Deck 3: Ethical Issues

Question 1

A researcher wishes to study behavior in a kindergarten classroom. The researcher sends home permission slips to parents informing them of the study being conducted, with a statement asking parents to return a form refusing their child's participation in the study. The research includes all students in the research for whom parents did not return the refusal form. This is an example of _____.

A) informed consent
B) active consent
C) passive consent
D) ethical violation

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The research project that created a fictitious jail environment to observe the roles of inmates and guards and the authority dynamic in place is the _____________.

A) ARTICHOKE program
B) Zimbardo experiment
C) Humphreys' study
D) Milgram experiment

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Researchers may be led to breach the code of ethics when ________.

A) they have planned carefully during research design
B) their study does not break any laws
C) they have excess funding to use
D) they have thought deeply about risks to subjects

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Social scientists have an ethical obligation to the population they study because _______.

A) they study human subjects
B) they use quantitative data collection methods
C) they have no influence on policy and law
D) they have no risk of inflicting physical or emotional harm to subjects

Question 5

The research project that tested the tendency to obey authority figures even when orders are directly against one's ethical code through the imaginary use of electric shock is the ______________.

A) ARTICHOKE program
B) Zimbardo experiment
C) Humphreys' study
D) Milgram experiment

Question 6

The doctrine that was created to protect citizens from large private corporations and federal institutions and from the release of potentially erroneous information and records is the _____________.

A) Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act
B) National Research Act
C) Privacy Acts of 1974
D) U.S. Surgeon General Statement for Public Health Service Research

Question 7

The first regulation of research that established a review by an institutional committee as a requirement for research was the ____________.

A) Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act
B) National Research Act
C) Institutional Guide to DHEW [Department of Health, Education, and Welfare] Policy on Protection of Human Subjects
D) U.S. Surgeon General Statement for Public Health Service Research

Question 8

The mandate that research on human subjects must obtain approval by an institutional review and obtain informed consent from subjects is the ____________.

A) Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act
B) National Research Act
C) Institutional Guide to DHEW [Department of Health, Education, and Welfare] Policy on Protection of Human Subjects
D) U.S. Surgeon General Statement for Public Health Service Research

Question 9

The doctrine that established principles for ethical research, especially that subjects must voluntarily consent to participate, is the _______.

A) Nuremberg Code
B) National Research Act
C) Buckley Amendment
D) Privacy Acts of 1974

Question 10

The research project that observed casual homosexual encounters, and then tracked subjects to their homes using information from the subjects' license plates to obtain further survey information is the _______.

A) ARTICHOKE program
B) Zimbardo experiment
C) Humphreys' study
D) Milgram experiment

Question 11

When a researcher announces his/her role and intentions to study the subjects it is called ________.

A) participant observation
B) covert observation
C) complete participant observation
D) overt observation

Question 12

A researcher wishes to study behavior in a kindergarten classroom. The researcher sends home permission slips to parents informing them of the study being conducted, with a statement asking parents to return a signed permission form for the child to participate. The research includes only children for whom the signed permission form is received. This is an example of _____.

A) informed consent
B) active consent
C) passive consent
D) ethical violation

Question 13

The doctrine that required all institutions that sponsor research to establish institutional review committees is the __________.

A) Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act
B) National Research Act
C) Privacy Acts of 1974
D) U.S. Surgeon General Statement for Public Health Service Research

Question 14

Which example is NOT a reason that social scientists sometimes question the existence of IRBs?

A) IRBs are more fit to establish ethical guidelines for qualitative than quantitative research.
B) IRBs sometimes overstep intended purpose and limits.
C) IRBs can impede the search for answers to social problems.
D) IRBs help to mitigate risk of physical or emotional injury to research subjects.

Question 15

The doctrine that was the basis for the Declaration of Helsinki and the Ethical Guidelines for Clinical Investigation is the _______.

A) Nuremberg Code
B) National Research Act
C) Buckley Amendment
D) Privacy Acts of 1974

Question 16

The research project that used electroshock, LSD, hypnosis, and other drugs with the goal of determining how to obtain knowledge from subjects without their awareness of the researcher obtaining it is the __________.

A) ARTICHOKE program
B) Zimbardo experiment
C) Humphreys' study
D) Milgram experiment

Question 17

When a researcher secretly studies research subjects without informing them of the research it is called ________.

