest known primitive hominin is __________.

A)Sahelanthropus tchadensis
B)Orrorin tugenensis
C)The Hobbit
D)Archaic hominins
E)Australopithecus afarensis

Question 9

An example of nonhuman primate culture is __________.

A)sign language when the group decides to migrate
B)female chimpanzees wearing leaves around their waist
C)certain forms of greeting such as the raised hand clasp
D)cooking meat over natural fires
E)making musical sounds

Question 10

The Upper Paleolithic is characterized by what kind of technology?

A)microlith technology
B)Levallois technique
C)projectile points
D)core and flake technology
E)blade technology

Question 11

Homo habilis is associated with a tools called __________.

A)microlithic
B)Oldowan
C)Acheulian
D)Mousterian
E)all of the above

Question 12

The fossil Lucy fits in the category of __________.

A)early hominins
B)archaic Homo
C)Neanderthals
D)Homo floresiensis, or the Hobbits
E)great ape

Question 13

Tapeworm infections in archaic Homo likely indicate __________.

A)malnutrition
B)drinking bad water
C)eating cultivated food
D)settled life and living in large groups
E)eating meat

Question 14

Evidence suggests that the first hominins left Africa __________.

A)10,000 years ago
B)100,000 years ago
C)around 2 million years ago
D)more than 20 million years ago
E)5 million years ago

Question 15

Most nonhuman primate species are __________.

A)arboreal and terrestrial
B)arboreal, quadrupedal, and diurnal
C)terrestrial, bipedal and nocturnal
D)arboreal, bipedal, and nocturnal
E)terrestrial, quadrupedal, and diurnal

Question 16

Most known Neanderthal sites in Western Europe are located __________.

A)in caves and rock shelters
B)in open savanna areas
C)on mountain slopes
D)in forested areas
E)near large rivers

Question 17

Where is the earliest evidence of the Neolithic revolution found?

A)Greece
B)Kenya
C)Mesopotamia
D)Egypt
E)China

Question 18

Which of the following plants is the oldest known domesticate?

A)gourd
B)white potatoes
C)wheat
D)maize
E)rice

Question 19

Most Neanderthal fossils are found in association with toolkits referred to as __________.

A)Oldowan
B)Acheulian
C)Proto-European
D)Mousterian
E)Chad toolkit

Question 20

Archaeologist Ian Gilligan differentiates between what two types of clothing and their thermal effectiveness in situations of extreme cold in explaining Neanderthal extinction?

A)Mousterian and Oldowan
B)simple and complex
C)handmade and manufactured
D)Eurasian and Alaskan
E)Neolithic and Paleolithic

Question 21

The first domesticated animal was the dog.

Question 22

The earliest plant and animal domesticates appeared in Europe around 4000 BCE.

Question 23

Analysis of Neanderthal DNA suggests that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred in the Middle East around 100,000 years ago.

Question 24

What was the most important factor leading to state formation in the Andes?

A)warfare
B)class stratification
C)population pressure
D)corn
E)irrigation works

Question 25

Bonobos frequently use sexual contact, including genital-genital rubbing, to prevent and resolve social conflicts.

Question 26

The domestication of __________ was the first step in the transition to the Neolithic in Africa.

A)rice
B)wheat
C)millet
D)cattle
E)deer

Question 27

H. erectus is the first species of hominin widely distributed across the Old World.

Question 28

Discoveries associated with the Dmanisi fossils in Georgia have caused scientists to question the origin of Mousterian tools.

Question 29

Evidence suggests that the most important factor leading to sedentism in the western hemisphere was __________.

A)population pressure
B)climate change
C)lack of large game
D)the high status of women in Clovis culture
E)cultivation of maize

Question 30

Moderns humans are not part of the primate order.

Question 31

The average Neanderthal brain size is about half the size as that of modern humans.

Question 32

As modern humans migrated out of Africa they initially settled in the Middle East.

Question 33

Humans are the only animals capable of making and using tools.

Question 34

Oldowan tools were probably only one type of tool made and used by their makers.

Question 35

The most common primate social group is the multi-male/multi-female group.

Question 36

All anthropologists agree that nonhuman primates have some form of culture.

Question 37

In contrast to its wide geographic range, Clovis culture lasted only a short period of time.

Question 38

Like humans, most primate species are highly social.

Question 39

Australian archaeologist Ian Gilligan hypothesizes that Neanderthals died out because of their lack of ability to make simple clothing.

Question 40

There is little variation in the social behavior of living nonhuman primate species.

Question 41

What does the word "civilization" mean, literally?

Question 42

A __________ is a mound created by the accumulation of generations of human occupations.

Question 43

Evidence that Neanderthals and modern humans interbred comes from __________.

Question 44

A fossil recently found near Hadar, Ethiopia belongs to a species of __________.

Question 45

__________ is the term for nonhuman primates whose diet is not specialized.

Question 46

The concept of __________, which describes the spread of culture through contact, is thought to have been responsible for the Neolithic transition.

Question 47

__________ is a form of primate locomotion that involves arboreal travel using the forelimbs to swing from branch to branch.

Question 48

Mesopotamia means "the land of high mountains."

Question 49

A ziggurat is a small house in prehistoric Mesopotamia.

Question 50

__________ are tools that nonhuman primates use and for cracking open nuts.

Question 51

In what region of the western hemisphere was the potato first domesticated?

Question 52

Çatalhöyük, in central Turkey, is an important __________ site of which era?

Question 53

Which was the first of the genus Homo to bury their dead?

Question 54

What is the economic strategy in which people depend mainly on domesticated animals for their food and livelihood?

Question 55

Cave art, wall paintings of animals, portable art, and figurine sculptures are a distinguishing feature of the__________ in Europe.

Question 56

Many early hominins were __________, meaning they walked and/or ran on two feet.

Question 57

Stonehenge dates to 10,000 years before the Neolithic.

Question 58

What characteristics distinguish the mammal order of primates? How do humans fit in the category, and how do humans diverge from general characteristics?

Question 59

Archeologists have shown that civilizations of the past have all collapsed.

Question 60

The __________ triad consists of corn, beans and squash.

Question 61

Describe the major theories for modern human migrations to and settlement of the New World.

Question 62

Compare Cahokia with Moche.

Question 63

Describe the evidence for early humans in Southeast Asia and the Pacific region.

Question 64

Discuss the achievements of modern humans in Europe during the Upper Paleolithic.

Question 65

Describe the early Mesopotamian city of Uruk.

Question 66

What are the characteristics

Question 67

Explain how clothing may have affected the Neanderthals' ability to survive as a species, theorized by Ian Gilligan.

Question 68

Describe the work of primatologist Biruté Galdikas in terms of both her research and her advocacy on behalf of orangutans.

Question 69

What are the three dominant hypotheses regarding why archaic Homo left Africa?

Question 70

Explain the stages of the transition to the Neolithic in Abu Hureyra, in the Middle East.

Question 71

Present the key features of AMH, or modern humans, compared to pre-modern hominin species in terms of anatomy and culture.

Question 72

Define culture in a way that is relevant to nonhuman primates and discuss examples from various species.

Question 73

Discuss two major stone tool traditions, their context