A) nonparticipant observation
B) covert observation
C) incomplete participant observation
D) overt observation

Question 18

The research project that observed individuals infected with syphilis for over 40 years and actively sought to keep the existence of the treatment from the participants is the _______.

A) Guatemala syphilis study
B) Milgram experiment
C) Tuskegee Syphilis Study
D) ARTICHOKE program

Question 19

The mandate that limited access to official records identifying an individual and prohibited release of personal information to anyone else without the written consent of the individual is the ____________.

A) Family Educational Rights to Privacy Act
B) National Research Act
C) Privacy Acts of 1974
D) U.S. Surgeon General Statement for Public Health Service Research

Question 20

The research project that actively infected subjects with syphilis to test the effectiveness of penicillin as a treatment is the _______.

A) Guatemala syphilis study
B) Milgram experiment
C) Tuskegee Syphilis Study
D) ARTICHOKE program

Question 21

A researcher who reveals his or her identity and goals to a population risks that people will alter their behaviors for the simple fact that they know they are being studied. This is called __________.

A) ethical absolutism
B) researcher reactivity
C) ethical relativism
D) Hawthorne effect

Question 22

Describe the potential problems that can be created if IRBs discourage research of certain topics due to disproportionate risk.

Question 23

The main goal of ethics in social research is to ensure that there is no harm done to human subjects through obtaining informed consent that indicates the member is informed of risks and is involved voluntarily. Sometimes researchers wish to study subjects without obtaining informed consent. What justifications can they use for this breach of ethical doctrines?

Question 24

An overt researcher role in which the researcher does not engage in activities of the group, but formally watches their behavior often over the course of a single visit, is called ____________.

A) complete participant
B) participant as observer
C) observer as participant
D) complete observer

Question 25

Explain the nuances of knowing how much information constitutes informed consent.

Question 26

What are several ways a researcher could increase success of debriefing for studies conducted over the Internet?

Question 27

A researcher seeks to study a subcultural, illegal, or deviant group to obtain accurate information freely without announcing his/her presence, which could alarm the population. To do so, the researcher undertakes significant risk, and engages fully with the group studied like any other group member. What research role is the researcher taking on?

A) complete participant
B) participant as observer
C) observer as participant
D) complete observer

Question 28

A researcher makes his/her intentions to study a group known, and then engages fully in the group's activities. This carries the risk of limiting rapport with original members of the group and "going native," or losing researcher objectivity through identification with the meanings of the group. What research role is the researcher taking on?

A) complete participant
B) participant as observer
C) observer as participant
D) complete observer

Question 29

Explain several reasons why it is difficult to define risk and ethics in qualitative research.

Question 30

A new ethical risk posed by Internet research is ________.

A) great geographical reach
B) 24-hour data collection
C) anonymity of subjects
D) difficulty in screening age of participants

Question 31

What are the provisions under which certain types of research (mainly survey procedures, interview procedures, or observations of public behavior) can be executed with expedited review or no review by an IRB?

Question 32

A person who believes that researchers have no right to invade people's privacy for research purposes and that deliberate deception of the researcher's true intentions can always cause potential harm to subjects is a(n) ______________.

A) ethical absolutist
B) reactive researcher
C) ethical relativist
D) Hawthorne effector

Question 33

What are some of the criteria for an IRB's members, and what guidelines are left fuzzy or unspecified?

Question 34

An overt researcher role in which the researcher remains immersed in the population studied for a long period of time, watching and recording the activities of group members without engaging in them, is ____________.

A) complete participant
B) participant as observer
C) observer as participant
D) complete observer

Question 35

What are several ways a researcher can moderate the risk of including children in research obtained over the Internet?

Question 36

Researchers who believe they have a scientific right to study any group, even if the group is not interested in being studied to further scientific knowledge, adhere to the ________ perspective.

A) ethical absolutist
B) researcher reactivity
C) ethical relativist
D) Hawthorne effect

Question 37

Choose one historical example of why research ethics became necessary. Describe the study, and its ethical concerns.

Question 38

What is the difference between confidentiality and anonymity, and how can researchers protect the confidentiality of subjects?

Question 39

What are some examples of an IRB overstepping its boundaries?

Question 40

How might a researcher go about obtaining active or passive consent for studies conducted on the Internet?